中央财经大学国际经济与贸易学院副教授刘春生5日在接受《环球时报》记者采访时表示，中爱双方对 多边主义和基于规则的国际贸易体系的共同支持，在当前保护主义抬头的背景下显得尤为重要。这种基 于相互尊重和规则的合作模式，为处理复杂国际关系提供了良好范本。 本报记者 李迅典 本报特约记者 王 逸 爱尔兰总理马丁1月4日起应邀对中国进行正式访问，1月5日上午，中国国家主席习近平在北京人民大会 堂会见爱尔兰总理马丁。作为今年首位访华的欧洲国家领导人，马丁此次访问受到外界广泛关注。"贸 易，欧盟：爱尔兰打头阵，赴北京探路"，法国《论坛报》4日以此为题报道称，这是14年来爱尔兰政府 首脑首次访华。此访持续到周四，旨在都柏林即将于7月接任欧盟轮值主席国之际，巩固双边经贸关 系，并加强中欧之间的商业关系与对话。 习近平在会见马丁时指出，当今世界变乱交织，单边霸凌行径严重冲击国际秩序。各国都应尊重他国人 民自主选择的发展道路，遵守国际法及联合国宪章宗旨和原则，大国尤应带头。中国和爱尔兰都支持多 边主义，倡导国际公平正义，要在国际事务中加强协调合作，共同维护联合国权威，推动全球治理体系 朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。中欧双方要着眼长远， ...

Core Viewpoint - The EU's new "physical tariff" policy, requiring Chinese exporters to provide key raw materials alongside customs duties, is seen as an absurd and regressive approach to international trade [1][3]. Group 1: Policy Implications - The policy shifts the burden of tariffs from importers to Chinese exporters, likening it to a feudal system where merchants must pay tribute for market access [1]. - This approach underestimates the complexity of global supply chains and China's role as a processor rather than a mere supplier of raw materials [3]. Group 2: Economic Consequences - The EU's confrontational stance could lead to a detrimental outcome for both parties, particularly if China reduces its exports to the EU, which could severely impact European manufacturing [5][6]. - The current state of European manufacturing is precarious, and shortages of critical materials could further destabilize the industry [5]. Group 3: Strategic Misalignment - The EU's strategy reflects a misunderstanding of its position in the global economy, as it attempts to achieve "strategic autonomy" through impractical trade policies [3][6]. - A more effective approach would involve fostering dialogue and cooperation to build a stable international trade system, rather than resorting to aggressive tactics [8].

Core Points - The UN Conference on Trade and Development Secretary-General Greenspan emphasized the importance of maintaining a rules-based international trade system to avoid destructive tariff wars and highlighted that $31 trillion in debt is hindering the progress of developing countries [2][4] - Greenspan noted that 72% of global trade operates under the World Trade Organization framework, crediting multilateral cooperation for preventing a severe recession similar to the 1930s [2] - The global investment flow has declined for the second consecutive year, with developing countries facing structural disadvantages due to higher initial costs compared to developed economies [2][3] Investment Flow and Cost Inequality - The cost of investment in Zambia can be three times higher than in Zurich, indicating a bias in the current international investment system favoring developed economies [2] - Fluctuations in transportation costs have resulted in landlocked countries and small island developing states facing logistics expenses up to three times the global average [3] - Despite the potential of artificial intelligence to add trillions to the global economy, less than one-third of developing countries have national strategies to leverage this potential, with approximately 2.6 billion people, mostly women in developing countries, remaining offline [3] Debt Crisis and Trust Deficit - The global economy is facing uncertainty, with rising tariff measures among major economies, where average tariff levels have increased from 2.8% to over 20% [4] - The public debt of developing countries reached $310 billion last year, forcing them to choose between future investments and debt repayments [4] - The UN General Assembly President Berbock warned of a loss of trust in the international system, noting that despite a global economic output exceeding $100 trillion, one in two people has seen stagnant income without substantial growth [4] - Greenspan called for countries to maintain an open, fair, and predictable trade environment based on multilateral cooperation to prevent protectionism and tariff barriers from hindering global recovery and sustainable development [4]

Group 1 - The WTO Director-General warns that tariffs are causing unprecedented damage to the international trade system, with global trade under WTO rules dropping to 72% and expected to decline further [1] - The WTO predicts that global goods trade volume will grow by only 0.9% in 2025, a significant downgrade from the previous forecast of a 2.7% increase, and 2026 growth expectations have been reduced from 2.5% to 1.8% [1] - Brazil has requested dispute consultations with the WTO regarding the U.S. tariff measures, indicating rising tensions in international trade relations [1] Group 2 - South Korea's exports to the U.S. have slowed significantly, with August exports growing by only 1.3%, down from 5.9% in July, and 11 out of 15 major export categories to the U.S. experiencing declines [2] - Japan's exports to the U.S. have also been negatively impacted, with a 10.1% year-on-year decrease in July, marking the largest drop in over four years, particularly in the automotive sector [2] Group 3 - The U.S. manufacturing sector is showing signs of contraction, with the ISM manufacturing index at 48.7 in August, indicating economic activity is shrinking [3] - The Producer Price Index (PPI) in the U.S. rose by 0.9% in July, significantly exceeding market expectations, suggesting inflationary pressures in the upstream supply chain [3] Group 4 - A report from the U.S. Congress warns that ongoing economic uncertainty from tariffs could lead to a 13% average annual reduction in manufacturing investment, totaling a potential loss of $490 billion by 2029 [5] - The tax burden from tariffs is projected to increase, with each American household paying an average of $1,304 in 2023, rising to $1,588 by 2026, which could result in a 1.5% decline in market income [5]

Group 1 - The G20 finance ministers and central bank governors meeting emphasized the commitment to promote fiscal sustainability and enhance productivity reforms [1] - The meeting addressed the debt issues faced by low-income countries and supported global minimum tax cooperation [1] - There was a focus on the importance of central bank independence and the international trade system [1] Group 2 - The meeting highlighted the need for collaboration with Africa and improving the efficiency of health spending [1] - Strengthening pandemic prevention and response measures was also a key point of discussion [1]

Core Viewpoint - The 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the EU and China presents an opportunity to deepen trade and investment ties, emphasizing the importance of mutual understanding and cooperation [1][2]. Group 1: Economic and Trade Relations - Germany has maintained its position as China's largest trading partner in Europe, with China also being one of Germany's largest trading partners [1]. - The establishment of the Sino-German government consultation mechanism in 2011 highlights the significance of the bilateral relationship, particularly in the economic and trade sectors [1]. - Germany joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in 2015 as a founding member, becoming the fourth-largest shareholder, indicating a commitment to enhancing economic collaboration with China [1]. Group 2: Emerging Fields of Cooperation - Cooperation between Germany and China is expanding beyond traditional sectors like machinery manufacturing to include emerging fields such as digital economy, artificial intelligence, and clean energy [1]. - Chinese companies and products are providing substantial support in achieving global climate goals, with a significant portion of solar photovoltaic cells in the German market sourced from China [1]. Group 3: Cultural Exchange - Cultural exchanges between Germany and China have the potential for significant growth, as evidenced by the "Germany-China Together" initiative, which attracted around 2 million Chinese visitors to exhibitions of German art and technology [1]. - The mutual appreciation and interest in each other's culture, education, and technology are seen as a foundation for further enhancing people-to-people connections [1]. Group 4: Future Directions - Strengthening cooperation should be a long-term direction for Germany's policy towards China, focusing on mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and promoting a fair international trade system [2]. - The emphasis on collaboration in global affairs, including climate change and international treaties like the Paris Agreement, is crucial for the future of EU-China relations [2].

Group 1 - President Trump stated that the U.S. does not need Canadian automobiles, energy, and lumber, claiming that the U.S. spends $200 billion annually to support Canada [1] - Canadian Prime Minister Carney criticized Trump for disrupting global markets and fundamentally reshaping international trade, suggesting that Trump aims to undermine Canada for U.S. control [1] - Economists and trade experts have criticized Trump's $200 billion subsidy claim as unfounded, with Canadian statistics showing a trade surplus of 102.9 billion CAD (approximately $74 billion) with the U.S. in goods for 2024 [1] Group 2 - Trump indicated that he does not plan to raise tariffs on Canadian imported automobiles for now, but future increases are possible, expressing a desire for the U.S. to produce its own cars [6] - U.S. auto manufacturers have voiced concerns over Trump's trade policies, with Stellantis' chairman warning that these policies pose risks to the U.S. and European auto industries [6] - In 2024, Canada exported vehicles and parts worth 78.77 billion CAD to the U.S., while importing 81.98 billion CAD, highlighting the integrated North American auto supply chain [6] Group 3 - Analyst Dan Ives noted that current delays in new car production and supply chains are critical, warning that tariffs could increase the average price of low-end cars by $5,000 and high-end cars by $10,000 to $15,000, potentially reducing new car demand by 15%-20% this year [7] - The U.S. and Canada are engaged in a tariff "tug-of-war," with the U.S. imposing a 25% tariff on Canadian goods and Canada retaliating with similar tariffs on U.S. imports [9] - Effective April 3, the U.S. imposed a 25% tariff on Canadian automobiles, with Canada responding with equivalent measures against U.S. imports not compliant with the USMCA [10]

Core Viewpoint - The reduction in grain imports is expected to improve domestic market expectations, enhance the confidence of trade processing enterprises, stabilize domestic grain prices, and increase farmers' willingness to plant grain, thereby strengthening China's grain self-sufficiency and ensuring food security [1][2]. Summary by Relevant Sections Grain Import Trends - In the first quarter of this year, China's total grain imports amounted to 22.7 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 40.8%. Except for a slight increase in rice imports, imports of wheat, corn, soybeans, sorghum, and barley all declined significantly [1]. National Food Security Strategy - Since the 18th National Congress, China has established a national food security strategy focused on self-reliance, ensuring production capacity, moderate imports, and technological support. This strategy aims to ensure basic grain self-sufficiency and absolute safety of staple foods while addressing structural shortages through appropriate imports [1][2]. Import Management Policies - China employs a "heavy quota, light tariff" management model for grain imports, with a 1% tariff on imports within quota and a 65% tariff on imports outside the quota for major grains like wheat, corn, and rice. This model helps stabilize domestic demand while keeping import costs low [3]. Trade Relations and Tariffs - The imposition of high tariffs on U.S. soybeans, corn, and wheat is a legitimate countermeasure based on international trade rules, aimed at protecting domestic agriculture and responding to U.S. trade pressures. Despite these tariffs, China's grain inventory remains high, ensuring stable supply [3][4]. Global Trade Dynamics - Amid rising global trade uncertainties, China is expanding its zero-tariff range for products from developing countries, enhancing cooperation and promoting a more balanced international trade system. This approach not only diversifies China's grain import channels but also strengthens the resilience of the global food supply chain [4].