导读 9月17日美联储已小幅下调政策利率25个基点，结束自2022年开启的连续高利率区间。在通胀率仍高于 目标的背景下，美联储却更加强调就业市场的风险，并已释放出可能降息的信号。这种"就业优先"的取 向引发广泛关注：美联储为何在当前阶段比起通胀更重视就业目标？其可能降息的动机和政策逻辑是什 么？降息将如何影响美国的通胀和就业前景？又会对发展中国家宏观经济产生怎样的溢出效应？本文将 综合海外主流媒体的近期报道和观点系统梳理这一系列问题。 （一）风险权衡的变化 鲍威尔在杰克逊霍尔与9月新闻发布会多次强调，通胀从高位回落，更多呈现供给性与一次性因素的残 余作用[1]；就业端的边际走弱更直接、更具尾部风险[2]。会议纪要显示，部分与会者认为没有必要等 到关税影响完全明晰才行动；同时，多数成员仍承认通胀上行风险尚存。这一分歧指向一个共同结论： 在通胀预期未明显失锚的前提下，以温和降息对冲就业恶化的代价更低[3]。 01 （二）通胀结构的再评估 降息动机与政策逻辑：从约束条件到操作框架 据金融时报报道，商品端价格受关税与库存轮换影响的传导存在时滞，但总体到消费端的影响温和 [4]；服务端通胀边际趋缓，尚未形成工资—价格的 ...

Group 1 - The report indicates that the bond market experienced significant adjustments in September, influenced by strong stock market performance and institutional behaviors, particularly in long-term government bonds and capital bonds [1][2] - The bond market's performance diverged from the funding and economic fundamentals due to several factors, including a notable rise in the stock market, particularly in technology stocks, leading to expectations of economic recovery [1][2] - Institutional funds, such as pension funds, shifted significantly from the bond market to the stock market, exacerbated by regulatory impacts on public funds [1][2] Group 2 - The report highlights that the bond market's balance increased by 15.3 trillion yuan in the first eight months of 2025, with government bonds contributing 10.3 trillion yuan and financial bonds 2.7 trillion yuan [1][4] - Bank self-operated bond investments surged, with an increase of 11.4 trillion yuan, surpassing the total for the previous year, indicating a strong shift towards bond investments amid low credit demand [1][4] - The report notes that the overall bond investment balance of major banks increased by 21.4% year-on-year, while small and medium-sized banks also saw a significant increase of 17.8% [1][4] Group 3 - The report suggests that conditions for further policy interest rate cuts may be emerging, with the central bank indicating a balanced approach to monetary policy aimed at supporting the real economy while managing risks [1][2] - Recent economic data shows a decline in investment, consumption, and export growth rates, suggesting increasing downward pressure on the economy [1][6] - The report anticipates that the bond market's configuration value is prominent, with potential stabilization and a downward trend in bond yields, particularly for 10-year government bonds [1][2]

自美联储上周宣布降息后，多个国家央行跟进降息。 9月23日，瑞典央行宣布将政策利率下调25个基点至1.75%。这是瑞典央行年内第四次降息。自2024年5月开启降息周期后，瑞典央行至今已降息8次，政 策利率从4%下调至1.75%。 根据瑞典央行发布的声明，降息是为了进一步支持经济活动并在中期内将通胀稳定在目标水平，如果通胀和经济活动前景保持不变，预计政策利率将在未 来一段时间内保持在这一水平。瑞典央行的利率路径预示，到2028年底将不再降息。 瑞典8月份通胀仍然维持在高位，但剔除能源价格的核心通胀有所下降，接近6月份货币政策报告的预测。瑞典央行认为，随着企业将商品价格下降，以及 瑞典克朗走强，当前的通胀水平将不会长时间持续。此外，政府宣布的减税措施将在明年暂时减缓通胀，但不会对通胀压力产生实质性影响。 瑞典统计局数据显示，8月消费者物价指数(CPI)同比上涨1.1%，高于7月的0.8%，为连续第六个月上升，达到六个月来最高水平，与9月4日公布的初步预 估一致。但瑞典央行在9月的货币政策报告中，预计全年通胀仅有0.8%，而国内生产总值(GDP)仅增长0.9%，相比6月货币政策报告全年1.2%的增长大幅下 调。 瑞 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Mongolian central bank's monetary policy committee has decided to maintain the policy interest rate at 12% in light of the current economic and financial situation, as well as internal and external risks [1] Economic Indicators - As of August 2025, the national consumer price level stands at 8.8%, while Ulaanbaatar's rate is at 9.8% [1] - Since February, consumer price levels have gradually decreased due to tightened monetary and fiscal policies [1] Price Trends - In August, there was an increase in prices for meat, vegetables, and flour, which has pushed up the food consumer price level [1] - Future months are expected to see continued upward pressure on food prices [1] Inflation Outlook - It is anticipated that inflation will decrease to the target range by 2026 [1]

Core Viewpoint - Minneapolis Fed President Kashkari supports the recent decision to cut interest rates by 25 basis points and believes that similar cuts in the last two meetings of the year would be appropriate [2] Group 1: Interest Rate Decisions - The Fed decided to lower the policy interest rate to a range of 4.00%-4.25% following a significant drop in monthly job growth and a slight increase in the unemployment rate to 4.3% [2][3] - Kashkari initially thought only two rate cuts of 25 basis points were necessary for the year but changed his view due to declining job creation [2] - Other Fed officials have differing opinions, with some suggesting only one more cut or no cuts at all, indicating a more cautious stance on inflation [4] Group 2: Economic Indicators - Kashkari expressed concerns about the risk of a sharp rise in unemployment, which justifies the need for the Fed to take action to support the labor market [2] - He noted that the risk of tariffs causing a significant rise in inflation is low unless there are substantial increases in tariff rates or other supply-side shocks [2] - Kashkari believes the neutral interest rate has risen to 3.1%, suggesting that the Fed's policy is not as tight as previously thought [4] Group 3: Future Outlook - Kashkari indicated that if the labor market weakens more rapidly than expected, the Fed may need to cut rates more quickly [3] - He also mentioned that if the labor market proves resilient or inflation unexpectedly rises, the Fed should be prepared to pause or maintain the current policy rate [3]

Core Viewpoint - The Bank of Canada has lowered its policy interest rate by 25 basis points to 2.5% in response to economic pressures from U.S. tariffs and a weakening labor market, marking the first rate cut since March [1][4][8] Economic Conditions - The Canadian economy contracted by an annualized rate of 1.6% in the second quarter, primarily due to declines in export activity and business investment [6][8] - Employment has decreased by over 106,000 jobs in July and August, mainly in trade-sensitive sectors, with the unemployment rate rising to 7.1% [6][9] - Consumer and housing activities are growing at a healthy pace, but slowing population growth and a weakening labor market may suppress household spending [6][8] Inflation and Monetary Policy - The core inflation rate is currently around 3%, but the Bank of Canada believes broader underlying inflation pressures are closer to 2.5% [6][9] - The decision to cut rates was made with a consensus among committee members, aiming to better balance risks in a weakening economy with reduced inflationary pressures [4][9] - The central bank has removed previous forward guidance suggesting further rate cuts may be necessary, indicating a cautious approach moving forward [4][5] Trade and Tariff Impact - U.S. tariffs have had a profound impact on key industries such as automotive, steel, and aluminum, contributing to economic strain [6][8] - The recent decision by the Canadian government to eliminate most retaliatory tariffs on U.S. imports is expected to alleviate some upward price pressures on related goods [9]

Group 1 - The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) has lowered the cash rate by 25 basis points to 3.6%, marking the third rate cut this year, totaling a reduction of 75 basis points [1][2] - Inflation in Australia has significantly decreased since its peak in 2022, with June inflation at 2.1% and an expected annual inflation of 2.7%, approaching the target range of 2%-3% [2][5] - The RBA emphasizes the importance of maintaining price stability and full employment, considering further monetary easing appropriate as inflation continues to decline [5] Group 2 - The Australian dollar fell to 0.6505 against the US dollar following the RBA's decision, and the yield on three-year Australian government bonds dropped to 3.41% [6] - Global central banks are taking divergent paths in their monetary policies, with the Bank of England cutting rates to 4% while the European Central Bank has opted to keep rates unchanged [7][8] - The Canadian central bank maintained its policy rate at 2.75%, citing uncertainties from US tariff policies, while the Federal Reserve is also under pressure to consider rate cuts [8][9]

Monetary Policy Overview - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) has maintained a supportive monetary policy stance in 2023, implementing various measures to support economic recovery and financial market stability [1][2] - Experts anticipate that monetary policy will continue to be moderately accommodative in the second half of the year, with a focus on boosting domestic demand and supporting foreign trade [1][2] Quantity-Based Tools - In May, the PBOC lowered the reserve requirement ratio by 0.5 percentage points, injecting approximately 1 trillion yuan of long-term liquidity into the market [1] - From March to June, the PBOC conducted four consecutive months of excess renewals of Medium-term Lending Facility (MLF) and utilized reverse repos to manage liquidity effectively [1] - Data from the PBOC indicates that in May, the growth rates of social financing, broad money (M2), and RMB loans were significantly higher than the nominal GDP growth rate, indicating robust support for the real economy [1] Price-Based Tools - The PBOC reduced the policy interest rate by 0.1 percentage points in May, leading to a corresponding decrease in the Loan Prime Rate (LPR) [3] - The average interest rate for newly issued corporate loans was approximately 3.2% in May, down about 50 basis points year-on-year, while the average rate for personal housing loans was around 3.1%, down about 55 basis points year-on-year [3] - Experts believe that further reductions in policy interest rates may occur to stimulate domestic demand and promote high-quality economic development [3][4] Structural Tools - The PBOC has increased the quotas for re-lending to support agriculture and small enterprises by 300 billion yuan each, and established a 500 billion yuan re-lending facility for service consumption and elderly care [6] - The central bank is expected to continue enhancing structural monetary policy tools to support key sectors such as technology innovation, consumption, and inclusive finance [6] - Analysts suggest that the focus will remain on diversifying the types of structural tools available, with potential new tools being introduced to align with fiscal and industrial policies [6][7]

Core Viewpoint - The Swiss National Bank (SNB) primarily utilizes policy interest rates as the main tool for implementing its monetary policy [1] Summary by Relevant Categories - **Monetary Policy Tools** - The main instrument for executing the monetary policy of the Swiss National Bank is the policy interest rate [1]

Group 1 - The central political bureau meeting on April 25 emphasized the importance of stabilizing employment, enterprises, markets, and expectations, with "stabilizing markets" and "stabilizing expectations" being key focuses [1] - On May 7, a press conference announced a comprehensive financial policy package aimed at supporting market stability and expectations, including a reduction in policy interest rates and structural monetary policy tool rates [3][4] - The People's Bank of China implemented a reserve requirement ratio (RRR) cut of 0.5 percentage points for financial institutions, effective May 15, to further support economic stability [3][4] Group 2 - The recent interest rate and RRR cuts reflect a moderately accommodative monetary policy stance, aimed at stimulating financing demand from businesses and households, thereby boosting investment and consumption [4] - A joint initiative by multiple departments aims to provide comprehensive financial services for technological innovation, indicating a shift towards supporting tech financing through both credit and equity investments [6][7] Group 3 - The National Financial Supervision Administration announced measures to support small and micro enterprises, focusing on increasing financing supply, reducing costs, and improving efficiency [10] - Since the launch of the financing coordination mechanism, over 67 million businesses have been visited, resulting in loans totaling 12.6 trillion yuan [10] Group 4 - The central government is accelerating the construction of a unified national market to enhance domestic circulation and promote high-quality economic development [14] - A special action to standardize administrative law enforcement related to enterprises has been initiated, addressing prominent issues raised by businesses and ensuring their legal rights [16] Group 5 - Recent reforms have streamlined market access by reducing the number of items on the market access negative list to 106, facilitating easier entry for private enterprises [18][21] - The implementation of the Private Economy Promotion Law aims to create a fairer and more predictable environment for business development [21]