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汇嘉时代20251121
2025-11-24 01:46
Summary of Huijia Times Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Huijia Times - **Industry**: Supermarket and Retail Key Points and Arguments Store Performance and Adjustments - The Beijing Road Huijia store's daily sales increased significantly to 1.4 million yuan after deep adjustments, while other stores saw a 10%-20% increase in daily sales after minor adjustments, validating the effectiveness of the Pang Donglai model [2][3] - The company plans to adjust employee salary systems, optimize product structures, widen sales channels, and add convenience facilities instead of large-scale renovations to reduce costs and quickly enhance store operational efficiency [2][6] Product Sales Composition - In Huijia Times supermarkets, fresh products account for over 55% of sales, baked goods approximately 2%, and cooked food about 8% [2][10] - The introduction of around 105 Pang Donglai products constitutes about 9% of the supermarket's total sales [2][8] Profitability and Margin Expectations - The overall gross margin of the supermarket business is approximately 19%, with expectations for further improvement in Q1 2026 due to performance growth [2][11] - The net profit margin for the North Huijia store reached 8%, while other adjusted stores are expected to achieve over 3% net profit margin to be considered successful [2][14] Central Kitchen and SKU Management - The construction of the central kitchen is slowing down as existing baking capacity meets demand, with SKU numbers stabilized between 10,000 and 12,000 in the North Huijia store [2][12][13] Future Business Plans - The company is planning to launch an instant retail system by mid-December, with the first online sales platform [5][21] - The department store segment plans to close underperforming rental stores while retaining profitable shopping centers and adjusting brand structures [5][22] Low-altitude Business Development - The agricultural protection business is expected to start by the end of the year, while the manned tourism project faces complex approvals and may contribute in 2026 [2][14][16][18] Employee Compensation and Management - Adjustments to employee salaries have been made to align with the standards set by Beijing Longhui, while non-adjusted stores have not reached these standards due to poor performance [20] Financial Outlook - The company anticipates a doubling of revenue for the year, with better performance expected next year through the closure of underperforming projects and further development of low-altitude businesses [5][24] Communication and Learning Mechanisms - Huijia Times has established effective communication channels with Pang Donglai, allowing for continuous learning and problem-solving [2][8] Additional Important Information - The company has successfully eliminated backend costs through supply chain optimization and the introduction of Pang Donglai's supply chain management [5][23] - The company is not planning to open new stores in the short term, focusing instead on the adjustment of existing stores [19]
中国医疗保健:专家电话会议核心要点-跨国企业如何看待中国医药市场、创新与资产-China Healthcare_ Expert call takeaways_ How do MNCs view China‘s pharma market, innovation and assets_
2025-11-24 01:46
Summary of Expert Call on China's Pharma Market Industry Overview - **Industry**: Pharmaceutical Industry in China - **Focus**: Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and their strategies in the Chinese market Key Insights 1. **Long-term Strategic Focus**: China is viewed as a top-five market for MNCs due to its large population and aging demographics, maintaining its strategic importance despite cost control policies impacting revenue growth [2][8][9] 2. **Cost Control Policies**: Policies like Value-Based Pricing (VBP) and Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG) have led MNCs to shift focus from off-patent drugs to innovative drug sales, akin to a "patent cliff" scenario [3][8] 3. **Out-of-Pocket (OOP) Market**: MNCs are prioritizing the OOP market, which, despite higher prices compared to National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL) drugs, has seen reduced patient costs through assistance programs and commercial insurance [3][10][11] 4. **In-Licensing Strategies**: MNCs are increasingly in-licensing innovative assets from China, driven by the improving quality of Chinese clinical trial data and faster development speeds [4][12][14] 5. **Collaboration Models**: New collaboration models are emerging, such as establishing NewCos and co-development agreements, as Chinese firms seek international R&D expertise [15][12] 6. **Regulatory Environment**: The Chinese pharmaceutical market is highly regulated, with ongoing refinements to policies like VBP, which now emphasizes drug quality [9][18] Additional Considerations 1. **Impact of CIDL**: The newly launched Commercial Insurance Innovative Drug List (CIDL) negotiations are expected to unlock growth opportunities for innovative drugs, particularly high-cost treatments [2][9] 2. **Geopolitical Factors**: MNCs are less focused on geopolitical factors when in-licensing Chinese assets, prioritizing therapeutic fit and strategic alignment instead [14] 3. **Quality of Clinical Trials**: MNCs maintain high standards for clinical trial data, with increasing investments in Chinese assets reflecting confidence in the quality of local clinical data [13][12] 4. **Risks in the Market**: Potential risks include unexpected price cuts from Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs), intensified competition, and stricter regulations [18] This summary encapsulates the insights from the expert call regarding the evolving landscape of the pharmaceutical industry in China, highlighting both opportunities and challenges for MNCs operating in this market.
川仪股份20251123
2025-11-24 01:46
川仪股份 20251123 摘要 今年(2025 年)以来,重庆川仪公司的订单情况如何? 今年前三个季度,公司订单较去年同期略有下滑,但在第四季度有所回升。截 至 10 月底,订单同比下降约 4%。预计到年底,订单量将基本与去年持平或略 有增长。今年前三季度末,同比下滑 7%,但到 10 月底,下滑幅度减缓至 4%。10 月份单月订单增速约为 10%。 您认为四季度订单回升的原因是什么? 四季度订单回升主要有两个原因:首先,从三季度开始,公司对未来几个月的 投标项目数量进行了预测分析,结果显示投标项目数量明显增加;其次,从三 季度起,不少此前暂停或展缓的项目逐渐恢复启动。这些因素共同推动了四季 度订单的增长。 重庆川仪公司的客户主要集中在哪些行业? 重庆川仪 2025 年前三季度订单同比下降约 4%,但四季度受益于投标 项目增加和暂停项目重启,订单量回升,预计全年与去年持平或略有增 长。10 月份单月订单增速约为 10%。 石化和化工行业是川仪的核心市场,占整体订单的 70%以上,民营企业 客户占比达 60-70%,其投资恢复对四季度订单回升有显著影响。精细 化工领域需求稳定,是重要增长点。 川仪在中国自动化 ...
以岭药业20251123
2025-11-24 01:46
Summary of Yiling Pharmaceutical Conference Call Company Overview - Yiling Pharmaceutical was established in 1992, focusing on the research, production, and sales of patented traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) [3][4] - The company has developed a synergistic industrial structure comprising patented TCM, chemical drugs, and health industries [2][3] Core Business Segments Cardiovascular Products - The cardiovascular product line includes Tongxinluo, Shensongyangxin, and Qiyiliqiangxin capsules, targeting ischemic cardiovascular diseases, arrhythmias, and heart failure [2][6] - These products have shown clinical efficacy through evidence-based medicine and have maintained a leading market share from 2017 to 2024 [6] - Shensongyangxin and Tongxinluo capsules consistently rank at the forefront of the market, while Qiyiliqiangxin has improved from 16th to 6th place [6] Respiratory Products - The respiratory product line features Lianhua Qingwen, Lianhua Qingke, and Qifang Bitong tablets [2][7] - Lianhua Qingwen significantly contributed to revenue during the pandemic from 2020 to 2022, and demand is expected to rebound in 2025 due to an increase in flu cases [7] - Lianhua Qingke transitioned to an OTC product in 2023, and Qifang Bitong tablets are anticipated to provide additional growth [7] Secondary Products - Secondary products include Bazibu Shen capsules, Jiyu Chufan capsules, and Yishen Yangxin Anshen tablets, targeting anti-aging, depression, and insomnia [2][8][9] - These products are promoted through retail and e-commerce channels, aiming for a breakout effect [10] Innovation and Regulatory Approvals - The company’s innovative TCM, Tongluoming Maimu capsules, was approved for diabetes retinopathy treatment and included in the 2024 edition of the Chinese Diabetes Prevention and Treatment Guidelines [2][11] - Yiling has 17 patented TCM products and several innovative drugs in development, with three 1.1 class new drugs in the application stage [12] Chemical Drug Sector - The chemical drug segment has achieved 15 ANDA products approved by the FDA and 13 products passing domestic consistency evaluations [5][13] - The company is focusing on innovative drug development, with several products in clinical trials, including Benlufen injection for postoperative pain [13] Health Industry Development - The health segment has established five core product series, including health drinks and sleep aids, which have performed well on e-commerce platforms [5][14][15] - These products cater to workplace elites, the elderly, and family health management needs [15] Future Growth Drivers - Key factors expected to drive future growth include: 1. Continued market share increase in core cardiovascular and respiratory products [10] 2. Gradual market penetration of new products like Lianhua Qingke and Qifang Bitong [10] 3. Promotion of secondary products through retail and e-commerce [10] 4. Ongoing evidence-based research to enhance clinical promotion [10] 5. Expansion of the anti-aging market and shifts in consumer health spending [10] Financial Projections - Projected revenues for 2025, 2026, and 2027 are 8.2 billion, 9.1 billion, and 10.1 billion CNY, representing year-on-year growth of 27%, 11%, and 10% respectively [16] - Significant recovery in net profit is expected in 2025, with growth rates in 2026 and 2027 anticipated to exceed revenue growth [16] Additional Considerations - Potential catalysts for future growth include the introduction of new basic drug management regulations, adjustments to the basic drug catalog, and the upcoming approval of the chemical new drug Benlufen injection [16] - An increase in flu-like cases may also boost demand for respiratory products like Lianhua Qingwen [16]
黑芝麻智能20251123
2025-11-24 01:46
Summary of Black Sesame Intelligence and Zhongji Xuchuang Collaboration Conference Call Industry and Company Involved - **Company**: Black Sesame Intelligence - **Partner**: Zhongji Xuchuang - **Industry**: Automotive, Robotics, Optical Communication Core Points and Arguments - **Collaboration Goals**: Black Sesame Intelligence and Zhongji Xuchuang aim to advance the application of optical modules in automotive and smart terminal sectors, focusing on low latency and high data transmission needs in next-generation computing platforms [2][5][16] - **Autonomous Driving Solutions**: The partnership is developing comprehensive solutions for both passenger and commercial vehicles to meet L2 to L4 autonomous driving requirements, accelerating technology implementation in OEMs [2][6][16] - **AI Industrial Robots**: Joint development of AI industrial robot solutions tailored for industrial scenarios, addressing core needs for precise control, real-time interaction, and multi-device collaboration [2][6][16] - **Optical Communication Trends**: Optical communication is identified as a future trend, providing higher bandwidth, lower latency, and stronger anti-interference capabilities. Companies like Tesla and Huawei are already exploring these technologies [2][7][8][9] - **Cost Comparison**: Automotive-grade optical modules are expected to be significantly cheaper than server-grade modules, potentially costing only 1% of the server-side equivalent under similar performance specifications [4][14][15][16] Additional Important Content - **Technical Requirements**: Optical packaging technology requires chips to be compatible with optical communication, necessitating large switch interfaces and bandwidth exceeding P3E, along with reserved interfaces for MIPI or FII [10][11] - **Silicon Photonics Advantages**: In data centers, silicon photonics can enhance switch performance and reduce complexity, while in robotics, flexible optical fibers can mitigate electromagnetic interference and adapt to flexible motion needs [12][16] - **Standardization Needs**: The automotive sector has existing standards for optical fiber access, while the robotics sector is moving towards standardization to promote new technologies without relying solely on customized applications [13][14] - **Market Impact**: The collaboration is expected to enhance Black Sesame Intelligence's competitiveness in the automotive sector and facilitate the adoption of advanced AI and communication technologies in industrial robots [16]
伟星股份20251123
2025-11-24 01:46
Summary of Weixing Co., Ltd. Conference Call Company Overview - Weixing Co., Ltd. is a leading enterprise in the domestic apparel accessories industry, primarily engaged in zippers and buttons [3][4] - The company has implemented three main strategies since 2011: internationalization, intelligence, and enhancement of product quality and production technology [3] Industry Insights - The apparel accessories industry is large but fragmented, with low unit prices for zippers and buttons, leading to a low overall value chain share [7] - The global zipper market is approximately 100 billion RMB, with mid-to-high-end zippers accounting for about 30% [8] - The market share is increasingly concentrated among leading companies due to rising personalized demand, environmental regulations, and macroeconomic changes [7] Financial Performance - Revenue is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17% from 2020 to 2024, while net profit is projected to grow at a CAGR of 28% [2][4] - The average gross margin over the past five years is around 40%, significantly higher than peers in the textile manufacturing sector [5] - The net profit margin has remained around 15%, with a high dividend payout ratio exceeding 80% [5] Competitive Landscape - YKK dominates the global zipper market with a 20% market share, while Weixing's market share is only 1-2% [8] - Weixing's main competitive advantages include cost-effectiveness, faster delivery times, and superior customer service compared to YKK [11][18] - The company has successfully attracted major brands like Levi's and Uniqlo into its supply chain [15][16] Strategic Initiatives - Weixing is expanding its overseas market presence by investing in Southeast Asia and adapting to the shifting supply chain dynamics [12][20] - The company has enhanced its sales team’s motivation and efficiency through higher salaries and incentive measures [13] Future Outlook - The company anticipates a compound annual growth rate of over 10% in revenue and net profit over the next 3-5 years, alongside a high dividend rate, leading to an overall compound return of about 15% [4][19] - The ongoing global economic recovery and inventory normalization are expected to boost orders from major brands, further enhancing Weixing's growth potential [19] Management Structure - The management team is primarily composed of internally cultivated leaders, with a significant portion of shares held by core members [6] Conclusion - Weixing Co., Ltd. is well-positioned for growth in the apparel accessories market, leveraging its competitive advantages and strategic initiatives to capitalize on industry trends and consumer demands [21]
青木科技20251123
2025-11-24 01:46
Summary of Aoki Technology's Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Aoki Technology - **Acquisition Target**: Omega Brand - **Acquisition Amount**: Approximately 200 million RMB for 65.83% stake Key Points Industry and Market Potential - The health supplement industry in China is projected to reach a total market size of approximately 400 to 450 billion RMB in 2024, with an annual growth rate of 15% to 20% [6][12] - The fish oil segment is particularly strong, with online sales reaching 8.2 billion RMB from January to October 2025, representing a 36% year-on-year growth [6] Acquisition Details - Aoki Technology will acquire Omega Brand through a two-step process: purchasing existing shares and increasing capital, totaling 150 million Norwegian Krone (approximately 100 million RMB) [3][8] - The valuation is based on a 10.8 times price-to-earnings ratio for 2024 net profit, which is expected to become more attractive with a projected annual growth rate of over 35% [2][8] Financial Impact - The acquisition is expected to add over 500 million RMB to Aoki's annual profits, with a net profit margin anticipated to exceed 10% [2][9] - Aoki aims for Omega Brand to achieve over 1 billion RMB in revenue by 2027-2028, with a target of 35% growth compared to 2025 [4][12] Strategic Integration - Aoki plans to enhance Omega's supply chain, improve R&D capabilities, and expand into global markets [10] - The company will leverage existing online and offline channels, aiming for a balanced sales distribution between both [11] Product Development and Marketing - Aoki will focus on extending product lines around seal oil, fish oil, and astaxanthin, targeting cardiovascular health and expanding into brain health and eye care [11][16] - The company intends to utilize its marketing resources and consumer insights to support the new brand's growth [26] Competitive Advantages - Aoki has a strong position in the seal oil market due to its close relationships with upstream suppliers, which provides a competitive edge [13][15] - The company plans to differentiate itself in the health supplement sector by enhancing R&D for various products [15] Future Outlook - Aoki's current market share in China is approximately 80%, with plans to expand into Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Americas [14] - The company expects to see an increase in net profit margins as brand scale effects become more pronounced, with a projected net profit margin exceeding 25% [22][28] Operational Strategy - The new acquisition will be operated independently by Aoki's wholly-owned subsidiary, with expectations of significant revenue contributions in the coming years [24][25] - Aoki is also considering expanding into health food products in the long term, while focusing on existing supplement lines in the short term [17] Sales Performance - During the Double Eleven shopping festival, Aoki achieved a sales completion rate of over 100%, with a lower return rate compared to the previous year [23] This summary encapsulates the strategic direction, financial implications, and market positioning of Aoki Technology following its acquisition of Omega Brand, highlighting the company's growth potential in the health supplement industry.
江淮汽车20251123
2025-11-24 01:46
Summary of JAC Motors Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: JAC Motors - **Industry**: Automotive, specifically focusing on luxury vehicles and electric vehicles Key Points and Arguments 1. **Market Attention and Collaboration**: Since Q3 2023, JAC Motors has gained market attention due to its collaboration with Huawei to launch the Hongmeng Intelligent Driving model, which is gradually being recognized in the market [2][5][6] 2. **Performance Amid Market Challenges**: Despite experiencing a downturn in the new energy vehicle market, JAC Motors saw strong orders for the Wenjie M9 and a rebound in stock prices post-Spring Festival [2][5] 3. **Traditional Business Growth**: By mid-2024, JAC Motors' traditional business is expected to gain momentum, with active exports of self-owned passenger vehicles contributing to stable performance [2][5] 4. **Product Launches and Stock Performance**: The launch of the S800 sedan has exceeded expectations in terms of orders, but uncertainty regarding the MPV launch timeline and market pressures led to a stock price correction [2][3][5] 5. **MPV Launch Timeline**: The company plans to officially launch its MPV model in Q3 2026, with efforts to expedite the release [3][19] 6. **Diverse Business Model**: JAC Motors' collaboration with Huawei allows for a more stable traditional business compared to other Huawei-affiliated companies, with a focus on a full range of luxury vehicle production [6][22] 7. **Market Dynamics for Luxury Vehicles**: The luxury MPV market is in a significant cycle, with an expected increase in sales due to economic recovery and the introduction of new models [4][17] 8. **Sales Dependency**: The sales of the ZunJia brand rely heavily on product quality rather than brand recognition, with a potential consumer base of 1.2 to 1.3 million high-end consumers [15][16] 9. **Future Development Plans**: JAC Motors aims to launch the ZunJia MPV and a high-end sedan, while also enhancing production capacity through various vehicle types [19][20] 10. **Long-term Outlook**: The company is optimistic about its future, focusing on product quality and governance to navigate market changes and maintain competitiveness [21][22] Additional Important Insights - **Design and Market Reception of S800**: The S800's design has been bold and unconventional, which may redefine luxury aesthetics if accepted by the market [9] - **Sales Trends in Luxury SUV Market**: The luxury SUV market has shown stable performance, with annual sales remaining above 200,000 units in the 700,000 RMB and above price range [18] - **Impact of Governance and Talent Management**: JAC Motors is enhancing its governance and talent management, having hired 2,000 new employees while letting go of over 1,000, to modernize its operations [20] This summary encapsulates the key discussions and insights from the conference call regarding JAC Motors' current status, market strategies, and future outlook in the automotive industry.
迈瑞医疗 - 2025 年亚太峰会反馈
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of Mindray Bio-Medical Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Mindray Bio-Medical (300760.SZ) - **Industry**: China Healthcare Key Points Industry Insights - **China's Healthcare Recovery**: The healthcare infrastructure treasury bond issuance fell over 30% YoY to Rmb146 billion in Jan–Oct 2025, indicating a potential gradual recovery in the industry starting from 2026 [3][4] - **IVD Market Pressure**: The In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) sector, particularly CLIA, is expected to face ongoing pressure in 2026 due to the implementation of value-based pricing (VBP) for tumor biomarkers and thyroid reagents [3] - **Market Share**: Mindray holds a strong market share in China, with over 50-60% in key PMLS products, approximately 30% in Ultrasound, and around 10% in IVD [3] Growth Projections - **Emerging Markets (EM) Growth**: Management anticipates that Mindray's market share in emerging markets could reach levels similar to China within a few years, driven by high quality and cost advantages compared to foreign brands. EM growth was +7% YoY in 9M25, with expectations for faster growth from 2026 [4] - **Revenue Growth**: Mindray expects a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 10% in overseas markets in the mid-term [4] Financial Performance - **Revenue and Earnings Estimates**: - 2025 estimated revenue: Rmb33,771 million - 2026 estimated revenue: Rmb36,744 million - 2025 estimated EPS: Rmb7.28, with a projected increase to Rmb8.24 in 2026 [6] - **Gross Profit Margin (GPM)**: GPM for both China and overseas markets is now comparable, but overall GPM is expected to decline notably YoY in 2025, stabilizing from 2026 [8] Strategic Focus - **Product Segmentation**: IVD is expected to lead growth, followed by stable growth in PMLS and ultrasound segments. Recurring consumables are projected to account for over 50% of revenue in 2025 [8] - **Ultrasound Expansion**: Management expects to expand ultrasound market share through the launch of ultra-high-end products, including a cardio ultrasound in 2026 [8] Valuation and Risks - **Valuation Methodology**: A discounted cash flow (DCF) model is used, assuming a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 8.8% and a perpetual growth rate of 3.0% starting from 2026 [9] - **Risks**: Potential risks include prolonged negative impacts from policy headwinds, trade tensions, and failure to generate synergies from mergers and acquisitions [11] Stock Performance - **Current Stock Rating**: Overweight - **Price Target**: Rmb260.00, representing a 26% upside from the closing price of Rmb206.71 on November 18, 2025 [6] Additional Insights - **Channel Inventory Management**: Mindray aims to reduce channel inventory to a healthy ~2-month level by year-end 2025 [8] - **Market Dynamics**: The management emphasizes the importance of maintaining competitive pricing and quality to capture market share in both domestic and international markets [4][8]
玉马科技20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of Yuma Technology Conference Call Company Overview - Yuma Technology specializes in the research, production, and sales of functional shading materials, primarily used in building shading, energy conservation, outdoor structures, and transportation shading [3][4][7]. Financial Performance - For the first three quarters of 2025, Yuma Technology reported revenue of 553 million yuan, a slight increase compared to 551 million yuan in the same period last year [2][3]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders was 111 million yuan, a year-on-year decrease of approximately 13%, primarily due to stock incentive expenses, fluctuations in interest income, and increased R&D investments [2][3]. - After excluding non-operating factors, the net profit remained stable [3]. Market Outlook - The company remains optimistic about growth in 2026, contingent on no significant adverse impacts from tariff policies [2][3]. - Recent customer visits indicated stability in the European market, reduced supply chain concerns in North America, and increased orders from existing customers in Latin America [2][5]. - Southeast Asia showed good performance, contributing to a positive global market sentiment for 2026 [2][5]. Strategic Initiatives - Yuma Technology plans to continue expanding its overseas production capacity to mitigate global policy risks and control long-term costs [2][6]. - The company aims to finalize overseas site selection before the Spring Festival, having already evaluated multiple locations in Southeast Asia and North Africa [10]. Competitive Landscape - The functional shading materials sector is relatively niche with few competitors, allowing Yuma Technology to leverage its technological advantages and high-quality products [7]. - The company has established long-term partnerships in over 70 countries, maintaining a leading position in major export regions [7]. Regional Market Insights - China remains a primary supply base for global supply chains, with Yuma Technology focusing on enhancing product cost-effectiveness to solidify existing market shares and innovate to capture high-end markets [8]. - The North American market is recovering, with distributors considering product planning for the next year, emphasizing supply chain stability and product quality [4][14]. Challenges and Considerations - The company faces competition from local manufacturers in North America and Europe, which dominate high-end customer segments and large projects [9]. - Despite the competitive pressure, Yuma Technology's products are priced significantly lower than local competitors, providing a competitive edge [13]. Inventory and Supply Chain - The U.S. subsidiary has seen continuous growth in 2025, with low inventory levels due to tariff impacts. As tariffs stabilize, the subsidiary plans to build sufficient inventory for new products in 2026 [19]. Tariff Impact - A 10% reduction in tariffs led to a 5-10% price adjustment, with the focus shifting from price to trade stability in the U.S. market [20][21]. Market Share and Sales Trends - Yuma Technology's market share in Europe and the U.S. is relatively low, indicating a need for further market penetration [22]. - Domestic sales have remained stable in 2025, supported by increased channel development efforts [23]. Product Performance - The "Dream Curtain" product line has seen a significant decline in the Chinese market, approximately 30%, while experiencing growth in overseas markets such as Australia and Turkey [24]. - Outdoor materials and technical fabrics are strategic focuses for the next 3-5 years, with expectations for significant growth in 2026 [25][26]. Pricing Strategy - The markup from factory price to retail price can be substantial, with potential retail prices reaching up to 100 USD for certain fabrics, indicating a significant profit margin [27].