本月有1000亿元MLF到期，这意味着4月央行MLF净投放达到5000亿元，为连续第二个月加量续作，而 且加量幅度较上月的630亿元显著放大。 4月24日，央行官网发布2025年4月中期借贷便利招标公告。公告表示，为保持银行体系流动性充裕， 2025年4月25日(周五)，中国人民银行将以固定数量、利率招标、多重价位中标方式开展6000亿元MLF 操作，期限为1年期。 "MLF操作再次净投放，展现适度宽松的货币政策取向。"有业内专家对《金融时报》记者解释。自去年 10月央行启用买断式逆回购以来，买断式逆回购余额逐步增加，减轻了MLF投放中长期流动性的压 力，MLF余额从峰值的7.3万亿元逐步下降。今年以来，央行继续用好多种工具投放流动性，保持了流 动性充裕和货币市场利率平稳运行。 此外，从上个月起，MLF改为美式招标，不再有统一的中标利率，标志着MLF利率的政策属性完全退 出，也意味着MLF回归流动性投放工具定位，与其他各期限工具一同构成央行流动性工具体系。有业 内专家分析称，政策利率属性淡出后，MLF的工具定位也更为清晰，即聚焦于提供1年期流动性。目前 央行流动性工具箱丰富，期限分布更趋合理，长期有降准、国债 ...

证券研究报告 | 宏观深度 2025 年 04 月 24 日 分析师：罗志恒 执业编号：S0300520110001 电话：010-83755580 邮箱：luozhiheng@ykzq.com 近期报告 《【粤开宏观】中国 31 省份进出口全景图 （2024）：区域格局、商品结构与贸易方式》 2025-04-22 《【粤开宏观】"双标"的美国产业政策： 类型、动因、效果及思考》2025-04-15 《【粤开宏观】可以更加坚定地看好中国股 市》2025-04-08 《【粤开宏观】重新理解特朗普关税：中国 应对的三大原则和五大建议》2025-04-06 《【粤开证券】特朗普"对等关税"为何远 超市场预期？影响及下一步》2025-04-03 宏观研究 【粤开宏观】财政如何应对关税战？ 摘要 美国发起全球关税战严重破坏了全球经贸秩序，对华关税税率之高可能导致 中美贸易事实上脱钩，这在冲击美国经济的同时也将对中国的经济增长、出 口和就业产生较大冲击。充分估计形势的严峻性、充分做好应对的准备，未 雨绸缪，才能打赢关税战并化危为机；由此契机实施一系列改革，将推动中 国经济从债务和投资驱动转向科技和消费驱动、实现产业链高端 ...

文 ｜ 明明 章立聪 史雨洁 杨宏宇 货币政策长期维持支持性立场，随着财政政策扩张发力，货币配合的必要性提升，可以通过降 准、扩大公开市场操作规模等方式增加流动性供给，支持财政政策发挥出最大功效。但短期来 看，政策余量充足而不急于落地，虽然目前宽货币空间打开，但结合近期股市修复韧性强，经济 数据超预期，汇率压力仍存等因素来看，操作时点上或有更多考量。 ▍ 风险因素： 货币政策、财政政策超预期；央行公开市场操作投放超预期；信用违约事件频发等。 本文节选自中信证券研究部已于当日发布的《 晨会 》报告，具体分析内容（包括相关风险提示等）请详见报告。若因对报告的摘编而产生歧 义，应以报告发布当日的完整内容为准。 我们测算二季度国债净融资规模约1 . 7 7万亿元，较往年同期高出约7 0 0 0亿元；地方债总发行规模 为2 . 8万亿元，净发行规模约2万亿元。货币政策长期维持支持性立场，随着财政政策扩张发力，货 币配合的必要性提升，可以通过降准、扩大公开市场操作规模等方式增加流动性供给。但短期来 看，政策余量充足而不急于全部落地，结合近期股市修复韧性强，经济数据超预期，汇率压力仍存 等因素来看，操作时点上或有更多考量。 ...

消费是夯实经济高质量发展的基础 消费是最终需求，既是经济增长的起点，也是长期发展的核心动力。提振既是应对外部环境变化、构建新发展格局的必然选择，也是发挥我国大国经济优 势、推动经济长期健康发展、持续满足人民美好生活需求的关键举措。 问题与挑战。近年来，尽管中国经济保持稳中有进的发展态势，但全球经济复苏乏力，外部需求不确定性上升，国内经济结构深度调整，内外部环境的变化 加速了经济增长动力的转换。国际上，全球经济下行压力加大，地缘冲击与博弈加剧，贸易保护主义抬头，逆全球化等趋势冲击全球供需格局。我国作为全 球制造业和出口大国，以外需作为重要驱动的增长模式面临新的挑战。与此同时，国内需求结构正在重塑。在疫情冲击、金融行业调整等多重因素交织影响 下，居民收入预期有所下降，消费信心和支付能力受到抑制，有效需求不足对供给端形成约束，影响经济增长动能。此外，在城镇化深入推进、新兴消费模 式蓬勃发展的背景下，消费需求正加快从生存型、物质型向发展型、服务型升级，内需对经济增长的支撑作用愈发凸显。 文/ 清华大学中国经济社会数据研究中心助理研究员 张航 ，清华大学五道口金 融学院讲席教授 陆毅 消费是经济高质量发展的基础动力，当 ...

Fiscal Performance - In Q1 2025, national general public budget revenue was CNY 60,189 billion, a year-on-year decrease of 1.1%[3] - National general public budget expenditure was CNY 72,815 billion, a year-on-year increase of 4.2%[3] - In March 2025, broad fiscal revenue decreased by 1.7% year-on-year, while broad fiscal expenditure increased by 10.1%[4] Budget Completion - Q1 2025 broad fiscal revenue budget completion was 24.6%, slightly above the five-year average of 24.1%[4] - Broad fiscal expenditure budget completion was 21.9%, slightly above the five-year average of 21.8%[4] Debt Financing - In March 2025, the broad fiscal deficit reached CNY -2.3 trillion, higher than the average of CNY -1.2 trillion from 2020 to 2024[4] - The general fiscal deficit was CNY -1.3 trillion, compared to the average of CNY -0.5 trillion during the same period[4] Special Bonds Issuance - New special bonds issuance is expected to accelerate, with CNY 9,748 billion planned for Q2, a 36.5% increase from Q1[5] - CNY 1.3 trillion of special government bonds will be issued starting April 24, 2025, completing by October 10, 2025[5] Policy Measures - The government emphasizes early and rapid implementation of policies during critical time windows to positively influence market expectations[6] - Recent meetings highlighted the need for enhanced consumer confidence and support for housing demand[6]

Summary of Key Points from Conference Call Industry Overview - The conference call primarily discusses the bond market and its dynamics, focusing on the recent fluctuations and the outlook for 2025 [2][4][5]. Core Insights and Arguments - **Market Volatility**: The bond market experienced significant volatility in recent weeks, with major adjustments observed on Mondays followed by some stabilization, but pressure returned by Friday. The risks identified include tightening liquidity, rising interbank certificate of deposit (CD) rates, and adjustments in market expectations regarding liquidity [2][4]. - **Liquidity Conditions**: There are signs of marginal easing in liquidity, with stable overnight repo rates and good issuance of interbank CDs. The central bank has maintained a cautious stance on long-term interest rate changes, indicating potential for further easing if economic pressures increase [4][7]. - **2025 Market Outlook**: The expectation for a one-sided bull market in bonds for 2025 has weakened, with a likely shift to a range-bound market characterized by significant volatility. Long-duration assets are seen as less secure, while short-duration credit strategies and CDs may offer better advantages [5][6]. - **Economic Indicators**: Recent macroeconomic data shows a decline in industrial production, but high operating rates in the consumption chain and improved real estate market conditions. Consumer demand, particularly in automotive sales, remains strong despite price pressures [6][8]. - **Central Bank Policies**: The central bank emphasizes the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies, indicating a response to economic pressures. Recent actions include net liquidity injections to support the market, with a focus on maintaining stable funding rates [8][10]. Additional Important Content - **Company-Specific Insights**: - **Huakang Medical**: The company, now rebranded as "Huakang Shortcut," focuses on cleanroom engineering with an order backlog of nearly 3 billion yuan and anticipates a 10% growth in its medical segment. The company is expanding into laboratory and electronic cleanroom businesses, which have shorter project cycles and quicker payment terms [2][13][14]. - **Jintian Co., Ltd.**: The company is closely monitoring its convertible bonds and ensuring repayment capabilities. It expects improved processing fees in 2024 and good production schedules in 2025, focusing on net profit margin improvements and high-quality order acquisition [2][15]. - **Market Behavior**: Banks have been major sellers in the bond market, while funds and brokerages have shifted to significant net buying. The leverage ratios of various financial institutions have shown mixed trends, indicating a recovery in market sentiment [16]. Conclusion - The bond market is currently navigating through a complex landscape of liquidity adjustments, economic pressures, and evolving investor sentiment. Companies like Huakang Medical and Jintian Co., Ltd. are positioned to leverage their respective market segments amidst these changes, while the central bank's policies will play a crucial role in shaping future market conditions [2][4][5][13][15].

Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. Core View of the Report In March, the growth of general fiscal revenue remained weak, while fiscal expenditure increased significantly. In the context of tariff policy shocks and limited urban investment financing, it is expected that fiscal policy will further strengthen in the future, including accelerating the issuance of government bonds within the budget and potentially expanding fiscal deficits, special bonds, and special treasury bonds [1][5]. Summary by Related Catalogs Revenue Side - **General Public Budget Revenue**: In March 2025, the monthly general public budget revenue increased by 0.3% year-on-year (previous value -1.6%), with tax revenue down 2.2% year-on-year (previous value -3.9%) and non-tax revenue up 5.9% year-on-year (previous value 11.0%). Central general public budget revenue decreased by 5.3% year-on-year, while local general public budget revenue increased by 2.79% [1][11]. - **Tax Revenue**: In March, tax revenue was down 2.2% year-on-year. Among the four major taxes, domestic VAT increased by 4.9% year-on-year (1 - 2 months 1.1% year-on-year), domestic consumption tax increased by 9.6% year-on-year (1 - 2 months 0.3% year-on-year), corporate income tax increased by 16.0% year-on-year (1 - 2 months -10.4% year-on-year), and personal income tax dropped by 58.5% year-on-year. Export tax rebates increased by 8.3% year-on-year, tariffs decreased by 12.1% year-on-year, real estate-related taxes decreased by 0.1% year-on-year, and securities trading stamp duty increased by 63.2% year-on-year [2][13]. - **Government Fund Revenue**: In March, government fund revenue decreased by 11.7% year-on-year (1 - 2 months -10.7% year-on-year), mainly due to weak land transfer revenue. From January to March, government fund revenue decreased by 11% year-on-year. Although high-frequency land transaction data improved at the beginning of the year, the sustainability is expected to be limited [3][15]. Expenditure Side - **General Public Budget Expenditure and Government Fund Expenditure**: In March, general public budget expenditure increased by 5.7% year-on-year (1 - 2 months 3.4% year-on-year), and government fund expenditure increased by 27.9% year-on-year (1 - 2 months 1.2% year-on-year). From January to March, general public budget expenditure increased by 4.2% year-on-year, and government fund expenditure increased by 11.1% year-on-year [3][17]. - **Fiscal Expenditure Structure**: In March, the growth rate of traditional infrastructure expenditure was low, and the increase was mainly concentrated in social and cultural education and debt interest payments. Infrastructure fiscal expenditure increased by 0.49% year-on-year, with significant differences among sub - items. Expenditure on education, social security and employment, and debt interest payments had relatively high growth rates [4][17]. Fiscal Deficit As of March, the cumulative general fiscal deficit was 2.3 trillion yuan. Assuming a nominal GDP growth rate of 4% this year, the current cumulative general fiscal deficit rate is 1.6%, higher than in previous years and close to 2020, indicating increased fiscal efforts [4][25]. Future Outlook In the context of tariff policy shocks and limited urban investment financing, it is expected that fiscal policy will further strengthen. This includes accelerating the issuance of special treasury bonds and special bonds, and there is still room for further expansion of fiscal deficits, special bonds, and special treasury bonds. The subsequent Politburo meeting is an important observation window [5][30].

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the divergence in fiscal revenue and expenditure in the first quarter, indicating a proactive fiscal policy response to economic conditions, with a notable emphasis on the early issuance of ordinary government bonds to stimulate spending [1][4][7]. Group 1: Narrow Fiscal Analysis - In Q1, the general public budget revenue decreased by 1.1% year-on-year, with tax revenue down by 3.5%, similar to the previous year's decline of 3.4%, potentially linked to the need for improvement in PPI and nominal growth [1][4]. - Expenditure in Q1 increased by 4.2%, driven primarily by the significant pre-issuance of ordinary government bonds, reaching about 30% of the annual target, the highest level for this period in recent years [1][4][5]. - The revenue-expenditure gap reached 1.26 trillion yuan, the highest for this period in recent years, reflecting weaker revenue and stronger expenditure trends [5][7]. Group 2: Broad Fiscal Analysis - The government fund revenue in Q1 fell by 11%, while expenditure rose by 11.1%, resulting in a revenue-expenditure gap of 1 trillion yuan, indicating a more proactive fiscal stance compared to the previous year [7][9]. - The decline in land transfer revenue was significant, with a 15.9% drop, which may not yet reflect the improved performance in land sales reported by other sources [9][22]. - The central government has pre-allocated funds for new projects, including 810 million yuan for upgrades and 2.3 billion yuan for project construction, contributing to Q1 expenditure [7][9]. Group 3: Monthly Trends - March showed a marginal improvement in fiscal performance, with public budget revenue increasing by 0.3% year-on-year, a recovery from the previous decline of 1.6% [2][14]. - Tax revenue in March decreased by 2.2%, a smaller decline compared to the previous month's 3.9%, with domestic VAT and corporate income tax being the main contributors to the recovery [2][14]. - Expenditure in March accelerated to a 5.7% increase year-on-year, driven by social security, education, and debt interest payments, reflecting a shift in fiscal support from tax revenue to bond income [2][18]. Group 4: Future Outlook - The early issuance of bonds aligns with the policy spirit of "early if possible, rather than late," with expectations for increased project funding in the coming months [3][23]. - The issuance of special bonds is anticipated to accelerate, with plans for the issuance of long-term special bonds starting on April 24, which is a month earlier than last year [3][23]. - The market expects further fiscal expansion, particularly in response to changing external trade conditions and the need for domestic economic stimulation [3][23].

| 曲丁宏源证券 _ 该懂布场参与者 11 1 R 电视剧《天道》里有句话:"神就是道,道 就是规律，按规律办事的人就是神。" 任何事物都有其内在的规律,我们只有真正 理解并遵循规律，才能事半功倍，取得最后的成 功。投资亦是如此。 我们的股市由不同的市场参与者组成，包括 个人投资者、机构投资者、企业和政府,他们的 行为和决策共同影响着市场的走势。 想要理解股市的运行规律,以更好地把握市 场机会,制定投资策略,就需要充分理解每个参 与者的行为模式。 接下来,就让我带您 -- 了解。 我们的股市由不同的市场参与者组 他们的行为和决策共同影响 首先，个人投资者，也就是我们常说的散 从上海证券交易所统计年鉴（2024卷），我 们可以看到，截至2023年底，个人投资者持股账 户为4549.32万户，占比达99.71%。 短期波动。 2023年末自然人投资者持股情况 i厅90% 的投资者 股本不到100万 低于10万的高达 2269 - 12 第二,机构投资者,包括公募基金、企业年 金、保险机构、信托机构、社会保障基金等，他 们通常拥有专业的投资团队和大量的资金。 截至2023年底，机构投资者持股账户占比 0.16%，持 ...

来源 | 智堡Mikko 编辑 | 杨兰 审核 | 浦电路交易员 本文翻译自鲍威尔在芝加哥经济俱乐部 的演讲与问答 摘要 一、经济现状与货币政策 1 经济基本面： 2 政策挑战： 二、贸易政策与市场影响 1 关税效应： 2 金融市场反应： 三、劳动力市场与长期风险 1 当前状态： 2 潜在威胁： • 美国经济保持稳固，劳动力市场接近充分就业，失业率稳定在4%左右。 • 通胀已从2022年峰值显著回落，但仍略高于2%的目标（核心PCE为2.6%）。 • 新政府政策（贸易、移民、财政、监管）带来高度不确定性，可能加剧通胀并抑制增长。 • 关税可能导致价格水平一次性上涨，若传导至消费者预期，或引发持续性通胀风险。 • 美联储需平衡双重使命（就业与通胀），警惕政策目标冲突（如高失业率与高通胀并存）。 • 已宣布的关税幅度超预期，直接影响包括： • 通胀抬升：进口成本增加可能转嫁给消费者。 • 供应链扰动：若导致关键商品短缺（如半导体），可能延长通胀压力。 • 企业普遍反映"政策不确定性"抑制投资决策，可能拖累长期经济增长。 • 股市波动加剧（VIX指数攀升），债券市场出现避险与收益率上升的背离现象。 • 美联储强调市 ...