Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their work on "innovation-driven economic growth" [4][6] - Their research provides a theoretical framework for understanding how technological innovation drives long-term economic growth, which is significant for policymakers and investors assessing the economic impact of technology investments and innovation policies [4][6] Group 1: Award Details - The total prize money for the 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences is 11 million Swedish Krona, with half awarded to Joel Mokyr and the other half shared between Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt [6] - Joel Mokyr's research emphasizes the importance of understanding not just the effectiveness of a technology but also the reasons behind its effectiveness, highlighting the need for an open society that embraces new ideas [6][8] Group 2: Theoretical Contributions - Aghion and Howitt developed a mathematical model of "creative destruction," illustrating how new products can lead to the failure of companies selling outdated products, thus emphasizing the dual nature of innovation as both creative and destructive [7][8] - Their endogenous growth model, based on the concept of creative destruction, suggests that quality-enhancing innovations can drive productivity growth by replacing old technologies with new ones [7][8] Group 3: Implications for Economic Growth - The concept of creative destruction must be managed constructively to prevent established companies and interest groups from hindering innovation [8] - The endogenous growth theory is particularly relevant in the context of China's economic transformation, emphasizing the need for an optimized business environment and mechanisms that encourage entrepreneurial spirit [8][9]

Core Insights - The article discusses the delay between the emergence of general-purpose technologies and subsequent economic growth acceleration, questioning why previous technological revolutions did not lead to mass unemployment as feared by historical figures like Ned Ludd and John Maynard Keynes. It also explores the future of the artificial intelligence revolution in terms of job creation versus destruction [1][11]. Group 1: Characteristics of General-Purpose Technologies - General-purpose technologies are characterized by three fundamental features: they spawn numerous secondary waves of innovation, they improve over time leading to reduced user costs, and they become ubiquitous across all sectors of the economy [3][4]. - Secondary innovations are crucial as they adapt general-purpose technologies to specific sector needs, enhancing productivity and serving as a source of long-term growth. However, these innovations require time and resource reallocation, which can temporarily lower GDP growth rates [5][8]. Group 2: Delays in Technology Adoption - There are instances where society may never optimally adopt new technologies due to a lack of secondary innovations or widespread acceptance, leading to missed opportunities for productivity improvements [7]. - The transition from old to new general-purpose technologies often intensifies the process of creative destruction, as new firms can avoid the costs associated with transitioning from outdated technologies [8]. Group 3: Impact on Employment - Historical perspectives reveal that fears of machines destroying jobs have existed for centuries, but technological advancements have often led to positive effects on production, exports, and employment [13][14]. - Automation has been shown to create more jobs than it destroys, with studies indicating that a 1% increase in automation can lead to a 0.25% increase in employment two years later and a 0.4% increase ten years later [15][16]. Group 4: Conclusion on Technological Revolutions - The article challenges two common misconceptions: that technological revolutions inevitably lead to accelerated growth and that they are detrimental to employment. While growth may accelerate, it often requires a time lag, and inappropriate institutional frameworks can hinder the potential benefits of new technologies [17][18].

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to the understanding of innovation-driven economic growth [1] Group 1: Contributions to Economic Theory - Aghion and Howitt emphasized that technology is the most crucial intermediate product in economic production, and without it, production cannot occur [2] - Entrepreneurs provide the necessary technology, and once an entrepreneur possesses leading technology, they gain market power and can achieve excess profits [2] - The concept of "creative destruction," introduced by Joseph Schumpeter, is central to their work, illustrating how new technologies replace old ones, leading to economic transformation [2] Group 2: Aghion's Academic Background - Aghion has a notable academic career, having taught at Harvard University before returning to France to teach at the Paris School of Economics after his mother's passing [2] - His research is closely linked to societal realities, addressing why economies grow and societies progress [2] Group 3: Gaby Aghion's Influence - Gaby Aghion, founder of the luxury brand Chloé, aimed to liberate women's fashion from rigid designs, promoting clothing that fits women's natural body shapes [3] - Her innovative approach in fashion has inspired many designers, including Karl Lagerfeld, showcasing the impact of creative destruction in the fashion industry [3]

Core Insights - The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for 2025 was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding innovation-driven economic growth [1][4][10] - The prize highlights the importance of maintaining the mechanisms behind creative destruction to avoid economic stagnation [1][4] Group 1: Contributions of Nobel Laureates - Mokyr's research emphasizes the role of "useful knowledge" in driving sustained economic growth, categorizing it into propositional knowledge and procedural knowledge [5][6] - Aghion and Howitt transformed Joseph Schumpeter's "creative destruction" theory into a rigorous mathematical model, explaining the dynamic process of market replacement by innovative products [6][7] Group 2: Economic Growth Challenges - Historical analysis shows that despite significant innovations, sustained economic growth has been difficult to achieve, with notable shifts occurring only in the last two centuries [4][5] - The current global trend of de-globalization and protectionism poses risks to economic growth by limiting market expansion and innovation [7][9] Group 3: Implications of AI and Innovation - AI is expected to accelerate the process of creative destruction, making the discovery of innovative ideas more accessible than ever [7][8] - Aghion warns that poorly designed competition policies could lead to market dominance by "superstar" firms, stifling future innovation [7][8] Group 4: Policy Recommendations - To maximize productivity gains from technological advancements, robust institutional frameworks, including education and labor market policies, are essential [8][9] - The Nobel Prize serves as a reminder of the critical role of technological innovation in driving economic growth, especially in the context of current global economic challenges [9][10]

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences is awarded to economists Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to the theory of innovation-driven economic growth [1] - Mokyr receives half of the prize for revealing the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological advancement, while Aghion and Howitt share the other half for their theory on creative destruction as a means to achieve sustained growth [1] - The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences emphasizes that the past 200 years have seen unprecedented economic growth driven by continuous technological innovation, with the process of creative destruction being central to this growth [1] Summary by Categories Award Details - The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences is not established according to Alfred Nobel's will but was created by the Swedish National Bank in 1968, with the prize money funded by the bank [2] Contributions of Awardees - Mokyr's research utilizes historical data to explain why sustained growth has become the norm in modern economies [1] - Aghion and Howitt focus on the mechanisms behind sustained growth [1] Implications of Research - The research of the laureates deepens the understanding of long-term growth and provides insights into contemporary issues, such as the potential benefits and drawbacks of artificial intelligence, including knowledge accumulation and negative impacts like environmental pollution and social inequality [1]

Core Viewpoint - The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt emphasizes the importance of maintaining the mechanisms behind creative destruction to ensure sustained economic growth, highlighting that economic growth is not a given and requires active support [1][4]. Group 1: Contributions of Nobel Laureates - Mokyr's research focuses on the internal logic of sustained growth, categorizing "useful knowledge" into propositional knowledge and procedural knowledge, emphasizing the need for a virtuous cycle of innovation [5][6]. - Aghion and Howitt transformed Schumpeter's theory of "creative destruction" into a rigorous mathematical model, illustrating the dual nature of innovation that both creates and destroys market dynamics [6][7]. Group 2: Challenges to Sustained Growth - Historical analysis shows that despite significant innovations, sustained economic growth was elusive until the last two centuries, with the current economic model being influenced by technological advancements [4][5]. - Aghion warns of the threats posed by protectionist measures and the need for open markets to facilitate economic growth, as these barriers can hinder the necessary exchange of ideas and technologies [7][8]. Group 3: Implications of AI and Technological Change - Aghion highlights that AI could significantly accelerate the process of creative destruction, making innovation more accessible and presenting vast growth potential [7][8]. - The need for well-designed competition policies is crucial to prevent dominant firms from stifling future innovations, as seen in the tech industry [7][8]. Group 4: Policy Recommendations - Aghion suggests that to maximize productivity gains from technological advancements, robust institutional frameworks, including education and labor market policies, are essential [8][9]. - The Nobel Prize serves as a reminder of the critical role of technological innovation in driving economic growth, especially in the context of current global economic challenges [9]. Group 5: Prize Distribution - The total prize amount of 11 million Swedish Krona will be split, with Mokyr receiving half for his contributions to understanding the conditions for sustained growth through technological progress, while Aghion and Howitt will share the other half for their theoretical work on creative destruction [11][12].

Core Insights - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding innovation-driven economic growth [2] - Mokyr received half of the prize for identifying prerequisites for sustained growth through technological advancement, while Aghion and Howitt shared the other half for their theory on sustained growth through creative destruction [2] Group 1: Contributions to Economic Theory - Aghion is recognized as a leading figure in economic growth theory, having reintroduced Schumpeter's paradigm of creative destruction into mainstream macroeconomic theory through the Aghion-Howitt model [2] - The concept of creative destruction suggests that large-scale innovations replace outdated technologies and production systems, leading to new economic structures [5] Group 2: Policy Recommendations - Aghion emphasized the importance of government support for employees and businesses to adapt to new economic environments, advocating for education, training, and income insurance [5][6] - He highlighted the "Danish model," where individuals losing jobs can receive nearly 90% of their salary for two years, coupled with retraining programs, contrasting it with the lack of such protections in the U.S. [5] Group 3: U.S. Economic Measures - Aghion critiqued the U.S. response to the pandemic, noting that while the Biden administration attempted to provide relief, the absence of a robust social safety net remains a significant issue [7][8] - He suggested that the pandemic may shift public opinion towards more supportive social policies in the U.S., creating opportunities for new social safety measures [8] Group 4: European Innovation Challenges - Aghion pointed out that Europe lacks leading players in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector due to insufficient investment in innovation [9] - He called for European countries to unite and promote large-scale projects, arguing that the current regulatory environment hinders investment and innovation [10]

Core Points - The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the 2025 Economic Sciences Prize to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding economic growth driven by innovation and creative destruction [1][2] - The total prize amount is 11 million Swedish Krona (approximately 8.25 million RMB), with half awarded to Mokyr and the other half shared between Aghion and Howitt [1] Group 1 - Joel Mokyr's work explains how innovation drives economic growth and identifies technological progress as a prerequisite for sustained growth [1] - Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt are recognized for their theories on achieving sustained growth through creative destruction [1] - The Nobel Committee highlights that the past two centuries have seen unprecedented continuous economic growth, lifting many out of poverty and laying the foundation for global prosperity [2] Group 2 - The committee emphasizes that technological advancements rapidly influence all aspects of life, replacing old products and methods, which is fundamental to ongoing economic growth [2] - It is noted that stagnation has been the norm throughout human history, with significant technological advancements occurring sporadically [2] - The committee warns that creative destruction can create conflicts that must be managed constructively to prevent innovation from being hindered by established companies and interest groups [2]

Core Viewpoint - The 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences has been awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their contributions to understanding innovation-driven economic growth and the theory of creative destruction [6][7]. Group 1: Award Recipients - Joel Mokyr, born in 1946 in the Netherlands, is a professor at Northwestern University and received his PhD from Yale University in 1974 [1]. - Philippe Aghion, born in 1956 in Paris, is a professor at the Collège de France, INSEAD, and the London School of Economics, having obtained his PhD from Harvard University in 1987 [3]. - Peter Howitt, born in 1946 in Canada, is a professor at Brown University and received his PhD from Northwestern University in 1973 [5]. Group 2: Prize Details - The total prize amount is 11 million Swedish Krona (approximately 8.25 million RMB), with half awarded to Mokyr and the other half shared between Aghion and Howitt [6]. Group 3: Contributions to Economic Theory - Mokyr's work emphasizes that innovation is a prerequisite for sustained economic growth, while Aghion and Howitt focus on how creative destruction facilitates this growth [6]. - The Nobel Committee highlights that the past two centuries have seen unprecedented continuous economic growth, lifting many out of poverty and laying the foundation for global prosperity [6]. - The committee notes that technological advancements rapidly influence all aspects of life, replacing old products and methods, which is essential for ongoing economic growth and improved living standards [6]. Group 4: Challenges and Management - The Nobel laureates illustrate that economic growth should not be taken for granted and that the mechanisms behind creative destruction must be maintained to avoid stagnation [7]. - John Hassler, chairman of the Economic Sciences Prize Committee, stresses the importance of managing the conflicts created by creative destruction constructively to prevent innovation from being hindered by established companies and interest groups [6][7].

【文/观察者网专栏作者 周文】 阿吉翁与豪伊特的 "创造性破坏" 模型同样暴露了理论与现实的割裂。他们构建的数学模型完美演绎了 "新企业淘汰旧企业" 的抽象逻辑，却对当代 "破坏性停滞" 现象视而不见：全球范围内，科技巨头通过 专利壁垒阻碍创新、金融资本脱离实体空转套利，这些违背 "创造性破坏" 规律的现实，在经济学诺奖 表彰的理论体系中找不到解答。 当发展中国家面临技术卡脖子、发达国家陷入增长停滞时，诺奖评委们仍在为半个世纪前就已萌芽的理 论框架欢呼，这种对真问题的集体回避，正是自娱自乐的典型表征。 当瑞典皇家科学院将2025年诺贝尔经济学奖授予莫基尔、阿吉翁和豪伊特，表彰他们对 "创新驱动型经 济增长的阐释" 时，全球经济学界响起的并非一致喝彩，而是越来越清晰的质疑： 这个号称 "社会科学皇冠上的明珠" 的奖项，正在逐步退化为封闭圈子里的智力游戏，其自娱自乐的倾 向在当下全球经济困局中愈发刺眼。 现实脱节：无法回应真问题的理论狂欢 2025年诺奖得主的核心贡献被概括为 "揭示创新如何推动持续增长"，但这种看似深刻的阐释，实则回 避了当前全球经济最迫切的现实命题。 莫基尔强调的 "科学解释与社会开放是技术进 ...