以下文章来源于妙投APP ，作者丁萍 妙投APP . 虎嗅旗下二级市场投研服务品牌，为您提供精选上市公司价值拆解，热门赛道产业链梳理 出品 | 妙投APP 作者 | 丁萍 头图 | AI生图 近期，美债收益率再次飙升，30年期美债收益率突破5%，10年期美债收益率突破4.6%。这波飙升背 后，可谓"内外夹击"。 首先，是信用评级的"警钟"。5月15日，国际三大评级机构之一的穆迪 （Moody's） 将美国主权信用 评级从Aaa下调至Aa1，理由是联邦债务规模和利息支付比例持续攀升，财政状况令人忧心； 接着是5月22日，由共和党主导的众议院以微弱优势通过了被称为"美丽大法案"的财政议案。名字虽 然动听，但代价不菲——根据国会预算办公室 （CBO） 的测算，这项法案预计将在未来十年新增约 4万亿美元联邦债务，无疑让市场对美国财政可持续性的担忧再度升级。 起因何在？ 5月19日，日本首相石破茂公开表示，日本财政状况"比希腊还糟糕"。数据显示，日本债务/GDP比率 已超250%，远高于希腊债务危机时的180%。 外围进一步催化了市场情绪—— 市场担忧在这场关税谈判中日元可能面临被动升值，也就是日元有 可能会继续加息。 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) indicates that the Hong Kong dollar (HKD) interbank rates are approaching US dollar rates due to market supply and demand, with current conditions showing an oversupply of HKD funds. Future fluctuations in the HKD exchange rate and interest rates are anticipated, and citizens are advised to consider potential risks in their financial decisions [1][4]. Group 1: Market Conditions - The HKD has recently strengthened due to increased capital market activities, particularly from the southbound stock connect, with the Hang Seng Index rising approximately 10% year-to-date and the technology index up 14% [2]. - In early May, the HKMA intervened in the market, buying a total of $16.7 billion USD and selling 129.4 billion HKD, as the HKD exchange rate approached the strong-side convertibility guarantee level of 7.75 HKD to 1 USD [2][3]. Group 2: Interest Rate Dynamics - Following the HKMA's market intervention, the HKD liquidity surged nearly fourfold, increasing from approximately 45 billion HKD to about 174 billion HKD, leading to a significant drop in interbank rates, with the one-month interbank rate falling from an average of 3.65% in April to 0.96% [3]. - The overnight rate also decreased from an average of 3.41% in April to 0.03%, reflecting normal market behavior under the linked exchange rate system [3]. Group 3: Future Outlook - The future trajectory of the HKD exchange rate and interest rates remains uncertain, influenced by factors such as seasonal demand for funds from new stock offerings and dividend distributions, as well as external factors like US Federal Reserve policies and global financial market conditions [4]. - If the oversupply of HKD persists, the market forces from carry trades may weaken the HKD exchange rate, potentially leading to a rise in HKD interbank rates, which could approach US dollar rates [4].

香港金管局总裁余伟文撰文指，港元流动性短期内变得非常充裕，以致银行间短期拆息显着拉低。他强 调，息率变化基本上反映联汇制度下正常市场行为及反应，从宏观经济角度看，较低息率有利于目前香 港整体经济环境，但未来一段时间港汇及港息走势仍存在较多变数，港美息差扩阔，增加买美元套息的 诱因，以致港汇由5月初的7.75兑1美元，回软至最近的7.82水平。余伟文表示，如果资金持续供过于 求，套息交易的市场力量会令港汇走弱，港元拆息将会回升，甚至可能返回趋近美元息率水平。但过程 需要多长、市场力量的速度及力度，存在很大不确定性。 ...

Summary of Key Points Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the theoretical basis and operational mechanisms of carry trade and reverse carry trade, asserting that broad carry trade behaviors exist in China, while foreign investors engage in reverse carry trade, which is significantly correlated with the scale of the Bond Connect program. The future of carry trade is constrained by the convergence of Sino-US interest rate differentials, increased global exchange rate volatility, and the boundary effects of policy regulation [1]. Group 1: Overview of Carry Trade - Carry trade is a typical foreign exchange trading strategy in international financial markets, leveraging differences in monetary policies across countries to achieve higher investment returns [2]. - There are two main operational modes of carry trade: unhedged basic carry trade and risk-mitigated carry trade, with the latter using derivatives to reduce exchange rate risk [2][3]. - The risk of currency mismatch in carry trade depends on exchange rate volatility and market liquidity, with financing currencies characterized by low interest rates, low exchange rate volatility, and high foreign exchange liquidity [3]. Group 2: Analysis of RMB Carry Trade - In 2024, the People's Bank of China is expected to enhance counter-cyclical adjustments, leading to a decrease in RMB funding rates, making RMB a viable financing currency for carry trade [4]. - The interest rate differential between China and the US has provided a conducive environment for RMB carry trade, with the 2024 interest rate differential projected to be between 250 to 350 basis points [5]. - The RMB exchange rate is expected to remain stable, with a narrow trading range, indicating resilience and a lack of unilateral appreciation or depreciation expectations [5]. Group 3: Market Behavior and Trends - In 2024, the bank's customer settlement rate was 62.3%, indicating a stable preference for currency exchange, while the foreign currency deposit scale increased significantly, reflecting a growing willingness for broad carry trade [6]. - The issuance of foreign currency wealth management products surged, particularly in USD, indicating strong investor interest in carry trade strategies [7]. Group 4: Analysis of Reverse Carry Trade - In 2024, overseas investors engaged in reverse carry trade by increasing their holdings of low-yield RMB assets, with the Bond Connect program showing a significant increase in foreign institutional holdings [8]. - The reverse carry trade is characterized by negative interest differential and exchange rate gains, with a notable correlation between the profitability of this strategy and the scale of foreign holdings in RMB bonds [9]. Group 5: Future Outlook for RMB Carry Trade - The future of both forward and reverse RMB carry trade will be influenced by multiple factors, including macroeconomic fundamentals, national economic policies, interest rate differentials, and global political and financial environments [10]. - The expected further reduction in US interest rates may compress the profitability of RMB forward carry trade while increasing uncertainty in reverse carry trade returns [10]. - The rising volatility in exchange rates and the need for effective policy regulation will be critical in shaping the landscape for RMB carry trade [11][12].

中金公司研究部外汇研究首席分析师李刘阳指出，未来如果香港持续面临资本流入压力，可能会看到香 港金管局持续买入美元并投放港元流动性，稳定港元汇率的同时抑制外汇投机。 IPO及派息期等因素推升港元需求 余伟文表示，香港股市表现好，大量"港股通"南向资金流入，而美股于4月起大幅调整，部分资金转投 欧洲及亚洲。同时，美元下挫令大量亚洲货币短仓需要平仓，推升港元需求。 李刘阳分析认为，港币近期对美元走强一方面是因为港美利差收窄，引起套息需求减弱，港元空头平仓 导致汇率走强。第二个原因则是香港近期呈现一定资本流入。他提到，"南向资金近期加速流入港股， 市场也有一定的互联互通机制优化预期，这推升了港元的需求。" 新华财经香港5月9日电（记者林迎楠）资金涌港势头自上月初开始加速，并再触及7.75强方兑换保证。 自5月2日以来，香港金融管理局已四次入巿承接美元沽盘，累计注资1294.02亿港元。截至5月8日，香 港银行体系总结余增至1741亿港元。 业内专家分析认为，大型IPO来港和大型企业派息等因素增加巿场对港元的需求，预计继续有资金流入 港元，美元兑港元短期内将维持在7.75附近。 联汇制度增强港元吸引力 美国总统特朗普4 ...

Global Macro Overview - The report discusses the recent appreciation of Asian currencies against the backdrop of a weakening US dollar, highlighting significant increases in currencies such as the Korean won, Singapore dollar, Malaysian ringgit, and Thai baht during the "May Day" holiday period [2][3]. Currency Movements in Asia - The reversal of carry trade positions has contributed to the recent currency movements, as the pressure from Trump's "reciprocal tariff" policy has eased, leading to a rebound in Asian currencies and triggering short-covering by market participants [3][4]. - Increased demand for risk hedging has emerged, as major Asian economies have accumulated substantial US dollar reserves, primarily invested in US Treasury securities. The recent rise in credit risk associated with dollar assets has prompted institutions to enhance their hedging operations, accelerating the appreciation of local currencies [4][5]. Implications of Currency Appreciation - The rapid appreciation of Asian currencies poses dual challenges for export-oriented economies. While it mitigates the risk of capital outflows, it may exacerbate trade challenges due to increased export costs. Additionally, the appreciation impacts the net value of dollar-denominated overseas assets, particularly for financial institutions with a "local currency liability, dollar asset" structure, potentially affecting their capital adequacy ratios [5][6]. Hong Kong Dollar Liquidity - The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) has intervened to stabilize the currency by purchasing USD 6 billion on May 2, 2025, in response to the strengthening of the Hong Kong dollar. The overall liquidity remains relatively robust, with expectations of manageable liquidity pressures in the short term [8][9]. Future Outlook - The report anticipates a gradual improvement in the liquidity situation for the Hong Kong dollar, driven by a potential slowdown in the inflow of southbound capital and the possibility of the Federal Reserve implementing interest rate cuts in the near term, which could alleviate global dollar liquidity pressures [9].

Group 1 - The article provides a step-by-step guide for selecting currency pairs based on different trading styles, emphasizing the need for alignment between trading style and currency characteristics [1][2][5]. - Day trading is characterized by short holding periods, relying on technical analysis for small profit margins, with recommended pairs including EUR/USD and USD/JPY due to their high liquidity and low spreads [2][4]. - Swing trading focuses on capturing medium-term trends over days to weeks, with suitable pairs like AUD/USD and GBP/USD driven by fundamental factors such as commodity prices and policy expectations [5][7][8]. Group 2 - Carry trade involves long-term positions to earn interest rate differentials, favoring high-yield currencies while managing exchange rate risks [12][15]. - Event-driven trading capitalizes on market reactions to economic data releases, with pairs like USD/JPY and USD/TRY being highlighted for their volatility during such events [4][22]. - Algorithmic trading strategies include statistical arbitrage, monitoring price discrepancies between currency pairs, and utilizing low-latency execution for optimal performance [14][15][26]. Group 3 - The article outlines a five-step self-assessment method for traders to evaluate their risk tolerance, time commitment, and tool compatibility when selecting currency pairs [17][19][21]. - Recommended currency pairs for different trading styles include EUR/USD and XAU/USD for day trading, AUD/USD and GBP/USD for swing trading, and AUD/JPY and USD/ZAR for carry trading, each with specific risk management parameters [21][22][23]. - Common pitfalls for novice traders include mismatching trading styles with currency pairs, overlooking overnight costs, and overtrading less liquid pairs [24][25][26].

Investment Rating - The report maintains an investment rating of "A" for the coal industry, indicating a strong outlook for the sector [2]. Core Insights - The report highlights a structural trend of "increasing volume and decreasing price" in coal imports since 2025, suggesting an oversupply in the international market. Despite increased imports, domestic prices have not risen significantly, indicating a loose supply-demand balance globally [4][52]. - The report notes that only thermal coal imports have shown a year-on-year decline, while imports of anthracite coal have increased significantly. The report also mentions the impact of geopolitical factors on coal imports from various countries [4][52]. - A recent initiative from the coal industry associations aims to limit the import of low-quality coal, which may lead to a reduction in future import volumes [4][52]. Summary by Sections Coal Import Volume Data Breakdown - In the first two months of 2025, coal and lignite imports totaled 76 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 2%. In February alone, imports reached 34.36 million tons, up 1.81% year-on-year but down 17.72% month-on-month [3][12]. - Thermal coal imports decreased by 7.59% year-on-year in January and February, with a total of 26.2 million tons imported. Notably, imports from Indonesia saw a significant decline [17][21]. - Coking coal imports increased by 5% year-on-year, totaling 18.77 million tons in the same period, with notable growth from Russia and the U.S. [21][25]. - Lignite imports rose by 8% year-on-year, primarily driven by Indonesia [25][27]. - Anthracite coal imports surged by 41% year-on-year, with Russia being the main contributor [27][28]. Coal Import Price Data Breakdown - The average import price for coal in the first two months of 2025 was $85 per ton, down 11.14% from the previous year. In February, the price dropped to $82 per ton, reflecting a 21.33% year-on-year decline [33][38]. - Thermal coal prices averaged $85 per ton, down 8.49% year-on-year, while coking coal prices averaged $127 per ton, down 16.44% year-on-year [40][45]. - Lignite and anthracite coal prices also saw declines, with lignite averaging $55 per ton and anthracite at $121 per ton, both reflecting significant year-on-year decreases [45][47]. Commentary and Investment Recommendations - The report suggests that the coal sector is currently experiencing a favorable environment for high-dividend stocks, recommending companies like China Shenhua, Shaanxi Coal, and Zhongmei Energy for stable high-dividend investments. For more elastic high-dividend stocks, Huabei Mining and Pingmei Shenma are highlighted [5][53]. - The report emphasizes the importance of resource pricing in guiding the valuation of coal companies, suggesting a focus on undervalued stocks with strong performance support [5][53].

Core Viewpoint - The appreciation of the Japanese yen since early 2025 is primarily driven by speculative trading from foreign investors based on the narrowing interest rate differential between the US and Japan, rather than reflecting genuine demand from Japan [2][11]. Group 1: Reasons Behind Yen Appreciation - The main factors for the yen's appreciation include rising inflation in Japan, expectations of further interest rate hikes by the Bank of Japan (BOJ), increasing Japanese bond yields, and a narrowing of the US-Japan interest rate differential [3][21]. - As of January 2025, Japan's CPI rose by 4.0% year-on-year, the highest among major developed economies, driven by both cost-push and demand-pull factors [17][21]. - The yen's appreciation has been largely influenced by trading activity during non-Japanese trading hours, indicating that foreign investors are the primary drivers of this trend [11][12]. Group 2: Real Demand vs. Speculative Flows - Despite the yen's appreciation, real demand indicators show a continuous net outflow of funds from Japan, suggesting that a strong yen may not be sustainable in the long term [4][34]. - Japan has been running a trade deficit, with January 2025's trade balance showing a deficit of approximately 2.7 trillion yen, influenced by high energy prices and structural shifts in Japanese companies moving operations overseas [25][26]. - The service trade balance has remained roughly neutral, with an increase in inbound tourism offsetting structural deficits in digital services [27]. Group 3: Future Yen Exchange Rate Outlook - In the short term, the yen may appreciate due to trading factors, but long-term significant appreciation is unlikely due to ongoing structural outflows of funds from Japan [5][34]. - Historical patterns indicate that substantial yen appreciation typically requires economic weakness in the US or global risks, which are not currently present [35]. - The BOJ's interest rate hikes are already priced in, and the potential for further significant increases is limited, which may hinder the yen's long-term strength [35][36]. Group 4: Impact of Carry Trade - As of February 2025, net short positions in the yen remain, but they are not at extreme levels, suggesting that a rapid reversal leading to significant yen appreciation is unlikely [6][39]. - The potential for large-scale reversals in carry trades that could disrupt global financial markets is also considered a low-probability event [39].