Core Viewpoint - China's green transition has entered a new phase, emphasizing the dual control of carbon emissions and energy consumption as a core strategic priority for economic development by 2026 [2][9]. Group 1: Impact on Traditional Industries - Traditional high-energy-consuming industries such as steel, cement, and chemicals will face unprecedented carbon constraints, requiring new projects to meet both energy efficiency and carbon emission evaluations [3][11]. - Existing capacities must accelerate low-carbon technology upgrades, shifting focus from scale expansion to quality improvement [3][11]. Group 2: Opportunities in Emerging Industries - Emerging sectors like renewable energy and carbon management services are expected to experience explosive growth, with increasing demand for carbon accounting, carbon footprint certification, and CCUS services [4][11]. - Digital technologies that integrate energy and carbon management will have significant growth potential, contributing to the establishment of a competitive green industrial chain [4][11]. Group 3: Carbon Emission Accounting System - China's carbon emission accounting system is in a critical development phase, extending beyond major emitters to include local government planning and industry standards [5][11]. - The national greenhouse gas emission factor database has been launched, covering 24 key industries, and the national carbon market now includes eight industries, accounting for over 60% of total carbon emissions [5][11]. Group 4: Carbon Market Dynamics - The deepening linkage between the dual control of carbon emissions and the national carbon market will make carbon a measurable, tradable, and priced production factor, compelling companies to adopt carbon asset management strategies [6][11]. Group 5: Learning from International Experiences - The EU's carbon trading system and the UK's carbon budget system provide valuable lessons for China, emphasizing the importance of clear emission reduction targets and third-party supervision [7][8][11]. Group 6: Requirements for Traditional and Renewable Energy - The comprehensive green transition requires traditional energy to evolve from being the main energy source to providing backup and regulatory services, while renewable energy will see significant market expansion [11][12]. - The "14th Five-Year Plan" indicates that most new electricity demand will be met by clean energy, leading to explosive growth in the renewable energy sector [11][12].

Report Information - Report Title: 2025 December Price Data Review [2] - Date: January 9, 2026 [1] - Research Team: Fixed Income Research Team [2] - Analysts: Chen Xi, Wang Shuaizhong [3] Report Industry Investment Rating No information provided in the report. Core Viewpoints - The market consensus is to "end deflation" rather than "enter inflation," expecting PPI to reach 0% in H2 2026 and -0.6% for the whole year, but the report predicts prices will enter a "positive growth rate" [4]. - The report believes that factors such as anti - involution, policy lag, overseas fiscal expansion, and "dual - carbon" initiatives will drive prices up, and if PPI环比 can maintain 0.15 - 0.2%, price year - on - year increase to 2% is just a matter of time [5][6][7]. - The upward trend of prices will confirm the start of the economic cycle, and price recovery will form the fundamental basis for the upward movement of bond yields in 2026, with the 10 - year Treasury bond expected to fluctuate between 2 - 3% and the central value around 2.5% [7]. Summary by Related Catalogs Event - In December 2025, the PPI环比 was +0.2% and positive for three consecutive months, the first time since 2022 [3]. Market Expectation vs. Report Prediction - Market expectation: PPI year - on - year negative growth rate will converge in H1 2026, and then rise to around 0% in H2, with an annual PPI year - on - year of -0.6%, essentially expecting prices to level off [4]. - Report prediction: Prices will enter a positive growth rate, with the following logics [4][5][6]: - Anti - involution restricts price decline, and the market starts to raise prices in some categories. - The price inflection point lags behind the policy inflection point. In this weak recovery, the price inflection point lagged by 1 year, and prices started to stop falling and recover in September 2025. - Overseas fiscal expansion leads to currency depreciation and rising prices of physical assets. - "Dual - carbon" initiatives may lead to a new round of "capacity reduction." Impact on the Market - In 2025, the stagnation of "non - technology" sectors was due to the market's expectation of flat prices. As prices rise, the upward movement of the economic cycle may be confirmed [7]. - Price recovery will form the fundamental basis for the upward movement of bond yields in 2026. If PPI环比 can maintain 0.15 - 0.2%, the "potential inflation of 2.0%" will form the lower limit of the 10 - year Treasury bond, with the 10 - year Treasury bond expected to fluctuate between 2 - 3% and the central value around 2.5% [7]. Data Summary - **CPI Data in December 2025**: CPI环比 rose 0.2%, and CPI year - on - year rose 0.8%. Core CPI环比 rose 0.2%, and core CPI year - on - year rose 1.2%. Urban CPI year - on - year rose 0.9%, and rural CPI year - on - year rose 0.6% [9][18][31]. - **PPI Data in December 2025**: PPI环比 rose 0.2%, and PPI year - on - year fell 1.9%. Production materials PPI year - on - year fell 2.1%, and living materials PPI year - on - year fell 1.3% [11][23][31]. - **Industrial Producer Purchase Price Data in December 2025**: The price环比 rose 0.4%, and the price year - on - year fell 2.1% [28][31]. - **Industry Price Data in December 2025**: For example, the price decline of the coal mining and washing industry narrowed by 2.9 pct year - on - year compared with November; the price of the non - ferrous metal mining and dressing industry rose 24.0% year - on - year [33].

Core Viewpoint - The meeting held by multiple government departments aims to regulate the rapidly developing power and energy storage battery industry in China, addressing irrational competition and ensuring sustainable development [1][2] Group 1: Industry Development - China's power and energy storage battery industry has achieved a competitive advantage globally but faces issues such as blind construction and low-price competition [1] - The industry is crucial for achieving China's "dual carbon" goals and building a new power system [2] Group 2: Regulatory Measures - The meeting emphasized the need for strengthened market regulation, including price enforcement and product quality supervision [1] - A complete governance loop of "regulation + market + collaboration" is proposed to address both short-term regulatory needs and long-term institutional development [2] Group 3: Industry Self-Regulation - The policy encourages industry organizations to establish standards and a capacity commitment system, with joint resistance against companies that expand capacity unlawfully [2] - The focus is on creating a market mechanism that promotes "quality for price," pushing companies to enhance their technological capabilities and innovation [2] Group 4: Capacity Management - There is a call to optimize capacity management and establish a monitoring and early warning mechanism to prevent overcapacity risks [1] - The meeting advocates for regional collaboration and guidance for local enterprises to control redundant construction [1]

Group 1: Company Developments in Large Cylinder and Data Center Business - The company has seen accelerated growth in the data center backup power market driven by advancements in AI technology, leading to increased demand for high-end engines [1][3] - The large cylinder engines are recognized for their fast startup speed, strong loading capacity, and reliability, with successful project deliveries in both domestic and international data centers [1][3] - The company plans to actively expand its strategic customer base both domestically and internationally to enhance market share [1][3] Group 2: SOFC Business Development Plans - The company is deeply engaged in the SOFC sector, having signed a technology licensing agreement with Xilius in November 2025, allowing it to master core technologies in batteries, stacks, systems, and power stations [1][4] - Focused on key scenarios such as AI data centers and industrial parks, the company has launched a new generation of high-power metal-supported commercial products with significant improvements in efficiency and power density [1][4] - The company has established intent to cooperate with several leading enterprises, laying the groundwork for large-scale commercialization while contributing to carbon neutrality goals and global energy transition [1][4] Group 3: New Energy Powertrain Strategy - The company is accelerating its layout in new business models, new energy, and new technologies, advancing the development of pure electric power systems, fuel cells, and hybrid technologies to meet diverse market demands [2][5] - Future strategies include leveraging the group's full industry chain advantages and a comprehensive technology layout to drive rapid growth in the new energy business [2][5] - The company aims to respond flexibly to different regional markets and application scenarios through differentiated products and rich customer channel resources [2][5]

Core Viewpoint - The innovative technology developed by the team led by Academician Li Can enables the direct conversion of toxic hydrogen sulfide into clean energy and high-value chemical products, marking a significant advancement in addressing environmental pollution from industries such as natural gas and petrochemicals [1][2]. Group 1: Technology Development - The technology for the complete electrochemical decomposition of hydrogen sulfide into hydrogen and sulfur has been developed with independent intellectual property rights in China [2]. - The design of the technology allows the chemical reactions to occur in a separate reactor, avoiding issues such as solid sulfur clogging and contamination of electrodes, thus enabling stable and efficient large-scale operations [2]. - The research team has applied for 26 patents related to this technology, with 12 already granted, forming a comprehensive patent portfolio [2]. Group 2: Industrial Application - A pilot demonstration facility capable of processing 100,000 cubic meters of hydrogen sulfide annually has been successfully established in Xinxiang, Henan, which has operated stably for over 1,000 hours [1]. - The facility has achieved complete conversion of hydrogen sulfide, producing sulfur with a purity greater than 99.95% and high-purity hydrogen gas exceeding 99.999% [1]. - The technology is expected to have promising applications in coal chemical, petrochemical, and oil and gas extraction industries, contributing to the green transformation of these sectors [3]. Group 3: Environmental Impact - Utilizing renewable energy sources to drive this technology can significantly reduce pollution while recovering substantial amounts of "green hydrogen," which is crucial for building a clean and low-carbon energy system in China [3]. - The technology provides a new pathway for the complete elimination and resource utilization of hydrogen sulfide, effectively protecting the ecological environment and achieving dual resource recovery of hydrogen and sulfur [3].

Group 1: Business Development and Market Expansion - The company is experiencing rapid growth in the data center backup power market, driven by advancements in AI technology and increasing demand for high-end engines [2] - Multiple domestic and international data center projects have completed product delivery and acceptance, with growing market recognition [2] - The company aims to actively explore strategic customers both domestically and internationally to enhance market share [2] Group 2: SOFC Business Strategy - The company is committed to the development of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology through continuous innovation and market deployment [3] - A licensing agreement with Xili Technology was signed in November 2025, allowing the company to master core technologies related to batteries and fuel cells [3] - The company has introduced a new generation of high-power commercial products, significantly improving efficiency and performance metrics [3] Group 3: New Energy Powertrain Initiatives - The company is accelerating its layout in new energy and technology sectors, focusing on electric power systems, fuel cells, and hybrid technologies [3] - Future strategies include leveraging the group's full industrial chain advantages to promote rapid development in the new energy sector [3] - The company aims to respond flexibly to diverse market demands through differentiated products and extensive customer channel resources [3]

1月4日，生态环境部印发《省级温室气体清单编制指南（2025年版）》（以下简称新版指南）。新版指 南是对2011年试行版的首次全面修订，旨在进一步提升省级温室气体清单编制的科学性、规范性和可操 作性，更好与最新国家温室气体清单以及国际规则衔接，为全经济领域、所有温室气体排放控制提供坚 实的数据基础和方法学支撑。 一是边界范围更明确。废弃物处理领域，新增废弃物生物处理和焚烧处理甲烷和氧化亚氮排放内容，优 化了填埋处理计算方法；工业生产过程和产品使用领域，行业覆盖数量从12个增加至24个；二氧化碳捕 集、运输与地质储存首次纳入能源活动清单；土地利用、土地利用变化与林业领域，新增核算农地、草 地、湿地等其他土地利用类型。 新版指南将显著增加编制工作量 相比旧版指南，新版指南不仅是技术方法的更新，更是对"双碳"政策行动的深入贯彻，反映了十余年来 我国在温室气体监测、报告与核查（MRV）领域的技术进步和实践经验积累。总体上看，新版指南主 要有四点变化。 二是方法学更新。全面参考《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》及其2019年修订版，同步更新缩写 符并将全球增温潜势值更新至IPCC第五次评估报告中给出的数值；土地 ...

Core Viewpoint - The company is positioned as a key player in China's energy strategy, celebrating its 25th anniversary of H-share listing in 2025, showcasing its evolution and commitment to energy security and green transformation [4]. Group 1: Business Overview - The company is one of the largest oil and gas producers and refiners in China, with a robust oil and gas output and extensive oil reserve system, forming a reliable defense for national energy security [4]. - The company is transitioning from a traditional fossil fuel giant to a leader in green transformation, actively embracing changes under the "dual carbon" goals [4]. Group 2: Integrated Business Model - Upstream: The company focuses on "increasing reserves and production," with shale oil production exceeding 1 million tons and proven shale gas reserves over 1 trillion cubic meters, while establishing overseas operations in 23 countries [5]. - Midstream: The company has built globally leading refining and intelligent refining bases, with a terminal network covering 30,000 gas stations and over 28,000 convenience stores, driving high-quality development through differentiated strategies [5]. - Downstream: The company implements "oil transformation" and "oil specialty" strategies, optimizing refining structures to adapt to demand changes, while exploring hydrogen energy, charging and swapping stations, and photovoltaic industries [5][6]. Group 3: Future Growth Engines - The company is enhancing its refining structure through "oil transformation" and increasing the proportion of chemical products and high-end specialty oils, achieving technological breakthroughs at bases like Jingmen Petrochemical [6]. - The company is accelerating digital transformation by establishing smart factories and developing new business formats such as automotive services and dining through its online platform [6]. Group 4: Governance and Reform - The company is advancing state-owned enterprise reform by optimizing governance efficiency and implementing market-oriented management mechanisms, which enhances organizational vitality and provides institutional support for quality and efficiency improvements [7]. - The company's ESG performance is improving, with a clear "dual carbon" implementation path and leading ESG ratings in the industry, attracting long-term capital [7].

Group 1: Economic Strategy and Goals - The 2025 Central Economic Work Conference emphasizes the need for a "dual carbon" approach to lead economic work in 2026, focusing on comprehensive green transformation [1] - The "14th Five-Year Plan" period is identified as a critical phase for implementing national strategies to address climate change and achieve carbon peak goals [1] Group 2: New Energy System Development - The construction of a new energy system is being accelerated, focusing on supply, consumption, and technology to reshape the industrial ecosystem [2] - Key characteristics of an energy powerhouse include a non-fossil energy-dominated structure, self-controlled technology, and a complete industrial chain from equipment manufacturing to operation services [2] Group 3: Industrial Transformation - The "dual carbon" goals are driving an industrial revolution, transitioning the machinery industry from high-carbon to low-carbon models [3] - By 2050, an estimated investment of $12 trillion will be required globally for new green equipment to meet the Paris Agreement targets [3] Group 4: Innovation in Energy Consumption - New energy consumption models are emerging, such as direct green electricity connections and integrated energy systems, enhancing energy efficiency and creating new growth points [4] Group 5: Equipment Manufacturing Sector - The equipment manufacturing sector is experiencing a triple benefit from policy support, market demand growth, and technological advancements [5] - High-energy-consuming industries are accelerating their low-carbon transitions, increasing demand for efficient and intelligent environmental protection equipment [5] Group 6: Circular Economy Potential - The circular economy is being developed through the use of recycled materials, creating a complete chain from green sorting to regeneration [6] - Companies are encouraged to focus on energy consumption and emissions to enhance their green competitiveness [6] Group 7: Carbon Market Development - The national carbon market has included four industries and 3,500 companies, covering emissions of 8.3 billion tons [7] - Future plans include expanding market coverage to major industrial sectors, potentially reaching 9.3 billion tons of emissions by 2027 [8] Group 8: Carbon Market Optimization - The carbon market aims to improve quota allocation mechanisms to balance supply and demand while addressing corporate emission reduction pressures [8] - Strengthening data quality and establishing a transparent monitoring system are essential for the carbon market's stability and effectiveness [8]

Core Viewpoint - China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) is positioned as a leader in marine energy development, focusing on enhancing oil and gas reserves, technological innovation, and transitioning to new energy systems to support the construction of a marine power nation [1][2]. Group 1: Performance and Financials - CNOOC's performance in 2023 has significantly exceeded historical oil price levels, demonstrating resilience during periods of declining oil prices [1]. - The company's free cash flow has improved markedly, exceeding 100 billion yuan from 2022 to 2023, with interest-bearing debt ratio decreasing from 17% in 2021 to 6% in the first half of 2025 [1]. - CNOOC plans to maintain a dividend payout ratio of no less than 45% from 2025 to 2027, translating strong performance and cash flow into investor returns [1]. Group 2: Production and Cost Efficiency - CNOOC's oil and gas production is projected to grow rapidly, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% for crude oil and 10.5% for natural gas from 2021 to 2024 [2]. - The company's major cost per barrel of oil equivalent is $27.35, a 2.8% year-on-year decrease, which is significantly lower than competitors in both domestic and international markets [2]. Group 3: Energy Transition and ESG - CNOOC is actively pursuing energy transition by developing renewable energy resources and enhancing its ESG governance framework [2]. - The company aims to replace 760 million kilowatt-hours with green electricity by 2024 and expects to consume over 1 billion kilowatt-hours of green electricity in 2025, marking a 30% year-on-year increase [2]. - CNOOC is exploring industrialization paths for offshore CCS/CCUS and is establishing two offshore CCUS bases in Bohai and Hainan [2]. Group 4: Investment Outlook - CNOOC is expected to maintain strong performance due to its production growth and cost control, with projected net profits of 135.4 billion, 139.8 billion, and 144.3 billion yuan for 2025-2027, translating to earnings per share (EPS) of 2.85, 2.94, and 3.04 yuan respectively [3]. - The company maintains a "buy" rating for its A-shares and initiates coverage with a "buy" rating for its H-shares [3].