谁在税收管理改进时承担费用 ？ 收入、合规与对乔治亚州大型纳税人办公室的行为反应 让-马克·阿特谢比、米沙·奇库拉达泽、米塔利·达斯、埃尔古贾 ·洛里亚什维利、王梦娜 WP/26/31 国际货币基金组织工作论文 描述作者（们）正在进行的 研究，并已发表以引发评论和促进辩论。 在国际货币基金组织的工作论文中表达的观点是作者（们 ）的观点，并不一定代表国际货币基金组织、其执行董事 会或国际货币基金组织的管理的观点。 2026 二月 份 © 2026 国际货币基金组织 WP/26/31 国际货币基金组织工作论文 财政事务部 谁在税收管理改善时支付？来自格鲁吉亚大型税务办公室的收入、合规性与行为反应 由Jean-Marc Atsebi、Misha Chikviladze、Mitali Das、Elguja Loliashvili和Mona Wang*编写 授权由尼古拉·格奥尔基耶夫分发，2026年2月 国际货币基金组织工作论文 描述作者（们）正在进行的研究，并已发表以引发评论和促进辩论。 在IMF工作论文中 表达的观点是作者的观点，并不一定代表IMF、其执行董事会或IMF管理的观点。 摘要： 2021年，格鲁吉亚共和 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Chinese government aims to improve the local tax and direct tax systems as part of the "14th Five-Year Plan," emphasizing the need for a comprehensive reform to enhance the tax structure and promote economic and social development [1][13]. Summary by Sections Current Status of China's Direct Tax System - Direct taxes in China primarily include income taxes and property taxes, such as personal income tax, urban land use tax, and vehicle and vessel tax [2][14]. - Some taxes, like property tax, have characteristics of both direct and indirect taxes, complicating the classification [3][15]. - The current direct tax system includes 13 types of taxes, with local taxes making up a significant portion, yet the revenue from these taxes is relatively low, totaling over 800 billion yuan in 2024, which is less than half of the national tax revenue [4][16]. Recent Progress in Direct Tax System Improvement - Significant advancements have been made since 2013, including the abolition of certain taxes and the introduction of the environmental protection tax in 2018 [6][18]. - By 2024, direct tax revenue increased from 61,225.9 billion yuan in 2012 to 81,462.6 billion yuan, marking a 33.1% growth, although the proportion of direct taxes in total tax revenue decreased from 60.9% to 46.5% [7][19]. Proposed Measures for Further Improvement - The government may consider simplifying the tax system by integrating various taxes and ensuring a more rational tax burden [8][20]. - There is a need to enhance the legal framework for taxes, particularly for property tax and personal income tax, to ensure effective implementation and compliance [9][21]. - Suggestions include adjusting corporate and personal income tax structures, such as lowering the corporate tax rate from 25% to around 20% and revising personal income tax brackets and deductions [10][22]. - Expanding the scope of direct taxes by merging certain fees and taxes could significantly increase direct tax revenue, potentially raising the proportion of direct taxes in total revenue to 64.5% by 2024 [11][23]. Conclusion - The ongoing efforts to refine China's direct tax system are crucial for enhancing fiscal capacity and ensuring equitable tax distribution, which will support broader economic and social objectives [12][24].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the articles emphasizes the need to improve China's direct tax system as part of the broader economic and fiscal reforms outlined in the "14th Five-Year Plan" [1][12] - The current direct tax system in China primarily includes income taxes and property taxes, with a significant portion being local taxes [2][4] - The existing issues within the direct tax system include a high number of tax types, particularly local taxes, and a relatively low income scale from these taxes, which hampers government revenue and the redistributive function of direct taxes [4][5] Group 2 - Recent progress in improving the direct tax system includes the abolition of certain taxes and the introduction of new ones, such as the environmental protection tax, which reflects a shift towards more sustainable fiscal policies [5][6] - The reform of the personal income tax system in 2018 marked a significant change, transitioning to a combined assessment model that aligns with international practices [7][8] - Proposed measures for further improvement include simplifying tax types, enhancing the legal framework for tax laws, and considering pilot programs for new tax implementations [8][9] Group 3 - Specific recommendations for enhancing the direct tax system involve adjusting tax rates and deductions for corporate and personal income taxes to ensure fairness and efficiency [10][11] - The potential expansion of direct taxes could include merging certain local fees into direct tax categories, which would increase the overall share of direct taxes in total tax revenue [11][12] - Overall, the goal of these reforms is to create a more equitable and efficient tax system that supports economic and social development in China [12]

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the need to improve China's direct tax system as part of the broader goal to enhance the local tax system, which is crucial for economic and social development [1]. Summary by Sections Current State of China's Direct Tax System - Direct taxes in China primarily include income taxes and property taxes, such as personal income tax and urban land use tax [2]. - Some taxes, like property tax, have characteristics of both direct and indirect taxes, complicating the classification [3]. - The current direct tax system includes 13 types of taxes, with local taxes making up a significant portion, yet the revenue from these taxes is relatively low, totaling over 800 billion yuan in 2024, which is less than half of the national tax revenue [4]. Progress in Improving the Direct Tax System - Significant progress has been made since 2013, including the abolition of certain taxes and the introduction of the environmental protection tax in 2018 [5]. - As of now, 10 types of direct taxes have been legislated, representing over 70% of the total taxes legislated in China [6]. Further Improvements to the Direct Tax System - Proposed reforms include simplifying the tax structure, consolidating overlapping taxes, and enhancing the legal framework for tax legislation [7]. - The environmental protection tax is set to expand its scope, enhancing its functionality [8]. - Key focus areas for improvement include corporate income tax and personal income tax, with suggestions to adjust tax rates and deductions to enhance transparency and efficiency [9][10]. - There is a proposal to merge certain local fees into direct taxes, which could significantly increase the proportion of direct taxes in total tax revenue [10][11].

Core Viewpoint - The article provides a comprehensive guide for individual business operators on tax registration, invoicing, tax declaration, and available tax incentives, emphasizing the importance of compliance and understanding the tax system for business growth. Tax Registration and Invoicing - Individual business operators must complete tax registration after obtaining business registration, either through the electronic tax bureau or by directly applying for a new registration package [4]. - Starting from December 1, 2024, electronic invoices will be fully implemented nationwide, making the invoicing process more convenient for sellers [4]. Tax Obligations - Individual business operators are generally required to pay the following taxes: 1. Value-added tax (VAT) 2. Urban maintenance and construction tax 3. Individual income tax 4. Education surcharge 5. Local education surcharge - Additional taxes may apply depending on the nature of the business and its operations [5][6]. Tax Incentives - Current tax incentives for individual business operators include: 1. Exemption from VAT for small-scale taxpayers with monthly sales not exceeding 100,000 yuan (or annual sales not exceeding 300,000 yuan) from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2027 [8]. 2. A reduced VAT rate of 1% for taxable sales revenue from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2027 [9]. 3. A 50% reduction in individual income tax for individual business operators with annual taxable income not exceeding 2 million yuan from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2027 [9]. Tax Collection Methods - The tax collection method for individual business operators can be simplified through a periodic and fixed assessment, where tax authorities determine the taxable income based on the business's operational scale and other criteria [10][11]. - Individual business operators who do not meet the bookkeeping standards may be classified as fixed-rate taxpayers, allowing for simplified tax reporting and payment processes [12]. Self-Reporting for Fixed-Rate Taxpayers - Fixed-rate taxpayers can self-report their taxes if their actual income exceeds the established threshold, and they must notify tax authorities for reassessment [13]. - The self-reporting process involves logging into the electronic tax bureau, confirming pre-filled data, and submitting the tax declaration [15][17].

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of tax system reform in enhancing national governance capabilities and fiscal sustainability, particularly in the context of China's modernization strategy during the upcoming "15th Five-Year Plan" period (2026-2030) [2][3]. Tax System Structure and Challenges - The tax system is crucial for improving the country's governance and fiscal capacity, directly impacting macroeconomic management and social governance [2]. - Recent years have seen a significant slowdown in tax revenue growth, with nominal annual growth rates for national tax revenue at 2.27% and general public budget revenue at 3.03% from 2020 to 2024, compared to much higher rates of 10.46% and 10.95% from 2010 to 2019 [4]. - The proportion of tax revenue to GDP has been declining, dropping from 16.71% in 2018 to an estimated 12.97% in 2024, which is below the average of approximately 16% for emerging markets and 25% for advanced economies [4][5]. Fiscal Pressure and Structural Issues - The fiscal expenditure is increasing rigidly, with a growth rate of 3.64% in 2024, while tax revenue is projected to decline, leading to an expanding fiscal gap [5][6]. - The fiscal pressure is exacerbated by demographic changes, the rapid development of the digital economy, and the inadequacy of the local tax system [6][7][8]. Tax Reform Recommendations - The article suggests that tax reforms should focus on enhancing the ability to raise fiscal revenue, improving the local tax system, and increasing local fiscal autonomy [9]. - Key relationships to balance in tax reform include economic efficiency versus equity, the unification of economic and social governance functions, and the coordination between local autonomy and national oversight [9][10]. Specific Tax Recommendations - For corporate income tax, the focus should be on cleaning up fragmented policies rather than raising nominal rates, as the current rate of 25% is already competitive internationally [13][14]. - Personal income tax should primarily aim to raise fiscal revenue while also providing targeted adjustments, with a need to broaden the tax base and address the imbalance between labor and capital income taxation [17][18][19]. - Value-added tax (VAT) reforms should aim to maintain its role as a fiscal revenue pillar while addressing the shrinking tax base due to economic structural changes [22][23][24]. - Consumption tax reforms should consider establishing a dual-track system to enhance local fiscal autonomy while ensuring that the tax system aligns with public health and regulatory goals [25][26][27][28]. Conclusion - The article concludes that tax reforms must be systematically advanced under a unified strategy, focusing on specific areas such as corporate income tax, personal income tax, VAT, and consumption tax to support sustainable fiscal practices and equitable distribution [33].

Group 1 - The article discusses the fiscal dimensions of China's economic growth miracle, highlighting various academic theories that explain this phenomenon [2][3][4] - Key theories include Lin Yifu's "Comparative Advantage Strategy," Sachs and Yang Xiaokai's "Industrialization Imitation," Cai Fang's "Demographic Dividend," Zhang Wuchang's "Local Government Competition," and Qian Yingyi's "Fiscal Incentive" [2][3][4][5] - The article emphasizes the importance of understanding China's fiscal system, which shapes government behavior and influences economic development, public goods provision, and regional balance [3][4][5] Group 2 - The evolution of China's fiscal system is divided into three stages: "Unified Collection and Expenditure," "Separate Stoves for Cooking," and "Tax Sharing System" [9][10][14] - The "Unified Collection and Expenditure" stage (1950-1979) was characterized by a highly centralized fiscal management system that limited local government incentives [10][12] - The "Separate Stoves for Cooking" stage (1980-1993) allowed local governments more autonomy but led to issues such as declining central fiscal authority and market fragmentation [11][12][13] Group 3 - The "Tax Sharing System" (1994-present) significantly altered the fiscal relationship between central and local governments, increasing central fiscal revenue's share of total revenue to around 47% [14][30] - This system incentivizes local governments to develop their economies by allowing them to retain a portion of tax revenues, particularly from value-added tax and corporate income tax [24][25][30] - The article argues that the flexibility of the tax-sharing system promotes local economic growth by aligning local government incentives with economic development goals [25][35] Group 4 - The article also discusses the role of transfer payments in balancing regional disparities and stimulating economic growth, particularly in underdeveloped areas [36][41] - Transfer payments have increased significantly since 2000, with general transfer payments rising from 13.44% to 54.03% of total transfers by 2017, indicating a focus on equalizing regional financial capabilities [37][40] - The effectiveness of transfer payments in promoting economic growth is linked to their ability to enhance the development capacity of less developed regions [41][42] Group 5 - The article concludes that the fiscal system's design, particularly the tax-sharing system and transfer payments, is crucial for stimulating local government initiatives in economic development and public service provision [43][44] - It suggests that as China's economy matures, the focus should shift from merely stimulating economic growth to enhancing public service delivery and governance [44]

Fiscal Revenue and Expenditure - In November, public fiscal revenue was CNY 14,026.0 billion, remaining flat year-on-year, with tax revenue at CNY 11,450.0 billion, a 2.8% increase, but the growth rate slowed by 5.8 percentage points compared to October[2] - Non-tax revenue fell to CNY 2,576.0 billion, down 10.8% year-on-year, with the decline narrowing by 22.1 percentage points from the previous month[2] - Public fiscal expenditure in November was CNY 22,713.0 billion, a decrease of 3.7% year-on-year, although the decline rate improved by 6.1 percentage points from October[3] Government Fund Performance - From January to November, government fund budget revenue totaled CNY 40,274.0 billion, down 4.9% year-on-year, with a worsening decline rate of 2.1 percentage points compared to the previous month[17] - In November, central government fund revenue was CNY 320.0 billion, down 9.1%, while local government fund revenue was CNY 5,481.0 billion, down 16.1%, with the decline rate improving by 4.3 percentage points from October[5] - The revenue from state-owned land use rights fell to CNY 4,137.0 billion, a 26.8% decrease year-on-year, with the decline rate slightly narrowing by 0.4 percentage points from October[5] Fiscal Policy Outlook - The central economic work conference emphasized the continuation of a more proactive fiscal policy, aiming to maintain necessary fiscal deficits and total expenditure levels[4] - The actual deficit rate for this year has exceeded 5.0%, and fiscal spending and financing are expected to maintain necessary strength in the coming year[4] - Broad fiscal expenditure from January to November reached CNY 340,662 billion, a 4.5% increase year-on-year, with central fiscal expenditure at CNY 47,310.0 billion, growing by 21.0%[22]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the impact of demographic changes, particularly population aging, on tax revenue growth in China, emphasizing the need for policy adjustments to maintain tax bases and adapt to new economic realities [1][2][3]. Group 1: Population Dividend and Human Capital - China's large population creates a significant human capital base, which has been a source of economic value and tax revenue through various taxes such as value-added tax, corporate income tax, and personal income tax [2][3]. - The transition from a demographic dividend to a talent dividend is crucial for sustaining tax revenue growth as human capital becomes increasingly important in high-quality development [2][3]. Group 2: Challenges from Population Aging - By the end of 2024, over 220 million people in China will be aged 65 and above, accounting for 15.6% of the total population, posing challenges to tax revenue growth due to changes in labor supply and economic output [3][4]. - Aging leads to a reduction in the working-age population, increasing labor costs and compressing taxable profits, which negatively impacts corporate income tax revenue [3][4]. Group 3: Investment and Consumption Impacts - The rising proportion of retirees may decrease production investment, affecting value-added tax growth as older populations tend to spend on healthcare and basic services rather than productive investments [4][5]. - Changes in consumption patterns due to an aging population can limit the expansion of consumption tax bases, as older individuals have lower consumption elasticity and focus on essential spending [5][6]. Group 4: Policy Recommendations - To address the structural impacts of demographic changes on tax revenue, a comprehensive approach is needed, including optimizing tax sources, improving tax systems, and aligning industrial policies [6][7]. - Enhancing the adaptability of value-added tax to investment structure changes and reforming consumption tax to align with new consumption patterns are critical steps to maintain tax revenue [7][8]. - Strengthening the consistency of macroeconomic policies, including social and tax policies, is essential to create a dynamic balance between tax growth and demographic changes [8].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes the need for a comprehensive response to the structural impact of demographic changes on tax revenue, focusing on tax source optimization, tax system improvement, and coordinated industrial policies to foster a positive interaction between tax growth and demographic changes [1][6] Group 2 - The demographic dividend in China, characterized by a large population, is seen as a significant contributor to tax revenue, especially as human capital accumulates through advancements in education and technology, leading to increased economic value creation [2] - The transition from a demographic dividend to a talent dividend is crucial for enhancing tax bases, particularly as human capital becomes a key driver of tax revenue growth during the high-quality development phase [2] Group 3 - Population aging presents challenges to tax revenue growth by affecting labor supply, investment, and consumption, with projections indicating that by the end of 2024, over 220 million people aged 65 and above will represent 15.6% of the total population [3] - The reduction in the working-age population due to aging leads to increased labor costs and a potential decline in corporate profits, which negatively impacts corporate income tax revenue [3][4] Group 4 - The increase in retirees and the shift towards pension income, which contributes less to personal income tax compared to labor income, is expected to slow the growth of personal income tax revenue [4] - Aging populations tend to reduce the proportion of savings and investments, which can adversely affect value-added tax (VAT) growth, as older individuals prioritize spending on healthcare and basic services over productive investments [5] Group 5 - The consumption patterns of an aging population, characterized by lower elasticity and a focus on essential services, limit the expansion of traditional consumption tax bases, necessitating reforms to adapt to new consumption trends [5][8] - The need for tax reforms is highlighted to align consumption tax structures with the evolving consumption landscape, particularly in high-value and luxury service sectors, to ensure sustainable tax revenue growth [8] Group 6 - Recommendations include enhancing the personal income tax base by improving labor supply quality and stabilizing corporate profits through support for technological upgrades and automation [6][7] - The VAT system should be adapted to address the challenges posed by an aging population, including stabilizing input tax deductions and refining tax incentives to prevent revenue loss [7] Group 7 - A dynamic updating mechanism for the consumption tax system is proposed to align with emerging consumption patterns in green, digital, and shared economies, ensuring that tax bases remain relevant and effective [8] - The alignment of macroeconomic policies, including social and industrial policies with tax policies, is essential to maintain a controllable balance between tax growth and demographic changes [8]