编者按：美联储年内首次降息。近日，中国人民大学重阳金融研究院研究员、全球治理观察员敦志刚在每日经济新闻发表文章表示，全球货币政策将迎来 重构，新兴市场获发展契机，但也面临债务风险暴露等问题，国际货币体系也将变革，全球经济增长模式迎来战略机遇期。现将全文发布如下：（全文约 6000字，预计阅读时间15分钟） 北京时间2025年9月18日凌晨，美联储宣布将联邦基金利率目标区间从4.25%至4.50%下调25个基点到4.00%至4.25%。这是美联储2025年以来首次降息，也 是自2024年9月开启降息周期以来的第四次降息，使本轮宽松周期的累计降息幅度达到125个基点。 此次货币政策调整发生在全球经济格局深度重构、国际金融体系加速转型的关键时期。 从历史比较视角观察，本次降息周期与2001年互联网泡沫破裂、2007年全球金融危机以及2019年疫情冲击等历史时期的货币政策应对既存在共性特征，更 在通胀环境、债务结构、地缘政治等维度呈现出前所未有的复杂性。 从现实传导机制分析，此次降息将通过多重渠道重塑全球金融市场的风险定价逻辑、改变国际资本配置格局、重构主要经济体政策协调框架。 从未来发展视角展望，这一政策抉择将加速 ...

Core Viewpoint - The recent U.S. inflation data exceeded expectations, leading to a significant market downturn and altering interest rate expectations for the Federal Reserve [1][4]. Group 1: Inflation Data - The Producer Price Index (PPI) for July increased by 0.9% month-over-month, marking the largest single-month rise since June 2022, while economists had anticipated a 0.2% increase [2]. - Year-over-year, the PPI rose by 3.3%, the highest 12-month increase since February, significantly above the Federal Reserve's 2% inflation target [3]. - Core PPI, excluding food and energy, also rose by 0.9%, surpassing the expected 0.3% increase [2][3]. Group 2: Market Reaction - Following the inflation data release, traders reduced their bets on a rate cut by the Federal Reserve in September, with the probability of a rate cut now at 90%, down from a previous full pricing [4]. - The market's initial expectation of a rate cut was influenced by earlier CPI data, which was in line with expectations, but the PPI data has shifted sentiment [3][4]. - Analysts noted that while PPI was higher than expected, the relatively stable CPI suggests that companies are currently absorbing most of the tariff costs rather than passing them on to consumers [4]. Group 3: Broader Market Impact - Major U.S. stock indices experienced a sharp decline in pre-market trading following the inflation report [5]. - The U.S. dollar index saw an increase, indicating a stronger dollar in response to the inflation data [7]. - Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum faced significant drops, reflecting broader market volatility [8].

Core Viewpoint - The unexpected rise in U.S. inflation data has led to a significant market reaction, with a decrease in expectations for an interest rate cut by the Federal Reserve in September [2][3]. Economic Indicators - The Producer Price Index (PPI) for July increased by 0.9%, the largest monthly gain since June 2022, surpassing the expected increase of 0.2% [2]. - The core PPI, excluding food and energy, also rose by 0.9%, exceeding the forecast of 0.3% [2]. - Year-over-year, the PPI increased by 3.3%, marking the highest 12-month rise since February, significantly above the Federal Reserve's 2% inflation target [2]. Market Reactions - Following the release of the inflation data, traders reduced their bets on a rate cut by the Federal Reserve, with the probability of a September rate cut now at 90%, down from a previous full pricing [5]. - The U.S. stock market indices experienced a sharp decline, and the U.S. dollar index rose [7]. - Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum also saw significant drops in value [9].

Group 1 - The dismissal of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) director, Erica McEntyre, by President Trump due to dissatisfaction with employment data has sparked widespread criticism and raised concerns about the reliability of government statistics [1][3][4] - The July employment report indicated a weak job growth of only 73,000 new jobs, with significant downward revisions to previous months' data, reflecting the impact of Trump's economic policies [3][5] - Economic experts warn that the lack of trust in government data could lead to poor economic decision-making, as accurate data is crucial for policymakers and the public [5][6][7] Group 2 - The high inflation rate, with consumer prices rising by 2.6% and core prices by 2.8% from the second half of last year to the first half of this year, is exacerbated by Trump's tariff policies, which have increased import prices [5][6] - The uncertainty surrounding Trump's trade and immigration policies has led to stagnation in business decisions, including hiring, with only the healthcare sector showing significant job growth [6][7] - The economic divide is widening, with large banks and tech companies reporting substantial profit growth while consumer-facing companies struggle with rising costs, indicating a potential slowdown in economic growth [6][7]

Group 1 - The PCE price index remained flat in March, marking the first "zero growth" in nearly a year, while the core PCE also showed no change, indicating a temporary easing of inflationary pressures [1][2] - Real consumer spending increased by 0.7% month-over-month, surpassing previous values, suggesting that consumers are accelerating purchases ahead of impending tariff increases [1][2] - March saw the strongest growth in real disposable income in over a year, significantly supporting consumer spending, particularly in durable goods like automobiles [3] Group 2 - The first quarter of 2023 recorded the first quarterly contraction in the U.S. economy since 2022, primarily due to a surge in imports and moderate consumer spending growth [2] - Despite the temporary slowdown in inflation, companies like Shein and Procter & Gamble have begun raising prices, while others like American Airlines and General Motors have withdrawn earnings guidance due to policy uncertainties [3] - The upcoming implementation of tariffs is expected to exert upward pressure on prices, potentially dampening consumer behavior and complicating the Federal Reserve's interest rate policy decisions [3]