迈瑞医疗 - 2025 年亚太峰会反馈
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of Mindray Bio-Medical Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Mindray Bio-Medical (300760.SZ) - **Industry**: China Healthcare Key Points Industry Insights - **China's Healthcare Recovery**: The healthcare infrastructure treasury bond issuance fell over 30% YoY to Rmb146 billion in Jan–Oct 2025, indicating a potential gradual recovery in the industry starting from 2026 [3][4] - **IVD Market Pressure**: The In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) sector, particularly CLIA, is expected to face ongoing pressure in 2026 due to the implementation of value-based pricing (VBP) for tumor biomarkers and thyroid reagents [3] - **Market Share**: Mindray holds a strong market share in China, with over 50-60% in key PMLS products, approximately 30% in Ultrasound, and around 10% in IVD [3] Growth Projections - **Emerging Markets (EM) Growth**: Management anticipates that Mindray's market share in emerging markets could reach levels similar to China within a few years, driven by high quality and cost advantages compared to foreign brands. EM growth was +7% YoY in 9M25, with expectations for faster growth from 2026 [4] - **Revenue Growth**: Mindray expects a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 10% in overseas markets in the mid-term [4] Financial Performance - **Revenue and Earnings Estimates**: - 2025 estimated revenue: Rmb33,771 million - 2026 estimated revenue: Rmb36,744 million - 2025 estimated EPS: Rmb7.28, with a projected increase to Rmb8.24 in 2026 [6] - **Gross Profit Margin (GPM)**: GPM for both China and overseas markets is now comparable, but overall GPM is expected to decline notably YoY in 2025, stabilizing from 2026 [8] Strategic Focus - **Product Segmentation**: IVD is expected to lead growth, followed by stable growth in PMLS and ultrasound segments. Recurring consumables are projected to account for over 50% of revenue in 2025 [8] - **Ultrasound Expansion**: Management expects to expand ultrasound market share through the launch of ultra-high-end products, including a cardio ultrasound in 2026 [8] Valuation and Risks - **Valuation Methodology**: A discounted cash flow (DCF) model is used, assuming a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 8.8% and a perpetual growth rate of 3.0% starting from 2026 [9] - **Risks**: Potential risks include prolonged negative impacts from policy headwinds, trade tensions, and failure to generate synergies from mergers and acquisitions [11] Stock Performance - **Current Stock Rating**: Overweight - **Price Target**: Rmb260.00, representing a 26% upside from the closing price of Rmb206.71 on November 18, 2025 [6] Additional Insights - **Channel Inventory Management**: Mindray aims to reduce channel inventory to a healthy ~2-month level by year-end 2025 [8] - **Market Dynamics**: The management emphasizes the importance of maintaining competitive pricing and quality to capture market share in both domestic and international markets [4][8]
玉马科技20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of Yuma Technology Conference Call Company Overview - Yuma Technology specializes in the research, production, and sales of functional shading materials, primarily used in building shading, energy conservation, outdoor structures, and transportation shading [3][4][7]. Financial Performance - For the first three quarters of 2025, Yuma Technology reported revenue of 553 million yuan, a slight increase compared to 551 million yuan in the same period last year [2][3]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders was 111 million yuan, a year-on-year decrease of approximately 13%, primarily due to stock incentive expenses, fluctuations in interest income, and increased R&D investments [2][3]. - After excluding non-operating factors, the net profit remained stable [3]. Market Outlook - The company remains optimistic about growth in 2026, contingent on no significant adverse impacts from tariff policies [2][3]. - Recent customer visits indicated stability in the European market, reduced supply chain concerns in North America, and increased orders from existing customers in Latin America [2][5]. - Southeast Asia showed good performance, contributing to a positive global market sentiment for 2026 [2][5]. Strategic Initiatives - Yuma Technology plans to continue expanding its overseas production capacity to mitigate global policy risks and control long-term costs [2][6]. - The company aims to finalize overseas site selection before the Spring Festival, having already evaluated multiple locations in Southeast Asia and North Africa [10]. Competitive Landscape - The functional shading materials sector is relatively niche with few competitors, allowing Yuma Technology to leverage its technological advantages and high-quality products [7]. - The company has established long-term partnerships in over 70 countries, maintaining a leading position in major export regions [7]. Regional Market Insights - China remains a primary supply base for global supply chains, with Yuma Technology focusing on enhancing product cost-effectiveness to solidify existing market shares and innovate to capture high-end markets [8]. - The North American market is recovering, with distributors considering product planning for the next year, emphasizing supply chain stability and product quality [4][14]. Challenges and Considerations - The company faces competition from local manufacturers in North America and Europe, which dominate high-end customer segments and large projects [9]. - Despite the competitive pressure, Yuma Technology's products are priced significantly lower than local competitors, providing a competitive edge [13]. Inventory and Supply Chain - The U.S. subsidiary has seen continuous growth in 2025, with low inventory levels due to tariff impacts. As tariffs stabilize, the subsidiary plans to build sufficient inventory for new products in 2026 [19]. Tariff Impact - A 10% reduction in tariffs led to a 5-10% price adjustment, with the focus shifting from price to trade stability in the U.S. market [20][21]. Market Share and Sales Trends - Yuma Technology's market share in Europe and the U.S. is relatively low, indicating a need for further market penetration [22]. - Domestic sales have remained stable in 2025, supported by increased channel development efforts [23]. Product Performance - The "Dream Curtain" product line has seen a significant decline in the Chinese market, approximately 30%, while experiencing growth in overseas markets such as Australia and Turkey [24]. - Outdoor materials and technical fabrics are strategic focuses for the next 3-5 years, with expectations for significant growth in 2026 [25][26]. Pricing Strategy - The markup from factory price to retail price can be substantial, with potential retail prices reaching up to 100 USD for certain fabrics, indicating a significant profit margin [27].
中煤能源20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of China Coal Energy Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: China Coal Energy - **Industry**: Coal Industry Key Points Production and Operational Outlook - China Coal Energy expects normal production in Q4 2025, with a slight increase in annual output despite a decrease of 150,000 tons in October due to maintenance on the Daqin Railway [2][3] - The company has completed procedures for increasing production capacity by 21 million tons during the supply guarantee period, awaiting policy direction from the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the Energy Bureau [2][4][6] Cost Management - The average cost of coal for the first three quarters decreased by approximately 10% year-on-year, attributed to cost reduction measures and the use of safety maintenance funds [2][9] - Q4 costs are expected to rise due to expense settlements, but the overall annual cost is projected to be lower than in 2024, maintaining a reasonable level around 300 RMB per ton [2][10][11] Future Production Plans - The production plan for 2026 is expected to maintain the current year's level, with potential increases from new mines and efficient production from high-gas mines in Inner Mongolia, estimated to add around 5 million tons [2][4][5] - The company is also focusing on capacity verification to ensure readiness for future production increases [5] Market and Pricing Trends - The spot price for coal in 2026 is anticipated to rise slightly, with a fluctuation range of 750 to 850 RMB per ton, influenced by increased renewable energy output and changes in energy consumption structure [4][12][13] - Current coal demand has not significantly increased, and supply conditions are becoming more relaxed, which is expected to stabilize prices [12] Regulatory Environment - The coal industry is facing policies aimed at reducing overproduction and ensuring safety, which may lead to a gradual adjustment rather than drastic changes in output [2][8] - The company is prepared to adapt to regulatory changes to ensure compliance and stable growth [4][6] Capital Expenditure and Investment - China Coal Energy's capital expenditure is projected to remain around 20 billion RMB annually, focusing on coal, coal chemical projects, and wastewater treatment plants [4][16] - The company plans to maintain a stable dividend policy, with discussions on potential increases scheduled for March 2026 [4][17] Asset Management and Future Plans - The company has significant power generation assets, but these are not currently a major part of its core business strategy [14] - There are no immediate plans for asset injection or integration, pending necessary approvals and conditions [15][19] Special Reserves and Financial Strategy - The company may adjust the scale of special reserves based on stable coal prices and improved operational conditions, with a focus on reducing reliance on reserve funds if profitability improves [18] Additional Insights - The company is actively monitoring policy developments and market conditions to ensure compliance and strategic alignment with national energy goals [4][6][8]
斯菱股份20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of Conference Call for Slinco Co., Ltd. and Ningbo Yinqiu Technology Company and Industry Overview - **Company**: Slinco Co., Ltd. (斯菱股份) - **Industry**: Precision Bearings and Robotics - **Key Partner**: Ningbo Yinqiu Technology (宁波银球科技) Key Points and Arguments Investment in Ningbo Yinqiu Technology - Slinco invested 392 million CNY to acquire 24.34% of Ningbo Yinqiu Technology, recognizing its leading position in precision bearings, particularly in micro and motor bearings [3][9] - Ningbo Yinqiu holds a 50% market share in the air conditioning motor bearing sector, with major clients including Gree and Midea, secured through supply contracts [2][3][7] Product Development and Market Position - Ningbo Yinqiu has made significant advancements in robotics, developing micro bearings for actuators and motors, with a strong demand for humanoid robots [2][5] - The company is the sole supplier of high-speed integrated bearings to Dyson, benefiting from patent protection and a dominant market position despite smaller domestic competitors [2][6] Strategic Direction and Synergies - Slinco aims to leverage its mechanical manufacturing background to create synergies with Ningbo Yinqiu, expanding its business footprint through resource sharing [2][9] - The company plans to gradually integrate resources with Ningbo Yinqiu to enhance operational efficiency [9] Production and Capacity Planning - Slinco's harmonic reducers have been validated by major North American clients, with mass production expected to start in Q1 2026 [4][12] - The company has established factories in Thailand and near Detroit, USA, to meet potential non-China production demands from clients like Tesla [4][14] Financial Projections - Ningbo Yinqiu is projected to achieve a profit of 145 million CNY and sales of 1.17 billion CNY in 2024, with stable growth expected through 2026 [4][18] - Slinco anticipates its robotics business revenue to reach tens of millions CNY in 2025-2026, contingent on market demand [4][17] Challenges and Competitive Landscape - The production of high-speed micro bearings faces challenges in consistency, longevity, and noise reduction, with key players including Minebea in the global market [8] - Slinco faces competition from various domestic manufacturers in harmonic reducers but has not encountered significant new entrants in the overseas market [11][20] Future Developments - Slinco plans to expand its precision component offerings, including cross roller bearings, in response to customer demand [15] - The company is preparing for increased production capacity, with plans for 300,000 sets of harmonic reducers by the end of the year [22] Customer Feedback and Market Trends - North American clients have provided positive feedback on Slinco's harmonic reducers, confirming its status as a qualified supplier for mass production [19] - The trend in reducer selection among domestic clients is shifting towards harmonic reducers, with planetary reducers also being utilized but less frequently [10] Additional Important Insights - Ningbo Yinqiu's dominance in the air conditioning motor bearing market is attributed to its high production capacity of 75 million sets per month, making it the largest single-category manufacturer globally [7] - The company’s micro bearings are critical for humanoid robots, with each robot requiring over 100 such components, highlighting the precision and durability required in this sector [5]
富特科技20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of Ford Technology Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Ford Technology - **Industry**: New Energy Vehicle (NEV) High Voltage Systems Key Financial Performance - **Revenue Growth**: In the first three quarters of 2025, revenue increased by 116% year-on-year, with net profit attributable to shareholders rising by 66% [2][3] - **Q3 Performance**: The net profit growth rate for Q3 reached 187%, indicating strong growth momentum [2][3] - **Future Revenue Projections**: Expected revenues for 2025, 2026, and 2027 are projected at 3.68 billion, 5.32 billion, and 6.98 billion respectively, with net profits of 196 million, 324 million, and 472 million [4][13] Customer Base and Market Position - **Key Clients**: Major clients include Xiaomi, Leapmotor, NIO, and Renault, with expectations for significant contributions from these clients in 2026 [2][3] - **Market Share**: Ford Technology is a leading supplier in the NEV high voltage system market, alongside Weimais, with the top five suppliers holding 74% of the Chinese market [2][8] Product Offerings - **Main Products**: The company specializes in integrated high voltage power solutions, including OBC (On-Board Charger), DCDC converters, and PDU (Power Distribution Unit) [3][7] - **Expansion into Non-Automotive**: Ford Technology is also expanding into non-automotive sectors, supplying power modules for DC charging piles and liquid-cooled supercharging piles, as well as AIDC (Automatic Identification and Data Capture) power modules [5][12] International Expansion - **Overseas Revenue Growth**: In the first half of 2025, overseas revenue reached 260 million, increasing its share of total revenue from a few percent to over ten percent [2][3] - **International Contracts**: The company has secured contracts with Stellantis and European luxury brands, with projects expected to ramp up from 2026 to 2027 [2][10][11] Competitive Landscape - **Industry Concentration**: The NEV high voltage system industry is highly concentrated, with significant market shares held by BYD through its subsidiary Fudi Power, which commands a 29% market share [8] Strategic Developments - **New Facilities**: Ford Technology has established a subsidiary in France and is building a production base in Thailand, indicating a strategic push into the European market [4][10] - **Long-term Contracts**: The company has signed long-term contracts with major automotive brands, which are expected to enhance profitability [11] Profitability and Valuation - **Gross Margin Expectations**: The gross margin is expected to stabilize around 30% in 2024, with some projects potentially exceeding this level [4][11] - **Valuation Insights**: With a current market capitalization of over 6 billion, the projected P/E ratio for the next year is close to 20 times, which is considered favorable given the company's growth prospects [13]
三维天地20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
摘要 3D 天地发布 3D 令克 AI 开发平台,该平台结合 Deepseek、通义千问 等主流大模型,定位于企业智能化升级,通过无缝集成现有业务系统, 提供自动化复杂流程、智能辅助决策,提升运营效率与员工工作效率, 实现业务模式的智能化重构。 公司拥有深厚客户基础,包括 3,000 余家实验室客户和 1,000 余家数据 资产管理优质客户,项目人员深刻理解检验检测、质量管理等领域的复 杂业务逻辑与合规要求,确保解决方案精准匹配客户需求。 新一代检验检测数字化平台基于 Langchain 框架,融合大语言模型与先 进算法,实现了从样品接收到报告生成各环节全流程自动化与智能化, 有效杜绝假报告风险,显著提升了检测效率与准确性。 3DLink AI 应用平台基于知识引擎与 AI agent 技术,构建具备感知、理 解、推理与执行能力的智能体集群,适用于多种应用场景,可无缝对接 企业现有业务系统,并深度融合 3D 天地低代码平台。 公司携新一代实验室管理系统 3DLIMS 及 3DLink 智能平台亮相东京、 日本、新加坡展会,受到广泛关注并获得高度认可,已完成亚洲经销商 选定工作并展开合作,未来将遵循既定战略布局 ...
长白山20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of Changbai Mountain Conference Call Industry and Company Overview - The conference call focuses on the Changbai Mountain tourism industry, particularly its winter sports and scenic area operations. Key Points and Arguments 1. **Visitor Trends and Impact** - From November 2024 to February 2025, nearly 3 million mainland Chinese tourists are expected to visit Japan, with an average spending of approximately 13,000 RMB per person. Some of these tourists may shift to domestic ice and snow tourism, benefiting Changbai Mountain's visitor numbers [2][3]. 2. **Operational Enhancements for 2025** - Changbai Mountain and the Pinghu Ski Resort opened early on November 2, 2025, compared to mid to late December in previous years. The expansion of the western scenic area is expected to lead to a double-digit growth in visitor numbers, potentially reaching 20% [2][4]. 3. **Stock Performance and Market Sentiment** - The stock price of Changbai Mountain has not yet surpassed the pre-2024 winter peak, but there is increasing market attention and potential for further price catalysts [2][4]. 4. **Future Development Plans for 2026** - The North Slope Corridor project is set to open before the summer of 2026, which is expected to increase the North Slope's visitor capacity by 10%. Additionally, vehicle procurement will continue to enhance capacity during peak seasons [5][6]. 5. **Transportation Improvements** - The opening of the high-speed rail from Shenyang to Changbai Mountain will reduce travel time to the western scenic area to just 20 minutes, significantly increasing visitor flow. The southern slope's capacity is also expected to improve [6]. 6. **Profit Forecasts** - For 2025, profits are projected to be between 150 million to 160 million RMB, with expectations of 190 million RMB in 2026. The return of Japanese tourists could further enhance profitability [2][7]. Additional Important Insights - The early opening of the ski season and the expected increase in visitor capacity are critical factors that could lead to a successful winter season for Changbai Mountain [4][6]. - The potential shift of tourists from Japan to domestic destinations due to geopolitical tensions is a significant driver for Changbai Mountain's growth [3].
中国能建20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of China Energy Engineering Corporation (中国能建) Conference Call Industry and Company Overview - **Company**: China Energy Engineering Corporation (中国能建) - **Industry**: Energy and Infrastructure Key Points and Arguments Contract and Revenue Growth - New contract value continues to grow, exceeding 1.4 trillion RMB in 2024, with nearly 1 trillion RMB in the first three quarters of 2025, showing a significant increase in new energy projects by over 5% year-on-year, holding over 70GW of new energy installed capacity indicators, indicating strong growth momentum in the new energy sector [2][3][8] Achievements in Energy Storage - The company has made significant achievements in the energy storage sector, centered around the "3,060 integration" model, with the Hubei Yicheng compressed air energy storage project being the world's first in terms of single unit scale, installed capacity, and conversion efficiency, achieving full capacity grid connection in 2025. Plans include deploying 100 compressed air storage projects with a total installed capacity exceeding 30GW [2][4] Hydrogen Energy Development - China Energy Engineering has actively invested in hydrogen energy, with nearly 7 billion RMB invested in the Jilin Songyuan project, part of a total planned investment of nearly 30 billion RMB. The company plans to develop multiple large-scale hydrogen energy projects across the country, covering green hydrogen production and downstream products, indicating a broad market outlook [2][6] Data Center Business - The data center business leverages green electricity to support the "East Data West Computing" strategy, with the first phase of the Gansu Qingyang project already in operation. The company has established 8 data center nodes nationwide, significantly reducing user electricity costs through self-generated green electricity, with occupancy rates rapidly increasing [2][7] International Business Expansion - The overseas business continues to grow, with new contracts from international markets accounting for nearly one-third of total new contracts. The company has established over 140 institutions globally, leveraging advantages in various countries to further expand its international market presence [2][9] Financial Performance and Challenges - In the first three quarters of 2025, the overall business performance was stable despite a decline due to the real estate sector. Excluding real estate factors, the core business showed slight growth. The company achieved significant progress in new contracts, operating income, and total profit during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, with average annual growth rates exceeding 20%, 12.7%, and 6% respectively [3][10] Investment Operations Growth - The investment operation business has seen rapid growth, with revenue increasing by over 20% year-on-year in 2025, and profits showing single-digit growth. Traditional and new energy projects account for over 60% of the revenue, with a total installed capacity exceeding 20GW, including 16GW from new energy projects [4][12] Real Estate Sector Transition - The decline in profits in the third quarter was primarily due to the rapid contraction of the real estate business and significant provisions for historical issues. The company plans to transition its real estate business towards park design and green operations, maintaining an optimistic outlook for the annual performance [10][11] Future Dividend Expectations - The company had a significant increase in dividend payout in 2024, exceeding 40% year-on-year. Although the mid-term dividend for 2025 is temporarily suspended due to a targeted issuance arrangement, there are high expectations for future dividends as management aims to share the company's growth with shareholders [16][17] Market Value Management Strategies - The company is considering various market value management strategies, including share buybacks, increasing dividends, and enhancing market recognition through investor engagement. The goal is to elevate market valuation and boost investor confidence as the company transitions from a traditional infrastructure firm to one with dual attributes of energy and technology [18]
中工国际20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of Zhonggong International's Conference Call Company Overview - **Company**: Zhonggong International - **Industry**: International Engineering Contracting Key Financial Metrics - **Revenue**: 7.126 billion CNY in the first three quarters of 2025 - **Net Profit**: 247 million CNY, showing a year-on-year decline - **New Contracts Signed**: 3.03 billion USD, a 35% increase year-on-year - **Effective Contract Amount**: 1.621 billion USD, a year-on-year increase of 93.90% [2][3][4] Core Insights and Arguments - **International Engineering Performance**: Significant growth in international engineering contracting, particularly in countries like Guyana, Iraq, and Nicaragua, contributing to a robust pipeline of projects [2][4] - **Equipment Manufacturing**: Signed contracts worth 963 million CNY, including multiple overseas cable car projects and domestic ski resort projects [2][4] - **Investment and Operations**: Successful execution of projects in Uzbekistan, including waste-to-energy initiatives and the trial operation of the Tianmen cable car [2][3][4] - **Profitability Factors**: The decline in net profit is attributed to high project execution in the previous year and fluctuations in the RMB exchange rate [3][5] - **Strategic Shift**: The company is shifting its market focus from Latin America to Central Asia and the Middle East, particularly benefiting from oil and gas projects in Iraq [2][6][7] Future Outlook - **Performance Expectations**: Anticipated steady growth for the full year due to the peak execution phase of several key projects and reduced exchange rate losses [4][5] - **Dividends**: Planned cash dividend ratio of no less than 40% from 2024 to 2026 [11] - **Market Management**: Implementation of share buyback plans to enhance company value and shareholder rights [2][11] Additional Important Points - **Risk Management**: The company employs forward foreign exchange contracts and rolling adjustments to mitigate currency risk [6] - **Competitive Advantages**: Zhonggong International's unique advantages include broad market layout, technical expertise, and innovative financing capabilities [8][9] - **Focus on Deep Resource Exploration**: Continued investment in deep resource exploration, particularly in oil and gas projects in Central Asia [9][10] - **New Infrastructure Projects**: Involvement in multiple supercomputing and data center projects, leveraging its design capabilities [11][12] Conclusion Zhonggong International is positioned for steady growth in the international engineering sector, with a strategic focus on Central Asia and a commitment to maintaining strong financial performance through effective project execution and risk management strategies.
日联科技20251119
2025-11-20 02:16
Summary of the Conference Call for Ruineng Technology Company Overview - Ruineng Technology specializes in industrial X-ray detection equipment and core component production, achieving full control over the supply chain and market pricing power. The company ranks among the top three globally and first domestically in this field [2][4][18]. Key Developments - In 2025, Ruineng Technology plans to transform into an industrial inspection platform through acquisitions, including a U.S. industrial X-ray detection company, Zhuhai Jiuyuan (focused on power electronics testing), and Singapore SSTI (specializing in semiconductor defect localization) [2][4]. - As of October 2025, new orders reached 1.1 billion RMB, with an expected total of 1.3-1.4 billion RMB for the year, representing an approximate 80% year-on-year growth [2][4][3]. Financial Performance - Revenue for 2025 is projected to be between 1.0-1.1 billion RMB, with profits estimated at 170-180 million RMB. For 2026, both revenue and new orders are conservatively expected to maintain at least a 30% year-on-year growth [3][12]. Business Segments - Integrated circuits and electronic manufacturing account for 45.62% of revenue, with a year-on-year growth of 51.23% [4][22]. - New energy battery testing contributes 22.10% of revenue, growing 63.41% year-on-year [4][22]. - PCB-related business revenue has increased over 50% year-on-year, making up about 10% of total revenue [4][5]. Technological Advancements - The acquisition of SSTI has expanded Ruineng's semiconductor integrated circuit business into advanced processes, wafer-level testing, and chip design, enhancing customer quality and technical capabilities [9][6]. - The company has made significant progress in nano-tube X-ray detection equipment, with small batch shipments and applications in packaging and advanced packaging expected to accelerate in 2026 [7][19]. Market Position and Competition - Ruineng Technology is the only company in China focused solely on industrial X-ray detection, with a comprehensive understanding of core component production technology [4][18]. - Major competitors in various types of X-ray sources include Hamamatsu Photonics and Thermo Fisher Scientific for closed tube sources, and Ikon and Xbox for open tube sources [20]. Client Relationships - Ruineng maintains close partnerships with major companies such as Xiaomi, Huawei, and BYD, with expectations for increased orders as new production lines are established [10][11]. Strategic Focus - The company prioritizes industrial X-ray detection due to its higher market transparency and controllability compared to medical or security fields, which have more stringent certification requirements [18][17]. Future Outlook - Ruineng Technology aims to grow its revenue significantly, targeting 3-4 billion RMB in the coming years by deepening its focus on the industrial sector [17][18].