以下文章来源于我画你财 ，作者我画你财 我画你财 . 告别枯燥理论，看图学习理财。 ↑点击上面图片 加雪球核心交流群 ↑ 风险提示：本文所提到的观点仅代表个人的意见，所涉及标的不作推荐，据此买卖，风险自负。 作者： 我画你财 1981年，美国人尼克顺利毕业，进入了某大型制造公司，听从公司的建议，他开通了养老金账户。 到了上世纪70年代末到80年代初，美国经济陷入滞胀，企业利润下滑，难以承担日益沉重的养老金支出。 终于在1981年，企业养老金计划来到了2.0版本—— 也就是著名的 401(k)计划。 2007年，朱迪也毕业了，她成为一名硅谷的程序员，同样开通了养老金账户。 到了2025年，虽然他俩工资一样高，而且尼克工作更早，但是账户里的钱竟然还没有朱迪多，这是怎么回事？ 这要从「企业养老金计划」的起源 故事 说起... 二战后，美国工业经济空前繁荣，劳动力紧张，大型企业为了抢夺人才，流行起一种 「企业来养老」 的福利制度。 也就是说，员工在退休后，每个月依然可以收到来自企业打来的养老金。 传统的养老金计划，是企业存钱、投资、发钱，所有的决策、风险全部 由 企业买单 。 而401(k)养老金计划，是企业和员工一 ...

以下文章来源于做配置的小雪 ，作者做配置的小雪 曾经幻想暴富，现实变成暴负，投资只能慢慢变富～ ↑点击上面图片 加雪球核心交流群 前一段时间，美股、A股、黄金等风险资产集体回调，市场一度陷入恐慌。 很多朋友问我， 一跌就恐慌，难以按照纪律执行怎么办？ 我发现， 很多朋友都是吃了"勤奋"的亏，在投资中，根本不需要勤奋，反而需要一点懒惰。 因为越勤奋，越容易花时间和精力关注市场，也越容易被短期涨跌影响。 今天和大家分享下美国人攒养老金的故事，他们没有太强的储蓄意识，也没有专业的投资能力，但就是靠着懒惰，做起了理性的长期投资。 第一支柱是公共养老金，由政府强制实施，企业和员工按工资的一定比例缴纳，用来支付当前退休人员的养老金。 第二支柱是企业养老金计划，由企业和员工共同往员工的养老金账户中缴款，资金属于员工个人。 第三支柱是个人储蓄与投资，完全由个人主导。 在美国，第二支柱规模占比最高，覆盖率也超过了50%，而这一制度的发展可以追溯到二战后。 在当时，美国工业经济空前繁荣，由于劳动力紧张，大型企业为了抢人，流行起一种 「企业来养老」 的福利制度。 也就是说，员工在退休后，每个月依然可以收到来自企业打来的养老金。 到 ...

Core Insights - The personal pension system in China has evolved significantly over the past three years, expanding from 36 pilot cities to nationwide implementation, with the number of fund products increasing from 129 to over 300, providing greater flexibility for investors [1][7] - The market for personal pensions has seen a notable recovery, with most products achieving positive returns since inception, and the total scale of pension funds reaching 15.11 billion [1][7] Group 1: Product Development - 华夏基金 has developed a diverse product line to meet various retirement investment needs, currently offering 22 pension funds, including 10 index funds, 8 target date funds, and 4 target risk funds [2][8] - The index funds track major indices such as the Sci-Tech Innovation Board and the ChiNext, benefiting from the recent market rebound [2][8] Group 2: Investor Education - The company emphasizes investor education through a comprehensive approach, combining online and offline initiatives, including forums, educational books, and dedicated online platforms for personalized investment guidance [3][9] - The "养老Y星球" platform provides tools for users to calculate retirement gaps and create personalized investment plans, enhancing the overall investment experience [3][9] Group 3: Institutional Collaboration - 华夏基金 has established deep collaborations with government entities and large enterprises to promote pension services, including customized financial services for state-owned enterprises [4][10] - The company actively participates in local initiatives to enhance public awareness of personal pensions, contributing to the expansion of the pension system [4][10] Group 4: Future Development Strategies - To enhance the attractiveness of personal pensions, the company suggests targeted strategies for different income groups, focusing on education for middle-income earners and incentives for low-income individuals [5][11] - The company aims to improve the integration of pension systems and enhance the portability of accounts, addressing the needs of a mobile workforce [5][11] - Continuous innovation in product offerings is emphasized to cater to diverse retirement planning needs, ensuring a wide range of investment options for participants [5][11] Group 5: Commitment to Quality Development - As a leader in the pension finance sector, 华夏基金 is committed to safeguarding public retirement wealth and driving high-quality development in pension services [6][12] - The company plans to leverage its expertise and collaborate with industry partners to build a more comprehensive and user-friendly pension financial service system [6][12]

Core Insights - The personal pension system in China officially launched in November 2022, marking the substantial operation of the third pillar of the pension security system [1] - Y-share funds have emerged as a key investment tool for personal pension accounts, with total market size reaching approximately 15.11 billion yuan by the end of Q3 2025, a growth of over 7 times from 2 billion yuan at the end of 2022 [1] - As of November 23, 2025, there are 305 fund products included in the personal pension product directory [1] Y-Share Fund Overview - Y-share funds are specifically established under the "Personal Pension Investment Fund Business Regulations" and can only be purchased through personal pension accounts [2] - The main products are divided into two categories: target risk funds and target date funds, catering to different investor risk profiles and retirement timelines [2] - Y-share funds generally have lower management and custody fees compared to A and C share classes, with some products seeing fee reductions of over 50% [2] Performance and Comparison - Y-share funds outperform traditional bank pension products and insurance in terms of risk coverage, asset allocation flexibility, and potential returns [3] - As of November 23, 2025, over 97% of personal pension fund products have achieved positive returns since inception, with nearly 70% showing cumulative returns exceeding 10% [3] - Certain products, such as ETF-linked and target date FOF funds, have demonstrated returns over 50% since inception, showcasing the expertise of public funds in equity investment and multi-asset strategies [3] Company Spotlight: Wanji Fund - Wanji Fund is one of the early managers of personal pension fund products, emphasizing a long-term investment philosophy [4] - The fund has developed a range of products covering both target risk and target date strategies, with notable performance in recent years [4] - Wanji Fund aims to enhance return elasticity while controlling volatility through diversified asset allocation and thorough research on industry fundamentals and fund managers [4] New Product Inclusion - In December 2024, index funds were first included in the personal pension fund directory, expanding investment options for personal pension products [5]

Core Insights - The Chinese pension financial system faces structural challenges due to factors such as rapid population aging, low replacement rates of basic pension insurance, and insufficient long-term investment willingness among residents [2][10] - The core issue is not the lack of investor knowledge but rather the failure of institutional design to align with human behavior, as highlighted by the experience of the U.S. pension system [2][4] - The key to overcoming these challenges lies in implementing a "default mechanism + product adaptation" approach, which includes automatic account opening, automatic investment, and automatic increment principles [2][5] Institutional Design - The U.S. pension system initially operated under the assumption of rational investors, which proved ineffective, leading to a reconsideration of institutional frameworks [3][4] - The introduction of default options in U.S. retirement plans significantly increased participation rates, demonstrating that defaults can enhance investment outcomes without removing choice [4][5] - The SECURE 2.0 Act mandates the use of default mechanisms in all second pillar plans, reinforcing the importance of institutional design in pension finance [5] Product Development - The success of the default mechanism in the U.S. is supported by target date funds (TDF) and target risk funds (TRF), which manage over $4.5 trillion in assets [6][7] - Target date funds, designed to adjust asset allocation based on the investor's retirement date, align well with the default system, promoting a "no-feel" investment experience [6][7] - Fidelity's introduction of a conservative target date fund in China marks a significant step in localizing these concepts, aiming to create a lightweight and seamless investment experience [7][8] Global Perspective - Effective pension investment requires cross-cycle and cross-regional risk management, making global asset allocation essential [9] - Fidelity's global multi-asset framework reflects this necessity, although true global investment research capabilities remain scarce [9][10] - The integration of long-term capital into the economy can stabilize markets and support innovation, as seen in the U.S. with significant pension fund investments in technology sectors [8][10] Conclusion - The essence of pension finance is to design systems that align with human behavior rather than attempting to change it, creating a "stability triangle" through legislative support, professional products, and global risk diversification [10] - The ongoing pilot projects in China aim to gather data to inform future policy, with the potential to transform pension savings into long-term capital for economic and technological advancement [8][10]

Core Insights - The concept of "deposit migration" has gained significant attention in the financial market this year, with expectations that residents will shift funds from low-yield assets like deposits to higher-yield investments such as stocks as interest rates decline and the stock market recovers [1] - The government is hopeful that the "wealth effect" from financial markets can enhance consumer spending and confidence, as reflected in the recent "14th Five-Year Plan" recommendations emphasizing the construction of a strong financial nation [1] Group 1: Market Trends - Data indicates that "deposit migration into the market" is indeed occurring, with a decline in residents' demand deposits and an increase in non-bank deposits, suggesting liquidity is moving towards capital markets [2] - From July to August, residents' demand deposits decreased by 1.3 trillion yuan, while non-bank deposits increased by 3.3 trillion yuan, indicating a potential flow of deposits into capital markets [2] - The M1 money supply is rising, showing that previously time-bound deposits are being "activated" and could enter the market as a backup force [2] Group 2: Investor Behavior - The new A-share accounts opened from June to September primarily come from high-net-worth individuals, with ordinary residents showing lower participation levels [2] - The number of new A-share accounts on the Shanghai Stock Exchange rose from 1.65 million to 2.94 million between June and September, but remains significantly lower than the peak of 6.85 million in October 2024 and 7.2 million in April 2015, indicating that the current market drive is more from high-net-worth individuals rather than retail investors [2] Group 3: Financial Inclusion - To truly harness the "wealth effect" for high-quality development, it is essential to enhance the inclusiveness of the financial system, allowing more ordinary residents to participate and benefit from capital market growth [4] - Financial markets need to focus on "breadth" and "inclusivity," encouraging financial institutions to develop investment tools aimed at the general public, such as low-fee, low-threshold mutual funds, index ETFs, and target-date funds [4] - Promoting automated investment options and simplifying investment education can help lower barriers for ordinary investors, thereby enhancing their confidence in consumption and investment [4]

Core Insights - The article emphasizes the shift in institutional investors' strategies from "short-term speculation" to "long-term value discovery" in response to the "14th Five-Year Plan" which aims to enhance the inclusiveness of capital markets [2][4] - It highlights the importance of a robust institutional framework that facilitates long-term investments, particularly in areas like pension finance, which is seen as both a source of monthly income for residents and a long-term capital for the state [5][6] Group 1: Institutional Investor Behavior - The primary shift in decision-making perspective is from "short-term speculation" to "long-term value discovery," focusing on sectors with policy certainty and long-term trends like technological and green transformations [2][3] - Institutional investors are expected to transition from "holding assets" to "risk allocation," managing volatility through a more flexible and diverse set of financial tools [2][4] - Investment strategies will increasingly lean towards "passive factor" approaches, utilizing quantitative methods and Smart Beta tools to capture long-term style premiums [3] Group 2: Enhancing Capital Market Functionality - The article suggests that improving transparency of information is crucial for attracting institutional investments, allowing companies to clearly disclose their innovation and performance metrics [4] - It advocates for the development of third-party professional ratings to provide institutions with reliable benchmarks for investment decisions [4] - The introduction of diverse investment products such as technology innovation bonds and themed funds is essential to create viable investment opportunities [4] Group 3: Pension Finance Challenges and Innovations - Key shortcomings in pension finance include insufficient reserves, an imbalanced structure, and a lack of long-term friendly products that provide stable cash flows [5] - Future innovations should focus on developing products that ensure monthly payouts, increasing the proportion of long-term assets, and optimizing tax incentives to encourage participation [5][6] - The dual nature of pension finance is highlighted, serving both as a source of monthly income for residents and as a long-term capital source for the state [6] Group 4: Shenzhen's Financial Innovations - Shenzhen's innovation lies in creating an ecosystem that capitalizes on uncertainty, with government-led angel funds and a robust venture capital environment to support early-stage technology projects [6][7] - The establishment of a closed-loop system for fundraising, investment, management, and exit through the Shenzhen Stock Exchange enhances capital circulation [6][8] - The city aims to become a center for "patient capital," attracting long-term investments in technology and foundational research [8][10] Group 5: Regional Financial Collaboration - The article discusses the need for a clear financial division of labor between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, with Hong Kong focusing on international capital and Shenzhen on local innovation [9][10] - Shenzhen is positioned to be a pricing center for innovative capital, a processing hub for cross-border capital, and a connector of financial capabilities between the two cities [10]

Core Viewpoint - Shenwan Hongyuan Securities emphasizes its commitment to serving the real economy and integrating its development into the broader context of building a financial powerhouse, focusing on the implementation of the "Five Major Articles" in finance [2] Group 1: Financial Performance and Goals - In 2024, Shenwan Hongyuan aims to achieve an underwriting scale of over 930 billion yuan in equity and debt, with an investment balance of approximately 500 billion yuan, providing stable funding support for areas related to the "Five Major Articles" in finance [2] Group 2: Challenges and Solutions - The company identifies common challenges in the industry, such as insufficient coverage of early-stage projects in technology finance and the "last mile" issue in inclusive finance, and proposes several strategies to address these [3][4] - To tackle the issue of insufficient early-stage project coverage in technology and green finance, the company plans to enhance its research, investment, and investment banking capabilities, expand its reserve of hard technology early-stage projects, and seek policy support [3] - For the "last mile" challenge in inclusive finance, Shenwan Hongyuan intends to collaborate with credit agencies and big data service providers to build an evaluation system for small and medium-sized enterprises, thereby reducing direct financing costs [3] Group 3: Pension Finance and Digital Transformation - The company aims to address the limited scale and variety of pension funds managed by securities institutions by increasing the supply of pension financial products and launching innovative products such as target date and target risk funds [4] - Shenwan Hongyuan plans to expand digital financial scenarios by applying big data and artificial intelligence in project discovery, risk assessment, and product creation, thereby enhancing the coverage of digital services across various dimensions [4]

Core Insights - The Shanghai financial sector has shown stable growth and structural optimization in 2023, with a year-on-year increase in social financing scale by 148.2 billion yuan and a historical low average interest rate of 2.72% for new corporate loans [1][4] Financial Performance - As of September, the total balance of loans in Shanghai reached 12.89 trillion yuan, growing by 7.1% year-on-year, which is 0.6 percentage points higher than the national average [2] - Key sectors such as technology and inclusive finance have seen significant loan growth, with information technology loans increasing by 29.1%, research service loans by 21%, and inclusive small and micro loans by 16% [2] - The total balance of deposits in Shanghai was 23.84 trillion yuan, reflecting an 8.4% year-on-year growth, with household and non-financial enterprise demand deposits showing notable recovery [2] "Five Articles" Initiative - The "Five Articles" initiative has made substantial progress, with related loan balances increasing by 13.7% year-on-year, accounting for 37.5% of total loans [3][4] - Direct financing has increased by 283.5 billion yuan, representing 27.1% of the social financing increment, which is an 11.9 percentage point year-on-year rise [4] Financial Institutions' Contributions - Major state-owned banks, such as Agricultural Bank of China, have played a crucial role, with their "Five Articles" loans accounting for 43% of their total loans, and significant growth in green and inclusive loans [6] - Securities firms like Shenwan Hongyuan have focused on key sectors, with a projected underwriting scale exceeding 930 billion yuan for 2024, enhancing their research capabilities for early-stage technology projects [6] - Insurance companies, such as CCB Life, have expanded their personal pension products significantly, with a growth rate exceeding 400% since launch [7] Future Outlook - The People's Bank of China in Shanghai plans to continue implementing monetary policy tools and deepen financial reforms to align with Shanghai's high-quality development strategy [7]

Core Insights - The Shanghai financial sector has shown a stable growth trend in the first three quarters of 2023, with a year-on-year increase in social financing scale by 148.2 billion yuan and a historical low average interest rate of 2.72% for new corporate loans [1][4] Financial Performance - As of September 2023, the total loan balance in Shanghai reached 12.89 trillion yuan, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 7.1%, which is 0.6 percentage points higher than the national average [2] - The average interest rate for new corporate loans decreased by 43 basis points year-on-year, while the average interest rate for small and micro enterprise loans was 3%, down by 42 basis points [2] - The total deposit balance in Shanghai was 23.84 trillion yuan, with an 8.4% year-on-year increase, indicating improved market liquidity and economic activity [2] Financial "Five Articles" Initiative - The "Five Articles" initiative has made significant progress, with related loan balances increasing by 13.7% year-on-year, accounting for 37.5% of total loans [4] - The initiative has effectively addressed financing challenges, with a focus on technology, green finance, and elderly care sectors [3][6] Institutional Support - Major state-owned banks, such as Agricultural Bank of China, have played a crucial role, with their "Five Articles" loans accounting for 43% of their total loans, and significant growth in green and inclusive loans [6] - Securities firms like Shenwan Hongyuan have focused on key sectors, with a projected underwriting scale exceeding 930 billion yuan for 2024, enhancing their research and investment capabilities [6] Future Outlook - The People's Bank of Shanghai plans to continue implementing monetary policy tools and deepen financial reforms to align with Shanghai's high-quality development strategy [7]