（原标题：商务部新闻发言人就加拿大政府加严钢铁进口限制措施事答记者问） 答：我们注意到加政府有关公告。加方以保护本国产业为由，宣布采取对含有中国钢铁 成分的产品加征关税等单边措施，有关做法违反世贸组织规则，扰乱国际贸易秩序，损害中 方利益，是典型的单边主义、保护主义行径。中方对此强烈不满，坚决反对。 事实上，造成加国内钢铁产业遭遇困境的主要原因是美国的单边关税措施，但加政府却 回避主要矛盾，还试图将产业损害转嫁给包括中国在内的其他贸易伙伴。加方做法于理不 合、于法无据、于事无补，将严重损害中加两国正常经贸合作。 中方希望加方从维护多边贸易体制、维护中加经贸关系大局出发，立即纠正错误做法， 停止限制措施。中方将采取一切必要措施坚决维护中方企业的合法权益。 有记者问：当地时间7月16日，加拿大财政部网站发布公告，表示为应对美国钢铁关税 和全球钢铁产能过剩，自8月1日起，将扩大进口钢铁关税配额适用范围、收紧现有配额， 对配额外进口征收附加税。此外，将对自美国以外国家进口的含有在中国熔化和浇铸钢铁的 产品征收25%的附加税。请问商务部对此有何评论？ ...

Group 1 - The IMF has raised China's economic growth forecast by 0.8 percentage points to 4.8% [1] - The global economic growth forecast for 2025 has been increased to 3.0%, up by 0.2 percentage points from the previous estimate [1] - The weakening of the US dollar has provided emerging markets with more policy space to respond to economic challenges [1] Group 2 - The US economic growth forecast has been adjusted to 1.9%, an increase of 0.1 percentage points [2] - The OBBB Act passed in July is expected to increase the US fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP by approximately 1.5 percentage points by 2026 [2] - Japan's economic growth forecast has been raised by 0.1 percentage points to 0.7% based on actual data from early 2025 [2]

Group 1 - The return of unilateralism, particularly through the U.S. tariff policy, poses significant risks to global economic stability and multinational companies [1][4] - Embraer, the third-largest aircraft manufacturer globally, has reported potential losses in the billions due to impending U.S. tariffs, which could severely impact its financial health and international cooperation [1][3] - The U.S. government's proposed 50% tariff on Embraer's aircraft could lead to an additional cost of 50 million Brazilian Reais (approximately 6.42 million RMB) per aircraft, resulting in order cancellations, delivery delays, and potential layoffs [3][4] Group 2 - The challenges faced by Embraer are reflective of broader issues affecting global industries, as nearly every sector is impacted by U.S. protectionist policies, disrupting normal international trade [4][6] - The unilateral trade policies of the U.S. threaten the interconnectedness of the global economy, with potential long-term consequences for U.S. companies that rely on global supply chains [6][9] - The warning from Embraer serves as a broader alert regarding the future of globalization, highlighting the need for multinational companies to navigate increasing uncertainties in international trade [9]

Core Viewpoint - Canada has imposed a 25% tariff on imported products containing Chinese steel, which is seen as an attempt to shift the burden of its trade issues with the U.S. onto China [1][3] Group 1: Trade Relations - The Canadian government is responding to stalled trade negotiations with the U.S. by targeting China, hoping to gain favor with the U.S. by sacrificing Chinese interests [1][3] - The Chinese Ministry of Commerce criticized Canada's actions as a violation of WTO rules and indicative of unilateralism and protectionism [3][8] Group 2: Economic Impact - China's response includes a significant order worth $3.7 billion for agricultural products from Australia, effectively closing the door on Canadian canola exports, which previously accounted for 64% of Canada's total exports to China [3][4] - Canadian farmers are experiencing delays in soybean orders and significant port congestion, with 8 million tons of canola stuck at ports [4][6] Group 3: Domestic Reactions - Canadian farmers and agricultural associations are expressing dissatisfaction, with calls for the government to reconsider its approach to trade with China [6][7] - Internal divisions are emerging within Canada, with opposition parties questioning the government's strategy and its impact on farmers [6][7] Group 4: Comparative Analysis - Australia is seizing the opportunity to re-establish trade with China, utilizing a rolling procurement model that allows for flexibility and short-term gains [4][7] - Canada's concessions to the U.S. have not resulted in reciprocal treatment, leading to a cycle of dependency and loss of trade partners [7][8]

Core Viewpoint - Despite the challenges posed by high tariffs and a complex international environment, China's foreign trade has achieved counter-cyclical growth, with companies adapting by exploring new markets and innovating products [1][21]. Group 1: Company Adaptation and Market Changes - A home appliance manufacturer in Ningbo has seen a significant increase in shipments to Southeast Asia and South America, compensating for a drop in exports to the U.S., which previously accounted for 20% of its export revenue [3][5]. - The company's export volume reached approximately 300 million yuan in the first half of the year, with a year-on-year growth of about 4%, despite a substantial decline in U.S. market exports [5][7]. - The company invested 100 million yuan in R&D last year, representing over 20% of its revenue, and aims to develop 30 to 40 new products annually to maintain its foreign trade market [7][14]. Group 2: Regional Export Performance - In Ningbo, private enterprises are the backbone of foreign trade, with over 24,000 companies having export records, contributing 403.62 billion yuan, or 82.3% of the city's total foreign trade exports in the first half of the year [9][14]. - Zhejiang's foreign trade import and export volume reached 2.73 trillion yuan in the first half of the year, a year-on-year increase of 6.6%, with exports surpassing 2 trillion yuan, growing by 9.1% [14]. Group 3: Industry Trends and Innovations - The logistics and freight forwarding sectors are experiencing increased business activity due to rising export volumes, with companies processing over 8,000 business documents daily, corresponding to 12,000 to 13,000 standard containers [11][12]. - The export of electromechanical products has been on the rise, with their share exceeding 50% of total exports, indicating a shift towards more complex and higher-value products [14]. Group 4: Strategic Shifts in Business Models - A toy company in Dongguan has shifted its focus from the U.S. market, which has decreased to 30% of its sales, to Japan, South Korea, and Europe, which now account for 40% of its orders [16][18]. - The company has also expanded its domestic sales from 10% to 30% of its total revenue, reflecting a strategic pivot towards building its own brands after years of being an OEM [18][19].

Core Viewpoint - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) warns that tariffs are not a solution to global economic imbalances, highlighting the risks associated with excessive trade deficits and surpluses [2][3]. Group 1: Global Economic Assessment - The IMF's 2025 External Sector Report evaluates the trade status of 30 major economies, which account for approximately 90% of global GDP [2]. - In 2024, the global current account balance as a percentage of world GDP is expected to increase by 0.6 percentage points, reversing a trend of decline since the 2008-2009 financial crisis [2]. - The report indicates that the U.S. trade deficit will expand by $228 billion in 2024, reaching $1.13 trillion, reflecting macroeconomic imbalances within the U.S. [2]. Group 2: Tariffs and Trade Wars - The IMF asserts that tariff barriers have minimal impact on improving trade imbalances and warns that escalating trade wars could significantly affect the global macroeconomy [2]. - Short-term effects of higher tariffs may reduce global demand and exacerbate inflationary pressures by increasing import prices [2]. Group 3: Currency and Financial Stability Risks - The report expresses concerns about the stability of the international monetary system due to rising geopolitical tensions, which could disrupt financial stability [2][3]. - The U.S. dollar has depreciated by 8% since January, marking the largest semi-annual decline since 1973, prompting global investors to reassess their exposure to dollar risks [3]. - The rise of stablecoins and innovations in cross-border transactions may reinforce the dollar's dominance but could also introduce financial stability risks [3].

央视网消息：关税冲击叠加税改法案，金融机构警告美国经济风险。企业和消费者承受哪些压力？不确定性风险究竟意味着什 么？ 英国《金融时报》：美国经济比表面看起来更脆弱 经济放缓的信号叠加通胀反弹的忧虑，令美联储的利率决策十分艰难。政府官员向美联储加大施压力度，批评美联储耗资25亿 美元的办公楼翻修项目。美联储主席面临被解雇的风险。内部博弈正在对经济和市场造成冲击。美联储独立性是市场信心的基石。 白宫与美联储在货币政策上的根本性分歧加剧，将影响美国整个金融市场的平稳运行。 美国 《财富》杂志：美国制造业回流困难重重 美国总统坚持"关税正在使国家'繁荣'的论调"。经济学家普遍认为，关税措施的影响尚未完全显现，因为许多企业提前囤积了库 存，以缓解成本上涨的影响。但政策不确定性正在抑制商业活动。消费者承担的关税成本比例也在上升。随着库存耗尽，成本转嫁 将更普遍，并进一步推高通胀、抑制投资。关税累积效应使经济容错空间变小。 美国《华尔街日报》：美联储承受巨大压力 美国经济远比表面数据显示的要脆弱，就业、消费都濒临不利的转折点。劳动力市场面临的现状是，雇主在很大程度上通过关 闭职位空缺来应对高不确定性和高利率环境。任何需求的 ...

Group 1 - The potential impact of U.S. tariff policies on the economy raises concerns among economists, suggesting that both the U.S. and global economies may only be experiencing a calm before a storm, with the worst yet to come [1][2] - Analysts warn that if tariffs reach 20% or higher, businesses may completely halt imports, leading to delayed major decisions and reduced economic activity [2] - The uncertainty caused by trade policies is seen as costly, potentially equivalent to the actual tariff rates, and inflation is expected to rise in the coming months, which may suppress growth [2] Group 2 - Germany's leadership is considering retaliatory measures against U.S. pressure for higher baseline tariffs, indicating a readiness for potential conflict in trade relations [3] - The U.S. economy is described as more fragile than recent data suggests, with employment, consumption, and an overvalued stock market nearing unfavorable turning points [3] - The article emphasizes that without a decisive shift away from protectionist policies by the U.S. President, the stability of the economy may be at risk [3]

Group 1 - Canada announced a 25% tariff on Chinese steel products, reflecting a protectionist stance amid rising tensions with the U.S. [1][3] - The Canadian steel industry faces potential job losses due to U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum, prompting Canada to take measures against Chinese imports [3][10] - Canadian companies have shifted their procurement focus to the U.S. and Mexico due to rising steel prices, undermining the domestic steel industry's position [6][10] Group 2 - The agreement between China and Australia for the supply of canola seeds indicates a warming relationship, while Canada risks losing its market share in China [9][15] - Canada's agricultural sector, particularly canola, is under threat due to the loss of orders from China, exacerbated by ongoing drought conditions [10][13] - China's diversified trade strategy and self-sufficiency in oilseed production position it well against Canadian tariffs, while Canada struggles to find alternative markets [15][18] Group 3 - Canada's foreign policy appears contradictory, as it seeks to maintain relations with the U.S. while lacking independent diplomatic support [17][18] - The Canadian government's actions may ultimately harm its own economy, highlighting the need for a reassessment of its global supply chain and trade relationships [18]

Core Viewpoint - The Chinese government has summarized the past seven years of Sino-U.S. economic relations into four key statements, reflecting on the ups and downs of the relationship and emphasizing the importance of cooperation despite challenges [3][9]. Summary by Relevant Sections Economic Relationship Overview - The Sino-U.S. economic relationship has been described as "turbulent," with both countries remaining important economic partners despite the challenges posed by U.S. unilateralism and protectionism since 2018 [3][9]. - Despite the trade tensions, there has been considerable growth in both goods and services trade compared to seven years ago, indicating resilience in the economic interactions [3][9]. Key Statements from China 1. **Mutual Importance**: The first statement emphasizes that Sino-U.S. economic relations have weathered storms, and both countries are still significant economic partners [3][5]. 2. **Cooperation is Essential**: The second statement reiterates that the essence of Sino-U.S. economic relations is mutual benefit and cooperation, highlighting that attempts at unilateral advantage will lead to losses for both sides [5][9]. 3. **Dialogue as a Solution**: The third statement advocates for dialogue and negotiation as the best means to resolve issues, acknowledging that differences and frictions are inevitable in any cooperative relationship [6][9]. 4. **Commitment to Principles**: The final statement asserts China's commitment to defending its national interests and international fairness, indicating that cooperation is possible but must be based on mutual respect and principles [8][9]. Future Implications - The four statements serve as a significant summary of the current state of Sino-U.S. economic relations and are expected to remain relevant in the longer historical context, largely due to China's stable policy towards the U.S. [9][10]. - The U.S. may need to reassess its approach to Sino-U.S. relations, especially in light of past misjudgments regarding tariffs and trade policies [10][12].