Core Insights - In September, the offshore (CNH) RMB depreciated against the USD while the onshore (CNY) RMB appreciated, with a daily average price difference of 67 basis points (BP), a decrease of 13 BP from the previous month [1][3]. Group 1: Offshore RMB Deposits in Hong Kong and Taiwan - As of August 2025, offshore RMB deposits in Hong Kong increased to 967.96 billion yuan, up 3.2% from the previous month, while Taiwan's deposits decreased to 120.59 billion yuan, down 3.0% [2]. Group 2: Offshore RMB Foreign Exchange Market - On September 30, the CNH/USD exchange rate closed at 7.1287, a depreciation of 0.09% from the previous month, while the CNY/USD exchange rate closed at 7.1186, an appreciation of 0.20% [3]. - The CFETS RMB exchange rate index rose by 0.21%, the BIS currency basket index rose by 0.20%, and the SDR currency basket index remained unchanged [3]. Group 3: Offshore RMB Bond Market - In September, the offshore RMB bond market issued 121 bonds, an increase of 11 bonds from the previous month, with a total issuance amount of 291.004 billion yuan, up 77.4% [5]. Group 4: Offshore RMB Money Market - By the end of September, the CNH HIBOR rates for overnight, 7-day, 3-month, and 1-year periods were 1.8127%, 1.6218%, 1.7100%, and 1.9688%, respectively, with changes of +22 BP, +5 BP, -3 BP, and +5 BP compared to the previous month [6]. - The average interest rate differentials between offshore and onshore borrowing rates showed mixed trends, with some periods experiencing declines and others increases [6]. Group 5: Dynamics of Foreign Institutions in Domestic Interbank Market - As of the end of September, the total number of foreign institutions participating in the domestic interbank foreign exchange market reached 237, an increase of 1 from the previous month [7]. - The total number of foreign institutions and their products in the domestic interbank currency market reached 5775, an increase of 20 from the previous month [7]. Group 6: Trading Volume of Foreign Institutions - In the domestic interbank foreign exchange market, the total trading volume for foreign institutions was 33,086.45 billion yuan, a decrease of 11.4% compared to the previous month [8]. - The trading volume in the domestic interbank bond market for foreign institutions totaled 9,648.90 billion yuan, a decrease of 16.6% [8].

Core Viewpoint - The recent increase in China's foreign exchange reserves to $3.34 trillion contrasts sharply with the depreciation of the RMB against the USD, raising questions about the effectiveness of reserve accumulation in stabilizing the currency [2] Group 1: Data Paradox - The growth in reserves is accompanied by concerns over structural imbalances, with the proportion of USD assets falling to 58% from a peak of 73% in 2014, while holdings in EUR, JPY, and gold have increased to 32% [2] - The opportunity cost of holding USD assets is significant, with a yield of 2.3% compared to 4.8% for 10-year US Treasury bonds, resulting in an annualized opportunity cost exceeding $15 billion [2] - The RMB depreciation is driven by three main factors: widening interest rate differentials, narrowing trade surpluses, and diverging policy expectations [2] Group 2: Arbitrage Opportunities - The onshore-offshore price gap for the RMB has widened, creating an arbitrage opportunity with a potential annualized return of 1.9% [2] - The offshore RMB liquidity has tightened, as indicated by the spike in CNH Hibor to 13.4%, the highest since 2013, increasing the cost of arbitrage [2] - The derivatives market shows a 2.1% arbitrage opportunity between NDF and DF rates, with a significant increase in foreign institutional trading volume [2] Group 3: Policy Responses - The central bank has reactivated counter-cyclical factors in the exchange rate management model, adjusting the counter-cyclical coefficient to 0.8 to limit depreciation [2] - Capital controls have been tightened, requiring banks to conduct thorough reviews of large foreign exchange transactions, particularly in technology and real estate sectors [2] - The central bank has signaled stability by emphasizing the adequacy of reserves to manage short-term fluctuations and has increased gold holdings to diversify reserve assets [2] Group 4: Underlying Contradictions - Concerns about the quality of reserves are rising, particularly regarding the liquidity risks associated with the $1.1 trillion in US Treasury bonds held by China [2] - The balance between market-driven and interventionist approaches in exchange rate formation is challenged, with a significant increase in direct interventions by the central bank [2] - The real effective exchange rate has appreciated by 23% since 2015, impacting export competitiveness and increasing import costs for key commodities [2] Group 5: Future Outlook - Short-term arbitrage opportunities are expected to narrow by Q4 2025 as the US Federal Reserve nears the end of its rate hike cycle [2] - Long-term reforms are anticipated, including optimizing reserve structures and enhancing the flexibility of the RMB exchange rate [2] - The need for a new balance in reserve management, exchange rate mechanisms, and industrial upgrades is emphasized to ensure sustainable financial security [2]

Global Asset Market Performance 10 - Year Treasury Yields of Major Economies - Yields and Changes: The yields and changes (latest, weekly, monthly, yearly) of 10 - year treasury bonds in various economies like the US, UK, France, etc. were presented. For example, the US 10 - year treasury yield on 2025/09/30 was 4.151, with a latest change of 0.011, a weekly change of 0.044, a monthly change of - 0.111, and a yearly change of 0.421 [2]. 2 - Year Treasury Yields of Major Economies - Yields and Changes: Similar to the 10 - year bonds, the yields and changes of 2 - year treasury bonds in economies such as the US, UK, Germany were provided. For instance, the US 2 - year treasury yield on 2025/09/30 was 3.630, with a latest change of - 0.010, a weekly change of 0.060, a monthly change of 0.070, and a yearly change of 0.080 [2]. Dollar - to - Major Emerging Economies Currency Exchange Rates - Rates and Changes: The exchange rates and their changes (latest, weekly, monthly, yearly) of the US dollar against major emerging economies' currencies like the Brazilian real, Russian ruble, etc. were shown. For example, the dollar - to - Brazilian real exchange rate on 2025/09/30 was 5.322 with a latest change of - 0.01% [2]. Major Economies' Stock Indices - Indices and Changes: The values and changes (latest, weekly, monthly, yearly) of major economies' stock indices including the S&P 500, Dow Jones Industrial Average, etc. were given. For example, the S&P 500 index value on 2025/09/30 was 6688.460, with a latest change of 0.41%, a weekly change of 0.47%, a monthly change of 4.25%, and a yearly change of 16.67% [2]. Credit Bond Indices - Indices and Changes: The changes (latest, weekly, monthly, yearly) of credit bond indices such as the US investment - grade credit bond index, euro - zone investment - grade credit bond index were presented. For example, the latest change of the US investment - grade credit bond index was - 0.06% [2]. Stock Index Futures Trading Data Index Performance - Closing Prices and Changes: The closing prices and percentage changes of A - shares, CSI 300, SSE 50, etc. were reported. For example, the closing price of A - shares was 3882.78 with a 0.52% increase [3]. Valuation - PE Ratios and Changes: The PE (TTM) ratios and their环比 changes of indices like the CSI 300, SSE 50 were provided. For example, the PE (TTM) of the CSI 300 was 14.22 with a环比 change of 0.03 [3]. Risk Premium - Calculation and Changes: The risk premiums (1/PE - 10 - year interest rate) and their环比 changes of indices such as the S&P 500, German DAX were shown. For example, the risk premium of the S&P 500 was - 0.56 with a环比 change of - 0.03 [3]. Fund Flows - Values and Averages: The latest values and 5 - day average values of fund flows in A - shares, the main board, etc. were given. For example, the latest fund flow value of A - shares was - 288.47, and the 5 - day average was - 46.80 [3]. Trading Volume - Values and Changes: The latest trading volume values and环比 changes of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets, CSI 300, etc. were reported. For example, the latest trading volume of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets was 21814.11 with a环比 change of 199.50 [3]. Basis and Spread - Basis and Magnitude: The basis and magnitude of the main index futures contracts like IF, IH, IC were presented. For example, the basis of IF was - 22.69 with a magnitude of - 0.49% [3]. Treasury Bond Futures Trading Data Closing Prices and Changes - Closing Prices and Percentage Changes: The closing prices and percentage changes of treasury bond futures T00, TF00, etc. were reported. All had a 0.00% change [4]. Funding Rates - Rates and Daily Changes: The funding rates (R001, R007, SHIBOR - 3M) and their daily changes (in BP) were provided. For example, R001 was 1.5331% with a daily change of - 34.00 BP [4].

Core Viewpoint - The US dollar strengthened against the Japanese yen, reaching a high of 153 yen during trading, indicating a bullish trend in the currency market [1] Currency Movements - The US dollar rose by 0.52% against the Japanese yen, closing at 152.69 yen, with an intraday trading range of 151.74 to 153.00 yen [1] - The euro appreciated by 0.29% against the yen, closing at 177.59 yen, and peaked at 177.86 yen during the day [1] - The British pound increased by 0.33% against the yen, ending at 204.678 yen, with a high of 205.322 yen [1]

Group 1: US Dollar Index - The US Dollar Index showed an upward trend on Tuesday, reaching a high of 98.636 and a low of 98.059, closing at 98.561 [1] - The market exhibited a bullish sentiment, supported by previous low points, with a significant closing on a strong note [1] - Key support levels are identified at 97.90 for both weekly and daily charts, indicating potential for further upward movement if these levels are maintained [1] Group 2: Gold Market - Gold prices experienced an overall increase on Tuesday, with a peak of 3990.91 and a low of 3940.7, closing at 3984.31 [3] - The market remains bullish in the short term, supported by four-hour support levels, indicating a continuation of upward momentum [4] - Long-term analysis suggests that the price above 3130 is favorable for bullish positions, with key support at 3837 for short-term trading [4] Group 3: Euro/USD - The Euro/USD pair showed a downward trend on Tuesday, with a low of 1.1647 and a high of 1.1714, closing at 1.1657 [6] - The market is under pressure, with significant resistance at 1.1720 and a critical support level at 1.1690 for the weekly chart [6] - Short-term outlook suggests a cautious approach, monitoring the four-hour resistance levels for potential adjustments [6] Group 4: Economic Data and Events - Key economic data to watch includes Germany's industrial output and various EIA oil inventory reports scheduled for October 8, 2025 [8] - The Federal Reserve's upcoming speeches and the release of the monetary policy meeting minutes are also significant events to monitor [8]

Core Viewpoint - The resignation of French Prime Minister Leclerc has intensified the political crisis in France, leading to market volatility and concerns over the government's ability to address pressing issues [1][8]. Group 1: Political Context - Leclerc's resignation comes less than a month after his appointment, marking him as the shortest-serving Prime Minister since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958 [1]. - The French political landscape has been paralyzed since the 2024 elections failed to produce a party with an absolute majority, complicating governance [1][4]. - Leclerc's cabinet appointments were criticized for lacking significant changes, reflecting a continuation of Macron's pro-business stance, which has drawn ire from both left and right political factions [3][4]. Group 2: Economic Impact - Following Leclerc's resignation, the CAC40 index fell by 1.5%, and the euro depreciated by 0.66% against the dollar, indicating market instability [1]. - The yield on 30-year French government bonds surged to 4.441%, the highest in a month, before slightly retreating, highlighting investor concerns [1]. - The spread between French and German government bond yields reached 0.88 percentage points, nearing the highest level since the eurozone debt crisis, signaling heightened market anxiety [7]. Group 3: Social Unrest - France is experiencing widespread public discontent, with significant protests against government austerity measures, exacerbated by high inflation affecting lower-income groups [6]. - The political deadlock has led to calls for reform from various political leaders, with threats of no-confidence votes if changes are not made [4][6]. Group 4: Future Outlook - Analysts suggest that Macron may have limited options, potentially leading to the dissolution of the National Assembly or triggering new presidential elections, with the former being more likely [7]. - The ongoing political uncertainty is causing investors to adopt a cautious approach, complicating the investment landscape in Europe [7].

Core Viewpoint - The election of Sanae Takaichi as Japan's first female Prime Minister is expected to bring significant changes to the economic landscape, with a potential return to "Abenomics" and a focus on inflation management [5][6]. Market Reactions - The Nikkei 225 index surged over 4%, surpassing the 47,800 mark, reaching a historical high, while the Tokyo Stock Exchange index rose approximately 3%, breaking the 3,220 points barrier [1]. - The Japanese yen is under significant pressure, with the USD/JPY exchange rate exceeding 150 [2]. Economic Policies - Takaichi's administration is anticipated to prioritize inflation issues, potentially increasing subsidies to local governments and considering a reduction in consumption tax [6][7]. - She has emphasized the need for close coordination between the government and the Bank of Japan (BOJ) regarding economic policies, criticizing the BOJ's interest rate hikes as "foolish" [8]. Market Expectations - Takaichi's stance has reinforced market expectations that the BOJ will maintain its accommodative monetary policy, leading investors to reassess their strategies regarding interest rate hikes [9]. - Barclays economists predict a decreased likelihood of the BOJ raising interest rates within 2025, suggesting that Takaichi's dovish tone may strengthen in the future [11][12]. Financial Market Dynamics - The Japanese financial market is entering a phase of rapid repricing, with expectations of a positive market response to Takaichi's fiscal policies [10][13]. - Analysts believe that her proactive fiscal stance could boost market confidence, leading to a rotation towards growth stocks in the domestic market [13].

Core Viewpoint - The election of Sanae Takaichi, a protégé of the late former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, is leading to expectations of a return to "Abenomics," characterized by large-scale fiscal stimulus and ultra-loose monetary policy, which is rapidly influencing Japan's financial markets [1][9]. Group 1: Market Reactions - Following Takaichi's election, the Nikkei 225 index surged over 4%, marking its largest single-day gain in months, while the Topix index rose by 3% [1]. - The Japanese yen weakened significantly against the US dollar by 1.5%, approaching the critical level of 150, and the yen also hit a historical low against the euro [3]. Group 2: Economic Policy Expectations - Takaichi's economic policy is heavily influenced by "Abenomics," advocating for fiscal expansion and a close alignment between government and the Bank of Japan, with a focus on demand-driven economic growth [9][10]. - She has expressed strong opposition to interest rate hikes by the Bank of Japan, which has led analysts to revise their expectations regarding potential rate increases in October [9]. Group 3: Investment Strategies - Investors are actively engaging in the "Takaichi trade," anticipating that her policies will weaken the yen, boost the stock market, and lead to a significant rise in long-term Japanese government bond yields [8][12]. - The market is preparing for potential fiscal expansion, with expectations that Takaichi will prioritize economic growth over strict fiscal discipline [10]. Group 4: Bond Market Implications - Despite the positive stock market response, the bond market faces pressure due to concerns that increased fiscal spending will necessitate more government bond issuance, raising Japan's debt burden [11]. - Analysts warn that without a "safety net" accompanying the issuance of new Japanese government bonds, there could be selling pressure on bonds, leading to a steeper yield curve [12].

Core Viewpoint - The financial market during the 2025 National Day holiday is unusually calm, resembling a "breath-holding contest" as participants await significant movements in response to the Federal Reserve's interest rate decisions [1][12]. Group 1: Market Reactions - The Federal Reserve's announcement of a 25 basis point interest rate cut has led to a muted response in the currency markets, with the onshore RMB closing around 7.12 and the offshore RMB showing slight fluctuations without major trading activity [3][7]. - Despite expectations of RMB appreciation following the Fed's rate cut, both the USD and RMB are in a state of observation, with market participants hesitant to act and reveal vulnerabilities [5][11]. Group 2: Market Sentiment - Market sentiment is characterized by a high level of caution and mutual distrust among participants, leading to a lack of significant trading activity and a stable exchange rate environment [7][11]. - The current market dynamics reflect a departure from the previously close relationship between the RMB and USD, as the RMB is now influenced by a basket of currencies from developing countries, complicating the expected correlation [9][11]. Group 3: Future Outlook - The consensus among market participants is to maintain stability, with a focus on avoiding drastic fluctuations that could impact export profits and import costs [9][11]. - The future trajectory of the RMB is uncertain, with analysts suggesting that appreciation may only occur when the USD shows significant weakness, indicating a cautious wait-and-see approach [11][12].

Core Viewpoint - The report indicates that China's international balance of payments is expected to remain stable, with a reasonable equilibrium in the current account and a positive outlook for cross-border investment and financing [2]. Group 1: Current Account and Trade Performance - In the first half of 2025, China's current account surplus was $294.1 billion, remaining within a reasonable equilibrium range [4]. - Goods trade showed resilience, with total imports and exports increasing by 2% year-on-year, while service trade grew more actively, with service imports and exports rising by 6% [4]. - Goods exports reached $1.7 trillion, a 7% increase year-on-year, while imports were $1.2 trillion, a 4% decrease [4]. - Travel income surged by 42% to $24.3 billion, marking a historical high for the same period, while travel expenditure increased by 5% to $126.2 billion [4][5]. Group 2: Foreign Debt and Investment - As of June 2025, China's total external debt was $2.4368 trillion, a slight decrease of 0.6% from March 2025 [2]. - China's foreign financial assets and liabilities exceeded $11 trillion and $7.2 trillion, respectively, with net foreign assets growing by 16% compared to the end of 2024 [7]. - Direct investment in China accounted for 51% of total foreign liabilities, while securities investment made up 30%, an increase of 1.8 percentage points from the end of 2024 [7]. Group 3: Future Outlook and Policy Directions - The report anticipates that external conditions will remain complex, with potential pressures from trade protectionism and geopolitical risks [9]. - The foreign exchange management department plans to steadily expand reforms and open up the foreign exchange sector, aiming to support stable development of foreign trade and investment [10]. - Measures will include optimizing foreign exchange fund settlement for new foreign trade entities and enhancing the efficiency of service trade enterprises [10].