以下文章来源于妙投APP ，作者丁萍 妙投APP . 虎嗅旗下二级市场投研服务品牌，为您提供精选上市公司价值拆解，热门赛道产业链梳理 出品 | 妙投APP 作者 | 丁萍 编辑 | 关雪菁 头图 | AI生图 今年债市整体的性价比很低，超长期国债尤为明显。即便做波段，胜算也相对有限。近期超长债持 续走弱，价格不断回调。即便是今年不看好国债的我，也开始关注其中出现的一些阶段性机会。 那么，超长期国债是什么？ 简单来说，就是到期年限在20年及以上的国债，这类国债主要由保险、养老金等长期资金进行配 置。普通投资者较为常见的参与方式，是场内的30年期国债ETF （511090） 。 为什么很多普通者会选择30年国债ETF？主要因为它的弹性大。 期限越长，国债价格对利率变化越 敏感 。当利率处于趋势性下行阶段时，这种高久期特征往往能够被充分放大。 2024年就是典型的例子。这一年，30年期国债ETF （511090） 收涨了23.21%，收益率相当可观。 进入今年年初，超长债虽然延续了约两个月的债牛行情，但随后逐步进入回调通道，近期跌幅尤为 明显。 从11月初至12月8日，30年期国债ETF （511090） 累计下跌 ...

那么，超长期国债是什么？ 简单来说，就是到期年限在20年及以上的国债，这类国债主要由保险、养老金等长期资金进行配置。普通投资者较为常见的参与方式，是场内的30年期国债 ETF（511090）。 为什么很多普通者会选择30年国债ETF？主要因为它的弹性大。期限越长，国债价格对利率变化越敏感。当利率处于趋势性下行阶段时，这种高久期特征往 往能够被充分放大。 2024年就是典型的例子。这一年，30年期国债ETF（511090）收涨了23.21%，收益率相当可观。 今年债市整体的性价比很低，超长期国债尤为明显。即便做波段，胜算也相对有限。近期超长债持续走弱，价格不断回调。即便是今年不看好国债的我，也 开始关注其中出现的一些阶段性机会。 进入今年年初，超长债虽然延续了约两个月的债牛行情，但随后逐步进入回调通道，近期跌幅尤为明显。 从11月初至12月8日，30年期国债ETF（511090）累计下跌约4%。价格下跌的另一面是，利率几乎单边抬升，30年期国债到期收益率从2.136%持续上行至 2.265%。 （图表来源：中国银河证券） 出品 | 妙投APP 作者 | 丁萍 编辑 | 关雪菁 头图 | AI生图 （图表来源：东 ...

Group 1: Healthcare Sector Insights - The new medical insurance directory and the first commercial insurance innovative drug directory have been released, emphasizing both expansion and quality improvement to support the high-quality development of innovative drugs [3][4]. - The success rate of negotiations for the medical insurance directory reached 88%, the highest in seven years, while the commercial insurance directory included 19 innovative drugs with a negotiation success rate of 79% [4]. - The approval rate for drugs outside the directory is 41.48%, indicating a strict evaluation process, while the renewal rate for negotiated drugs within the directory is as high as 75% [4]. Group 2: Investment Opportunities in Pharmaceuticals - Companies such as Heng Rui Medicine, BeiGene, Innovent Biologics, and CanSino Biologics are recommended for attention due to their focus on "true innovation" and "differentiated innovation" in the context of the dual directory collaboration [4]. - Huazhong Bio (002007.SZ) is increasing its investment in vaccine development, innovative drugs, and biosimilars, with a cash dividend of 7 yuan per 10 shares (including tax) and a dividend yield of 4.63% [10]. Group 3: Glass Industry Analysis - The float glass industry is seeing a trend of increasing concentration among leading companies, with a recommendation to focus on Xinyi Glass and Qibin Group [12]. - The photovoltaic glass sector is expected to clear out a number of small and medium enterprises at the industry cycle's bottom, leading to a significant increase in concentration among leading firms, similar to the float glass industry [12]. Group 4: Financial Data Overview - In November, financial data showed a recovery due to increased fiscal spending, with new social financing reaching 2.5 trillion yuan, maintaining an 8.5% growth rate [26]. - The M2 money supply growth remained stable, while M1 growth declined further, indicating a shift in the credit structure towards short-term loans [26]. Group 5: Investment in Debt Instruments - The low interest rate environment is expected to enhance the attractiveness of fixed-income assets, making bond ETFs a favorable investment opportunity [28]. - The Guotai Shanghai 10-Year Treasury ETF (511260.SH) is highlighted for its large scale, good liquidity, and favorable risk-return ratio, suggesting a strong trend towards public funds as core asset allocations [28]. Group 6: Robotics and Automation Sector - The company Geekplus (2590.HK) is recognized as a global leader in the AMR warehouse sector, with a strong commercial capability and a significant global presence [30]. - The company is expected to see revenue growth from 3.16 billion yuan in 2025 to 5.12 billion yuan in 2027, with a projected price-to-sales ratio lower than comparable companies [30].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the performance of various bond funds in 2023, highlighting significant losses in certain categories, particularly in government bond funds and long-term bond funds, due to rising yields and market conditions. Group 1: Index Bond Funds - The 30-year government bond ETF has declined by approximately 4%, while the benchmark market-making government bond ETF has dropped by 0.65% [2] - The main contributors to the decline are the rising yields of government bonds, with the 5-year government bond yield increasing from 1.41% to 1.61%, a rise of 19 basis points, and the national development bond yield increasing from 1.47% to 1.79%, a rise of 32 basis points [2] - The "Dacheng Interbank Certificate of Deposit Index 7-Day Holding" has a small scale of only 4 million yuan, leading to losses as investment returns do not cover fund expenses [2] Group 2: Short-term Bond Funds - Short-term bond funds have averaged a return of 1.4%, with two funds reporting losses and 16 funds yielding less than 0.5% [3] - The two funds that lost money are small in scale, and their low size has led to high expense ratios eating into profits [3] Group 3: Long-term Bond Funds - Among 2019 long-term bond funds, 257 have reported losses, accounting for 12.7% of the total [4] - Long-term bond funds have averaged a return of 0.97%, which is about 0.4% lower than short-term bond funds [4] - The primary reason for the losses is the heavy investment in long-duration government bonds and policy financial bonds [5] Group 4: Market Conditions - The yield on 30-year government bonds is currently at 2.2%, with a low of 1.8% earlier this year, resulting in an average annual coupon yield of around 2% [6] - The maximum drawdown for the 30-year government bond index has been 16.75%, with a maximum drawdown of 6.41% this year, indicating a low investment value for long-duration government bonds [6] - Fund managers have been increasing the duration of their bond funds, which is seen as a risky move given the current yield environment [6] Group 5: Overall Market Sentiment - The overall market is still in an adjustment phase, with recent weak rebounds not indicating an end to the adjustment [11] - There is a lack of excitement in the market, with many sectors experiencing declines after previous rebounds, suggesting a cooling of market sentiment [11] - Despite the potential for further declines, there may be limited downside due to external funds eyeing investment opportunities [12]

Core Viewpoint - The stock market is experiencing significant growth, with the Shanghai Composite Index up 12.8% and the ChiNext Index up 22% in 2025, while the bond market is facing challenges, with a 30-year government bond ETF down over 2% year-to-date and a further decline of 4% since June [1][2] Group 1: Market Dynamics - The "see-saw effect" between stocks and bonds reflects a shift in market risk appetite, where funds flow into equities during bullish phases and retreat to bonds during bearish phases [1][2] - The primary determinants of bond market trends are economic fundamentals, including macroeconomic conditions, inflation, and monetary policy, rather than stock market performance [2][3] Group 2: Economic Indicators - Recent economic data indicates a weakening trend, with July's new loans showing negative growth for the first time since 2005 and a decline in social financing year-on-year [2][3] - Despite these indicators suggesting support for the bond market, the bond market continues to decline due to strong stock performance and policy disruptions, indicating a temporary disconnection from economic data [2][3] Group 3: Investment Strategies - In a bullish stock market, the bond market may not present high value, but there are opportunities for tactical trading, suggesting a strategy of buying low and selling high [4][5] - Monitoring the 10-year and 30-year government bond yields is crucial, as bond prices and yields move inversely; rising yields lead to falling bond prices and vice versa [4][5] Group 4: Historical Context - Over the past decade, the long-term trend in China's bond market has been a decline in yields, with the 10-year government bond yield currently around 1.76% and the 30-year yield at 2.06% [5][6] - Historical data shows that current yields are at a low point, but there is potential for further declines, indicating a long-term downward trend in interest rates [6][7] Group 5: Tactical Approaches - For short-term trading, flexibility is key; if yields rise, it presents buying opportunities, while falling yields may prompt profit-taking [6][7] - For long-term investments, considerations include duration selection, risk-return trade-offs, and alignment with market conditions, emphasizing the importance of rational decision-making [7]

Quantitative Models and Construction Methods 1. Model Name: Interest Rate Bond Expected Return Model - **Model Construction Idea**: This model decomposes the expected return of interest rate bonds into several components and uses Monte Carlo simulations to predict the expected return for bonds of any maturity over a one-year holding period [8] - **Model Construction Process**: The expected return of interest rate bonds is decomposed into the following components: - Coupon yield - Roll yield - Duration yield - Convexity yield The formula for the expected return is: $ R \approx r_{N} + roll~yield + Dur \cdot (-\Delta r) + \frac{1}{2} Cx \cdot \Delta r^{2} $ Where: - $ r_{N} $ represents the coupon yield - $ roll~yield $ represents the roll-down return - $ Dur $ represents the duration - $ \Delta r $ represents the change in interest rates - $ Cx $ represents the convexity Based on this, the "interest rate bond odds" is defined as: $ Interest~Rate~Bond~Odds = 10Y~Bond~Expected~Return - 1Y~Bond~Expected~Return $ As of July 18, the expected return difference between 10Y and 1Y bonds was -3.2%, indicating extremely low odds for 10Y bonds [8] 2. Model Name: Short-Term Momentum Model - **Model Construction Idea**: This model predicts the short-term (1-month) price movement of interest rate bonds based on three key characteristics of interest rate movements: mean reversion around the interest rate center, 1-month short-term momentum, and 12-month long-term momentum [14] - **Model Construction Process**: The formula for the short-term momentum model is: $ \Delta r_{t+1} = \beta_{1}(\mu - r_{t}) + \beta_{2}(r_{t} - r_{t-1}) + \beta_{3}(r_{t} - r_{t-12}) + \sigma \sqrt{r_{t}} \cdot \varepsilon $ Where: - $ \mu $ represents the interest rate center - $ r_{t} $ represents the current interest rate - $ r_{t-1} $ and $ r_{t-12} $ represent the interest rates 1 month and 12 months ago, respectively - $ \beta_{1}, \beta_{2}, \beta_{3} $ are coefficients - $ \sigma $ represents volatility - $ \varepsilon $ represents random noise The model suggests that the 10Y bond may face short-term downward pressure, and recommends defensive allocation to 1Y bonds [14] 3. Model Name: Trading Heat Monitoring Model - **Model Construction Idea**: This model uses turnover rate and transaction proportion to measure the trading heat of long-term bonds, identifying risks of overcrowded trading [17] - **Model Construction Process**: - Turnover rate = (Trading volume of bonds with maturity >10 years) / (Outstanding balance of bonds with maturity >10 years) - Transaction proportion = (Trading volume of bonds with maturity >10 years) / (Total trading volume of all bonds) Historical data shows that when these indicators exceed 2 standard deviations, the future 1-3 month returns of long-term bonds are negative. When they exceed 4 standard deviations, the risk of significant drawdowns increases [17][18] --- Model Backtesting Results 1. Interest Rate Bond Expected Return Model - **10Y-1Y Expected Return Difference**: -3.2% (as of July 18, 2025) [8] 2. Short-Term Momentum Model - **Annualized Return**: 6.6% - **Maximum Drawdown**: 2.3% - **Q1 Avoided Drawdown**: Approximately 2.2% [14] 3. Trading Heat Monitoring Model - **Turnover Rate**: 1.0 standard deviation - **Transaction Proportion**: 2.2 standard deviations [18]