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第三届大学生基金知识竞赛圆满收官
Zhong Guo Zheng Quan Bao· 2025-12-29 21:13
Group 1 - The third University Student Fund Knowledge Competition concluded with Nankai University - Tianhong Fund team winning the championship with a score of 255, followed by Shanghai University of Finance and Economics - Xingzheng Global Fund team with 245 points as the runner-up [1] - The final competition involved four teams that successfully advanced through group stages and quarter-finals, showcasing their knowledge and competitive spirit [1] - In the final rounds, the teams engaged in various quiz formats, with Nankai University - Tianhong Fund team ultimately overcoming Shanghai University of Finance and Economics - Xingzheng Global Fund team in the last round to secure victory [1] Group 2 - The competition awarded individual and team prizes, with the best individual award going to Yin Yueyang from Nankai University, and several other students recognized for their excellence [2] - The event featured participation from 12 top universities and 12 leading fund companies, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange between students and industry professionals [2] - The competition aimed to enhance students' understanding of fund investment, broaden their financial perspectives, and promote sound risk management principles, contributing to the development of rational investors in the capital market [2]
公募分红总额超2400亿元 宽基ETF连续两年包揽前四
Bei Jing Shang Bao· 2025-12-29 16:49
Core Insights - The public fund industry in 2025 has seen a significant increase in both total dividends and frequency of distributions, with total dividends reaching 242.169 billion yuan and 7,448 distributions, surpassing the entire year of 2024 [3][4] Group 1: Dividend Performance - Total dividends for public funds in 2025 reached 242.169 billion yuan, with 7,448 distributions, exceeding 2024's totals of 226.32 billion yuan and 6,577 distributions [3][4] - Bond funds remain the primary contributors to dividends, with a total of 169.079 billion yuan, accounting for 69.82% of the total, although this is a decrease from 79.73% in 2024 [3][4] - Equity index funds, including passive and enhanced index funds, have increased their share of total dividends to 20.02%, up from 12% in 2024, indicating a shift in the distribution landscape [3][4] Group 2: Leading Funds - The top ten dividend-paying funds are dominated by index funds, with eight out of ten being index-based, and the top four positions held by the CSI 300 ETFs [5][6] - The leading fund, Huatai-PB CSI 300 ETF, distributed 8.394 billion yuan, followed by E Fund, Huaxia, and Harvest CSI 300 ETFs with distributions of 7.15 billion, 5.554 billion, and 5.394 billion yuan respectively [6][7] - The performance of these funds in 2025 shows a significant increase in dividends compared to 2024, indicating strong market performance and growth in fund sizes [6][7] Group 3: Market Outlook - Analysts predict that the A-share market will continue a "slow bull" trend into 2026, suggesting that public fund dividends may remain optimistic [4][8] - The ability of index funds to maintain high dividend distributions will depend on the market conditions in 2026, with expectations of continued strong performance if the market environment improves [8]
登顶时刻,荣耀属于他们!
Zhong Guo Zheng Quan Bao· 2025-12-29 13:55
12月29日 总决赛圆满落幕 冠亚季军正式揭晓! 拿下255分,问鼎冠军! 拿下245分,捧得亚军! 清华大学-中欧基金代表队拿下205分 南京大学-华泰柏瑞基金代表队拿下145分 夺得季军! 在最后第五轮"绝地反击"情景题环节,南开大学-天弘基金代表队凭借扎实的知识储备和冷静果断的临 场发挥,最终反超上海财经大学-兴证全球基金代表队,问鼎冠军。上海财经大学-兴证全球基金代表队 捧得亚军,清华大学-中欧基金代表队、南京大学-华泰柏瑞基金代表队收获季军。 让我们来看看选手们在总决赛的精彩表现吧! 本次大赛设置了参赛个人与最佳领队奖项,获奖名单如下: 最佳个人 南开大学 殷月阳 优秀个人 上海财经大学 尹悦熙 第三届大学生基金知识竞赛纳入"一司一省一高校"投资者教育活动,本次赛事旨在帮助高校学生普及基 金投资常识,拓宽金融视野,传播正确的风险管理理念,引导投资者客观理性看待市场,从源头上为资 本市场培育理性投资者,并为基金行业培育后备人才。 进入总决赛的4支队伍历经小组赛(复活赛)、1/4决赛的重重考验,在最终对决的赛场上火力全开、奋 力拼搏。 在第二轮的"千钧一发"抢答题环节,4支队伍你追我赶,各自抢到2道题; ...
公募基金市场观察系列:财富管理新范式,ETF投顾展现巨大潜力
Yin He Zheng Quan· 2025-12-29 13:51
- The report introduces five ETF quantitative strategies: macro timing strategy, momentum selection strategy, low-volatility diffusion industry rotation strategy, fund flow strategy, and quantile regression strategy[41][43][52] - **Macro Timing Strategy**: This strategy uses Gaussian distribution-based Black-Litterman (B-L) and Copula distribution-based B-L models to calculate ETF allocation weights. It incorporates economic cycle segmentation to constrain asset allocation weights across different ETF categories. Representative ETFs include stock ETFs (e.g., CSI 300 ETF), bond ETFs (e.g., government bond ETF), commodity ETFs (e.g., gold ETF), and currency ETFs (e.g., Silver Day Profit A). The strategy achieved an annualized return of 9.43%, Sharpe ratio of 0.66, Calmar ratio of 0.52, and maximum drawdown of -13.21% since 2020[43][45][46] - **Momentum Selection Strategy**: This strategy utilizes XGBoost to predict ETF upward probability as a momentum indicator and historical quantile of fund shares as a crowding indicator. It selects ETFs with high momentum and low crowding within sectors, adjusting allocation weights based on crowding levels. The strategy achieved an annualized return of 13.93%, Sharpe ratio of 1.33, Calmar ratio of 1.21, and maximum drawdown of -23.14% since 2020[53][54][55] - **Low-Volatility Diffusion Industry Rotation Strategy**: This strategy applies industry diffusion index factors combined with volatility adjustments to design a low-volatility industry rotation model. It matches ETFs to industry indices based on correlation and selects top ETFs for monthly rebalancing. The strategy achieved an annualized return of 12.22%, relative excess return of 3.21%, Sharpe ratio of 0.91, and maximum drawdown of -21.43% since 2020[61][62][63] - **Fund Flow Strategy**: This strategy uses weighted fund flow indicators and risk metrics to rank industries, selects ETFs based on turnover rate and premium/discount rate, and optimizes allocation weights using second-order stochastic dominance. The strategy achieved an annualized return of 11.24%, Sharpe ratio of 1.12, Calmar ratio of 1.03, and maximum drawdown of -19.21% since 2020[64][67][68] - **Quantile Regression Strategy**: This strategy employs quantile random forest (QRF) to predict future distribution characteristics of technology sector indices, selects ETFs based on liquidity and scale, and adjusts positions using MACD and volatility metrics. The strategy achieved an annualized return of 15.62%, Sharpe ratio of 1.21, Calmar ratio of 1.15, and maximum drawdown of -21.43% since 2020[71][72][73]
美元流动性维持宽松,商品短期或偏稳运行
Guo Tou Qi Huo· 2025-12-29 13:36
1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The commodity market as a whole rose 4% last week, with precious metals leading the way with a 9.69% increase. The short - term commodity market may run stably due to the loose dollar liquidity [2]. - The Fed's loose outlook and geopolitical risks support the strength of precious metals. The short - term market fluctuates greatly as various varieties hit new highs [2]. - The non - ferrous sector may oscillate strongly in the short term due to the weak dollar and the support from the expected contraction of mine supply [3]. - The black sector may oscillate as the demand and supply situation is complex, with factors such as changes in steel mill production and raw material supply [3]. - Oil prices continue to be under pressure due to the long - term loose supply - demand background, despite the geopolitical tension in Venezuela [3]. - The polyester chemical varieties may be affected by supply and demand changes, and attention should be paid to the downstream polyester load [4]. - The short - term trend of agricultural products and oils and fats is expected to be oscillatory, influenced by factors such as weather and export expectations [4]. 3. Summary According to Related Catalogs 3.1 Market Review - The overall commodity market rose 4% last week, with precious metals up 9.69%, non - ferrous metals up 4.97%, energy and chemicals up 2.98%, agricultural products up 2.53%, and black metals up 0.08%. Silver, PTA, and nickel were the top gainers, while tin, coke, and rebar were the top losers [2][6]. - The 20 - day average volatility of the commodity market increased, with only the black and coal - chemical related varieties showing a decline in volatility. The overall market scale increased, but only the precious metal and non - ferrous sectors had net inflows, with most funds concentrated in silver [2][6]. 3.2 Outlook for Different Sectors - **Precious Metals**: Supported by the Fed's loose policy and geopolitical risks, the shortage of spot makes silver, platinum, and palladium more favored by funds. The gold - silver ratio has fallen below the average. Exchange restrictions and risk warnings have led to large short - term market fluctuations [2]. - **Non - ferrous Metals**: The weak dollar and better - than - expected GDP growth in the US provide a neutral - warm macro environment. Although the inventory is increasing and the spot premium is weakening, the expected contraction of mine supply supports the price, and the sector may oscillate strongly in the short term [3]. - **Black Metals**: The demand for rebar decreased, production increased slightly, and inventory continued to decline. The slowdown of blast furnace production cuts and the stable molten iron output need attention to the sustainability of environmental protection restrictions. The supply of raw materials is relatively sufficient, and the sector may oscillate in the short term [3]. - **Energy**: The geopolitical tension in Venezuela increases the risk premium of crude oil, but the impact on global supply is limited. The US shale oil production remains high, and oil prices are under pressure due to the long - term loose supply - demand situation [3]. - **Chemical Industry**: Polyester varieties may face supply pressure from device restarts, but the strong expectation remains, and attention should be paid to the downstream polyester load [4]. - **Agricultural Products**: The improving weather in South America and the expected transition of La Nina to ENSO neutral increase the expectation of a bumper harvest in South America. The fundamentals of palm oil are less negative, and the short - term trend of oils and fats may be oscillatory [4]. 3.3 Commodity Fund Overview - Gold ETFs generally had positive returns last week, with the total scale of gold ETFs increasing by 0.77% and the total trading volume increasing by 29.04%. The total scale of commodity ETFs increased by 0.86% and the trading volume increased by 23.22% [36]. - Among them, the returns of different gold ETFs ranged from 3.21% to 3.60%, and the return of the silver fund was 17.43%, while the returns of energy - chemical, bean - meal, and non - ferrous metal ETFs were 4.25%, 1.69%, and 4.34% respectively [36][38].
公募分红总额超2400亿元!宽基ETF连续两年霸榜前四
Bei Jing Shang Bao· 2025-12-29 11:46
Group 1 - The total dividend amount for public funds in 2025 reached 242.169 billion yuan, with 7,448 distributions, surpassing the entire year of 2024 [1][2] - Bond funds remained the main contributors to dividends, accounting for 69.82% of the total, although this is a decrease from 79.73% in 2024 [2][3] - Equity index funds, including passive and enhanced index funds, saw an increase in their dividend share, contributing 20.02% of the total, up from 12% in 2024 [2][3] Group 2 - The top ten dividend funds included eight index funds, with the top four being the CSI 300 ETFs, which have dominated the dividend rankings for two consecutive years [4][5] - The leading fund, Huatai-PB CSI 300 ETF, distributed 8.394 billion yuan, followed by E Fund, Huaxia, and Jiashi CSI 300 ETFs with 7.15 billion, 5.554 billion, and 5.394 billion yuan respectively [4][5] - The overall trend indicates that the performance of these ETFs has improved, leading to increased dividends as fund managers aim to attract and retain quality clients [4][5] Group 3 - Other fund types, including active equity funds, REITs, QDII, FOF, and money market funds, also participated in dividend distributions, with total amounts increasing compared to 2024 [3] - The total dividends for these categories were 10.704 billion yuan for active equity funds, 10.665 billion yuan for REITs, 2.198 billion yuan for QDII, and 0.09276 billion yuan for FOF [3] - Analysts suggest that the increase in dividends is attributed to a recovering market in 2025, enhancing the profitability of funds and their ability to reward investors [3][6] Group 4 - Looking ahead to 2026, expectations are for a continued "slow bull" market in A-shares, which may sustain optimistic dividend distributions [5][6] - The ability of index funds to maintain high dividend payouts will depend on the market conditions and the overall profitability of the funds [6]
洞察2025|公募分红总额超2400亿元!宽基ETF连续两年霸榜前四
Bei Jing Shang Bao· 2025-12-29 11:20
Core Insights - Public funds in 2025 experienced increased market volatility and enhanced profit-sharing, with total dividends reaching 242.17 billion yuan and 7,448 distributions, surpassing the entire year of 2024 [1][3] Fund Performance - Bond funds remained the primary contributors to dividends, totaling 169.08 billion yuan, accounting for 69.82% of the total, although this is a decrease from 79.73% in 2024 [3] - Equity index funds saw an increase in their share of total dividends, contributing 48.49 billion yuan, which is 20.02% of the total, up from 12% in 2024 [3] Dividend Distribution - The top ten funds by dividend amount included eight index funds, with the top four being the CSI 300 ETFs, which have dominated the dividend rankings for two consecutive years [5] - The leading fund, Huatai-PB CSI 300 ETF, distributed 8.39 billion yuan, followed by E Fund CSI 300 ETF at 7.15 billion yuan, and others [2][5] Market Outlook - Analysts predict a continuation of a "slow bull" market in 2026, suggesting that public fund dividends may remain optimistic, with index funds likely to continue leading in distributions [6][7]
年增2万多亿,黄金主题ETF疯狂“吸金”!ETF为何火爆?
Xin Jing Bao· 2025-12-29 11:20
Core Insights - The ETF market is experiencing rapid expansion, with total scale surpassing 6 trillion yuan by 2025, marking a historic growth of over 2.3 trillion yuan within the year [2][3] - The number of ETF products has increased to 1,391, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 32.98% [2] - The market is characterized by a dual dynamic of "stronger getting stronger" and "hotspot rotation," with significant inflows into both broad-based and thematic ETFs [1][4] Market Growth - The ETF market scale grew from 4 trillion yuan to 5 trillion yuan in just 4 months, and then quickly exceeded 6 trillion yuan [2] - The total scale of ETFs has seen a year-on-year increase of 61.66% [2] - Approximately 80% of ETF products are stock-based, totaling 3.85 trillion yuan [2] Product Types and Performance - Bond ETFs and commodity ETFs have shown remarkable growth, with bond ETFs reaching 804.56 billion yuan (up 362.46%) and commodity ETFs at 256.85 billion yuan (up 239.42%) [2] - Cross-border ETFs have also seen a significant increase of 121.49% [2] - The passive index ETF has become the dominant type, accounting for nearly 90% of the total number of products and 5.06 trillion yuan in scale [2] Leading Products and Trends - Seven ETFs have surpassed 100 billion yuan in scale, with the CSI 300 ETF leading at over 420 billion yuan [4][5] - The technology and gold-themed ETFs are particularly popular, with technology-related ETFs totaling 1.05 trillion yuan [4] - The communication equipment index has achieved the highest return, with a growth of 128% this year [5] Institutional Landscape - The ETF market is dominated by 57 public fund institutions, with 16 institutions managing ETFs exceeding 100 billion yuan, collectively managing 5.40 trillion yuan, which accounts for 89.55% of the total market scale [5] - 华夏基金 leads with 117 ETFs totaling 960.14 billion yuan, followed by 易方达基金 with 113 ETFs at 888.33 billion yuan [5]
红利板块震荡承压,资金逆势布局,恒生红利低波ETF(159545)全天净申购约1.5亿份
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-12-29 10:40
Core Viewpoint - The dividend sector experienced fluctuations, with the CSI Dividend Low Volatility Index rising by 0.03%, the CSI Dividend Value Index increasing by 0.02%, and the CSI Dividend Index declining by 0.2%. The Hang Seng High Dividend Low Volatility Index fell by 0.6%. Despite this, there was a net subscription of approximately 150 million units for the Hang Seng Dividend Low Volatility ETF (159545) throughout the day, indicating a counter-trend investment strategy by funds [1]. Group 1: ETF Performance - The Hang Seng Dividend Low Volatility ETF (159545) is the only dividend ETF managed by E Fund that implements a low fee rate of 0.15% per year, which aids investors in low-cost allocation to high-dividend assets [1]. - The CSI Dividend Index consists of 100 stocks with high cash dividend yields and stable performance, with banks, coal, and transportation sectors accounting for nearly 55% of the index [3]. - The CSI Dividend Low Volatility Index includes 50 stocks characterized by good liquidity, continuous dividends, and low volatility, with over 65% of the index comprising banks, transportation, and construction sectors [3]. Group 2: Fee Structure and Investment Strategy - E Fund's dividend ETFs, including the Hang Seng Dividend Low Volatility ETF, Dividend ETF E Fund (515180), Dividend Low Volatility ETF (563020), Dividend Value ETF (563700), and A500 Dividend Low Volatility ETF (563510), all maintain a management fee rate of 0.15% per year [1]. - The CSI Dividend Value Index is composed of 50 stocks with high dividend yields and significant value characteristics, with banks, coal, and transportation sectors making up over 75% of the index [4]. - The rolling price-to-earnings ratio for the CSI Dividend Value Index is reported at 7.9 times, indicating a favorable valuation for potential investors [4].
公募基金周报:易方达旗下销售子公司易方达财富正式展业-20251229
CAITONG SECURITIES· 2025-12-29 09:43
Report Industry Investment Rating No information provided in the content. Core Viewpoints - Important news: The scale of ETFs exceeded 6 trillion yuan for the first time; the number of fund issuances this year reached the second - highest in history; the IPO financing amount of Hong Kong stocks ranked first globally [2]. - Market review: From December 22 to December 26, 2025, the major broad - based indices in the A - share market showed an upward trend. The Shanghai Composite Index closed at 3963.68, up 1.88%; the CSI 300 Index closed at 4657.24, up 1.95%; most overseas indices also rose [2][14]. - Fund market review: Most active equity funds achieved positive returns this week, with a median interval return of 2.40%. Manufacturing and technology - themed funds performed outstandingly [2]. - ETF fund statistics: The top three ETF categories in terms of performance this week were manufacturing (5.01%), cyclical (3.72%), and commodity futures (3.41%) theme ETFs. There were 336 ETFs with net capital inflows and 703 with net outflows [2]. - Fund market dynamics: This week, 54 public funds had new fund managers, 65 new public funds were established, with a combined issuance share of 278.94 billion shares, and 35 public funds entered the issuance stage for the first time. As of December 28, 2025, there were 38 public funds waiting to be issued [2]. - Equity fund issuance tracking: From December 22 to December 28, 2025, the issuance scale of equity funds reached 11.864 billion yuan, an increase of 5.014 billion yuan compared with last week. There were still 229 newly - issued funds in the position - building period, and it is estimated that 72.691 billion yuan of funds have not been invested yet [2]. Summary by Directory 1. Important News 1.1 Market Dynamics - International silver futures prices approached $80 per ounce, and the prices of various precious metal futures reached new highs. Gold prices soared by over 70% this year, and silver prices rose by over 170%. Platinum futures prices also reached a record high, and New York copper prices continued to rise [6]. - In 2025, public REITs developed rapidly. By mid - December, nearly 80 products had been issued, with a total market value exceeding 220 billion yuan, covering ten major fields. The secondary - market performance showed a "first - rising - then - falling" trend [6][7]. - On December 23, 2025, E Fund's sales subsidiary, E Fund Wealth, officially started operations. Huatai - PineBridge Fund and GF Fund also had relevant developments in their subsidiaries [7]. - On December 26, 2025, the national venture capital guidance fund was officially launched, using over - long - term special treasury bonds, with 100 billion yuan of fiscal investment at the national level, aiming to leverage a trillion - yuan capital scale [8]. 1.2 Product Highlights - On December 23, 2025, the net subscription amount of bond ETFs was close to 20 billion yuan, and science - and - technology innovation bond ETFs were the main targets for capital addition [8]. - As of December 26, 2025, the total number of ETFs in the market reached 1391, with a total scale of 6.03 trillion yuan, officially exceeding the 6 - trillion - yuan mark [9]. - As of December 25, 2025, the number of fund issuances this year reached 1498, the second - highest in history. Index funds and FOF products were popular [10][11]. 1.3 Overseas/Overseas Markets - On December 29, 2025, China Asset Management's two flagship ETFs will be listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand through DRs, which is an important step in the cooperation between Chinese and Thai capital markets [12]. - In 2025, the IPO financing amount of Hong Kong stocks ranked first globally. From January to November, the average daily trading volume of the spot market increased by 43% year - on - year. As of December 19, 106 companies were listed, with a total financing of 274.6 billion Hong Kong dollars [13]. 2. Market Review - From December 22 to December 26, 2025, major broad - based indices in the A - share market rose. Overseas, most indices also showed an upward trend [2][14]. - This week, the non - ferrous metals and national defense and military industries led the gains, while the commercial retail, coal, and banking industries were among the top decliners [16]. 3. Fund Market Review 3.1 Active Equity Fund Performance - In the short - term, manufacturing and technology - themed funds performed well; in the medium - term, cyclical and manufacturing - themed funds were in the forefront; in the long - term, technology and manufacturing - themed funds were outstanding [18]. - This week, most active equity funds achieved positive returns, and the median interval return was 2.40%. Manufacturing and technology - themed funds had the highest median interval returns [20][21]. 3.2 Top - Performing Fund Performance Statistics - This week, the top - performing active equity fund was the Qianhai Kaiyuan Shanghai - Hong Kong - Shenzhen Strong Country Industry Fund, with an interval return of 15.69% [23][24]. 4. ETF Fund Statistics 4.1 ETF Fund Performance - This week, the top three ETF categories in terms of interval return were manufacturing, cyclical, and commodity futures theme ETFs [25]. - In the past month, the top three were also cyclical, manufacturing, and commodity futures theme ETFs [25]. 4.2 ETF Capital Flow Statistics - This week, the top categories with net capital inflows were bonds, A - share broad - based, and commodity futures ETFs, while manufacturing ETFs had the largest net outflows [29]. - In the past month, A - share broad - based, bonds, and technology ETFs had the largest net inflows, while manufacturing ETFs had the largest net outflows [29]. - This week, 336 ETFs had net capital inflows, and 703 had net outflows. The top three in terms of net inflows were the Yin Hua CSI AAA Science and Technology Innovation Corporate Bond ETF, etc., and the top three in terms of net outflows were the HFT CSI Short - Term Financing Bond ETF, etc. [31]. 4.3 ETF Fund Premium and Discount Statistics - For non - QDII ETFs, as of December 26, 2025, the top three in terms of premium rate were the GF Hang Seng Index Hong Kong Stock Connect ETF, etc., and the top three in terms of discount rate were the Founder Fubon CSI 500 ETF, etc. [33][34]. - For QDII ETFs, as of December 25, 2025, the top three in terms of premium rate were the Invesco Great Wall NASDAQ Technology Market Value - Weighted ETF, etc., and the top three in terms of discount rate were the China Merchants Li An Emerging Asia Select ETF, etc. [34][35]. 5. Fund Market Dynamics 5.1 Fund Manager Changes - This week, 54 public funds had new fund managers, involving 50 fund managers from 31 fund management companies. The top two fund management companies with the most new fund manager appointments were Penghua Fund and GF Fund [36]. - This week, 77 public funds had fund manager departures, involving 57 fund managers from 33 fund management companies. The top three fund management companies with the most departures were Penghua Fund, E Fund, and Chuangjin Hexin Fund [37]. 5.2 Newly Established Funds This Week - This week, 65 new public funds were established, with a combined issuance share of 278.94 billion shares. The most common types were partial - stock hybrid and secondary bond funds. GF Fund had the largest combined issuance share [39]. 5.3 Funds First Issued This Week - This week, 35 public funds entered the issuance stage for the first time. GF Fund had the most newly issued funds, and the most common type was partial - stock hybrid funds [41][42]. 5.4 Funds to Be Issued - As of December 28, 2025, there were 38 public funds waiting to be issued, including 13 partial - stock hybrid, 10 passive index, 7 hybrid FOF, etc. GF Fund had the most funds to be issued [45]. 5.5 Equity Fund Issuance Tracking - This week, the issuance scale of equity funds reached 11.864 billion yuan, an increase of 5.014 billion yuan compared with last week [47]. - Currently, there are 229 newly - issued funds in the position - building period, 46.29% of which have a position - building ratio of less than 5%, and it is estimated that 72.691 billion yuan of funds have not been invested yet [50]. - After the establishment and position - building of these funds, the top three industries with the largest capital increments are electronics, power equipment and new energy, and machinery [53]. - For the funds that have completed the fundraising, the top three industries with the largest capital increments are electronics, food and beverage, and machinery [55].