10月13日，2025年诺贝尔经济学奖得主揭晓。瑞典皇家科学院决定将2025年度诺贝尔经济学奖授予乔尔·莫基尔、菲利普·阿吉翁、彼得·豪伊 特，以表彰他们"对创新驱动型经济增长的阐释"。 文｜[法]菲利普·阿吉翁赛利娜·安托南西蒙·比内尔 2025年诺贝尔经济学奖得主菲利普·阿吉翁在《创造性破坏的力量》书中，运用熊彼特增长范式解析了当下经济中的重大谜题，探寻经济发展 的动力，强调了创新的核心作用。面对技术革命，我们应该担忧还是期盼？一方面，我们或许感到害怕，因为技术革命会加快工作的自动化， 用机器取代人力来完成任务；另一方面，我们则会持欢迎态度，因为它们会催生一系列次级创新，影响经济中的所有部门，促进增长。 技术革命源于能产生某种"通用技术"的根本性创新，这种技术将改变整个经济的面貌。通用技术有三个基本特征：第一，它们会催生大量的次 级创新浪潮，分别对应上述通用技术在经济生活中特定部门的应用；第二，这些技术会逐渐得到改进，使用户成本随时间下降；第三，这些技 术将无处不在，扩散到经济生活中的所有部门。下面我们来分析以上几个特征如何帮助解释通用技术背后的创新发生时间与经济增长显著加速 时间之间的延迟现象。 （1） ...

Group 1 - Nestlé plans to lay off approximately 16,000 employees globally over the next two years, with around 12,000 of these being white-collar professionals [3][6] - The company's sales for the first nine months of 2025 amounted to 65.87 billion Swiss francs, reflecting a 1.9% decline, while organic growth was reported at 3.3% [3] - The restructuring aims to save 1 billion Swiss francs annually by 2027, doubling the initial target of 500 million Swiss francs, with one-time restructuring costs expected to be twice the annual savings [3][9] Group 2 - The layoffs are a response to ongoing global economic pressures, including weak consumer demand and intensified competition in the consumer goods sector [6][8] - The focus of the layoffs on white-collar positions indicates a shift towards automation and digital transformation, as these roles are more susceptible to being replaced by technology [8] - By reducing workforce costs, Nestlé aims to free up cash flow for core business investments, such as new product development and market expansion [9] Group 3 - The situation highlights the increasing importance of building "risk resilience" among employees, as job security in even major corporations like Nestlé is not guaranteed [11] - The demand for versatile talent is expected to rise, emphasizing the need for continuous learning and skill enhancement among workers to remain competitive [11]