美联储最新利率决议出炉。 北京时间7月31日凌晨2点，美联储宣布，将联邦基金利率区间维持在4.25%—4.50%不变，符合市场预期。这是美联储连续第五次议息会议决定暂停降息，且并未发 出9月可能降息的信号。 相比利率决议，美联储的内部分歧成为本次议息会议更大的看点。两名美联储官员在本次会议上投出了反对票，都支持降息25个基点。有分析指出，这凸显联储决 策者对关税影响的共识在破裂。 随后，美联储主席鲍威尔在新闻发布会上的讲话释放了偏"鹰派"的政策信号。 他表示，美联储"尚未就9月是否调整政策做出任何决定"。这一表态令市场对9月降息 甚至年底前再次降息的预期降温 ，美股三大指数一度集体跳水，盘中由涨转跌。 美联储宣布 北京时间7月31日凌晨，美联储宣布，将联邦基金利率目标区间维持在4.25%至4.50%之间不变，这是美联储连续第五次决定维持利率不变。 回顾此前，美联储自去年9月起连续三次会议降息，合计降幅100个基点，但自今年1月美国总统特朗普上任以来，美联储一直"按兵不动"。 值得一提的是，本次暂停降息的决策没有得到全体联邦公开市场委员会（FOMC）投票委员的一致支持，其中美联储负责金融监管的副主席米歇尔·鲍曼 ...

德意志银行：量化紧缩计划下，英国央行可能会推迟出售长期国债 金十数据7月23日讯，德意志银行的分析师Sanjay Raja在一份报告中表示，英国央行可能会在其量化紧 缩计划中推迟出售长期英国国债。Raja说，对长期英国国债的需求下降，可能会导致债券发行从10月份 推迟到2026年第一季度。根据计划，英国央行将在9月18日公布自10月起未来12个月的国债出售方案。 他表示："考虑到挥之不去的担忧和当前的市场预期，我们预计货币政策委员会将采取一种渐进而谨慎 的方式来实施量化紧缩。" ...

英国央行行长贝利：不会就未来12个月量化紧缩的节奏制定过程发表评论。 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Bank of England is under pressure to hold a significant portion of its long-term government bonds, potentially for decades, due to market volatility and changing buyer dynamics [1][2]. Group 1: Market Dynamics - Forecasting institutions, including Oxford Economics and HSBC, predict that the Bank of England will limit the sale of its remaining £163 billion (approximately $219 billion) of government bonds with maturities over 20 years, marking a shift in its approach to reducing its crisis-era balance sheet [1]. - The market for long-term UK government bonds is increasingly reliant on more volatile hedge funds and foreign investors, as traditional stable buyers like pension funds reduce their demand [1]. - Recent market events, such as the sell-off of 30-year bonds due to rumors of the Chancellor's dismissal, highlight the fragility of the current market environment [1]. Group 2: Quantitative Tightening Strategy - The Bank of England is currently reducing its bond holdings at a rate of approximately £100 billion per year, with plans for £13 billion in active sales and £87 billion in natural maturities [2]. - There is a potential slowdown in the quantitative tightening process, with expectations of only £26 billion in active sales next year, which could pose market risks [2]. - The Bank of England's Governor has indicated changes in the liquidity of the long-end yield curve, suggesting future sales may be lower than previously anticipated [2]. Group 3: Policy Recommendations - Michael Saunders, a former rate setter at the Bank of England, advocates for a new strategy where a significant portion of long-term debt will not be sold, aiming to reduce risks to market stability [2][5]. - Saunders' proposal includes retaining £163 billion of long-term bonds while continuing to reduce holdings of bonds with maturities between 3 to 20 years, which could mitigate the risk of market disruption [5]. - The plan involves recognizing losses on certain bonds, which would be offset by the Bank's cash holdings, making the arrangement financially beneficial [5]. Group 4: Historical Context - The Bank of England has purchased more long-term government bonds than other central banks following the financial crisis, Brexit, and the pandemic, necessitating active debt sales while other central banks can allow their balance sheets to shrink naturally [6].

Core Viewpoint - Kevin Warsh calls for a comprehensive reform of the Federal Reserve's operations and suggests a policy alliance with the Treasury Department, indicating a significant shift in monetary policy approach [1][2]. Group 1: Federal Reserve Leadership and Policy - Warsh criticizes the current Federal Reserve officials, particularly Chairman Jerome Powell, for their credibility issues and failure to lower interest rates, which aligns with President Trump's demands [1][2]. - There is speculation about Trump's potential actions regarding Powell's position, with discussions among Republican lawmakers about possibly dismissing him [2][3]. - Warsh believes that the Federal Reserve's mechanism change is inevitable and emphasizes the need for a new "Treasury-Fed agreement" to manage national debt issuance effectively [3]. Group 2: Interest Rates and Economic Policy - Warsh argues that the delay in interest rate cuts is a significant flaw and that public pressure from the President on the Federal Reserve is justified [2][3]. - He supports the current policy of quantitative tightening but insists on collaboration between the Federal Reserve and the Treasury to lower borrowing costs [3]. - The market anticipates that the Federal Reserve will maintain the benchmark interest rate at the end of July but may begin to cut rates in September [6].

Group 1: Market Reactions and Economic Indicators - On July 7, Trump announced a new round of tariff measures, leading to a muted reaction in financial markets, with the S&P 500 and Nasdaq indices down by only 0.79% and 0.92% respectively [1] - The U.S. stock market rebounded in the first half of the year due to factors such as TACO trading, fiscal expansion, resilient job market, and stock buybacks, despite facing four instances of simultaneous declines in stocks, bonds, and currencies [1] - Historical data suggests that U.S. monetary tightening or economic stagflation poses the greatest threat to the stock market, although the potential for the Federal Reserve to restart rate cuts may provide support [1] Group 2: Liquidity and Debt Issuance - The U.S. Treasury's resumption of debt issuance in Q3 is expected to create a "drain" effect on dollar liquidity, potentially forcing the Federal Reserve to release liquidity by slowing down quantitative tightening or cutting rates [2] - The net debt issuance by the U.S. Treasury is projected to be around $1 trillion in Q3, partly to refinance maturing debt and meet other financing needs [2] Group 3: Inflation and Tariff Impact - Recent tariff threats from the Trump administration could raise the effective tariff rate from 13.4% to 14.9%, with a potential increase to 18%-20% in a "no deal" scenario, raising concerns about stagflation risks in the U.S. economy [5][6] - There are indications that inflationary pressures from tariffs are beginning to manifest, with a survey showing the highest percentage of small businesses planning to raise prices since March 2024 [6] Group 4: Corporate Earnings and Market Volatility - The second quarter earnings season for U.S. stocks has begun, with expectations of a significant slowdown in profit growth, largely influenced by tariff uncertainties [9] - According to FactSet, S&P 500 companies are expected to see only a 5% profit growth in Q2, marking the slowest growth since Q4 2023, with six out of eleven sectors projected to grow year-over-year [9] - The technology sector, particularly large tech companies, is expected to drive earnings growth, but any decline in tech stock performance could lead to increased pressure on the broader market [9][10]

美联储理事沃勒上周表示，美联储可将银行储备金从当前约3.34万亿美元降至2.7万亿美元左右，从而继续缩 减资产负债表，即"量化紧缩"。 "考虑到2023年3月区域银行业危机（当时显示存款流失风险达到顶峰），以及当前监管框架对流动性的高度 强调，'充足储备金'的阈值可能需要更高，"摩根大通策略师特雷莎·何（Teresa Ho）牵头在7月11日给客户的 报告中称。 纽约联储6月开展的"市场预期调查"显示，量化紧缩结束时，储备金余额的中位数预期为2.875万亿美元。 美联储自2022年6月起开始缩减资产负债表。今年4月，政策制定者放缓了缩表节奏：将每月允许到期不续作 的国债上限从250亿美元降至50亿美元，抵押贷款支持证券（MBS）的上限保持350亿美元不变。 政策制定者的核心目标是避免2019年9月的回购市场动荡重演。在当时的美联储缩表期间，储备金短缺导致 关键贷款利率飙升，联邦基金利率异动，最终迫使美联储出手干预以稳定融资市场。 沃勒上周在达拉斯联储的讲话中提到，2019年9月储备金占GDP比重降至7%以下，而2019年1月占比8%时， 银行体系"无明显压力"。如今，沃勒认为需保留缓冲，将储备金占GDP比重的" ...

Group 1 - Wall Street strategists believe that the required reserve levels predicted by Federal Reserve Governor Waller should be higher to prevent system disruptions [1] - Waller indicated that the Fed could reduce bank reserves to approximately $2.7 trillion, down from the current level of about $3.34 trillion, allowing for continued balance sheet reduction known as "quantitative tightening" [1] - JPMorgan strategists suggest that the adequate reserve levels may need to be increased to avoid disruptions in the overnight funding market [1] Group 2 - Market participants are closely monitoring the cash reserves of banks at the Federal Reserve to determine when to halt balance sheet contraction [4] - The U.S. Congress has raised the debt ceiling, and Wall Street is focused on the growing cash balance of the Treasury, which is withdrawing excess liquidity from the system, potentially making the market susceptible to unexpected events like the regional banking crisis in March 2023 [4] - The New York Fed's latest survey indicated that the median reserve balance level when quantitative tightening ends is expected to be $2.875 trillion [4] Group 3 - Policymakers are striving to avoid a repeat of the repo market turmoil experienced in September 2019, which was triggered by a shortage of funds due to unprecedented reserve levels [5] - Waller noted that in September 2019, bank reserves as a percentage of GDP fell below 7%, while in January 2019, the ratio was around 8%, indicating no significant pressure on the financial system at that time [5] - Waller currently believes that a reserve level below 9% of GDP would indicate a shortage situation [5]

Core Viewpoint - Bank of America suggests that the Bank of England may slow down its quantitative tightening from October, reducing the annual bond reduction from £100 billion to £60 billion [1] Group 1 - The potential slowdown in quantitative tightening is attributed to the tightening of monetary policy that is exerting additional pressure on the economy [1] - Adjusting the pace of quantitative tightening could help alleviate the impact on financial conditions and economic growth [1]

Group 1 - The "Big and Beautiful" tax and spending bill has temporarily alleviated concerns over a U.S. debt default by raising the borrowing limit by $5 trillion, but it exacerbates long-term debt issues, with an estimated increase of $3.4 trillion in national debt over the next decade [1] - The Treasury General Account (TGA) has been depleted during the debt standoff, dropping from approximately $840 billion in February to about $340 billion by July 8, and its rebuilding may tighten liquidity conditions [1][2] - The TGA plays a crucial role in the Federal Reserve's balance sheet, and its increase could lead to a significant reduction in reserve balances, potentially resulting in a liquidity loss of around $510 billion by the end of September [2][3] Group 2 - Historically, TGA rebuilding has negatively impacted the S&P 500 index, as seen in January 2022 when TGA rebuilding and increased reverse repo activities led to a significant drop in reserve balances, affecting margin levels and the index [4][5] - The last TGA rebuilding in the summer of 2023 did not impact the stock market due to the depletion of reverse repo tools, but current conditions suggest that with reverse repos nearing their low point and ongoing quantitative tightening, a decline in reserves is expected [5] - The anticipated increase in TGA and a decrease in reserve balances to around $3 trillion or lower could lead to a liquidity crunch in the market [5]