此次参评的科研仪器年平均有效工作机时为1599小时，纳入国家网络管理平台统一管理的仪器入网比例 为100%，年平均对外服务机时273小时。参评的71个重大科研基础设施运行和开放共享情况较好，在支 撑国家重大科研任务、推动产业技术创新、服务国家重大战略需求和国民经济持续发展等方面取得了显 著成效。 据悉，依据《国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享评价考核实施细则》有关规定，对考核结 果优秀和良好的单位予以表扬，并给予后补助经费奖励；对考核结果较差的单位进行通报批评，要求限 期一年整改，一年后整改不到位的，将核减相应仪器设备购置经费。 这份由科技部办公厅、财政部办公厅联合发布的《通知》显示，共有26个部门344家单位参加评价考 核，涉及原值50万元以上科研仪器共计5.3万台（套），重大科研基础设施71个。 科技日报北京10月10日电 （记者刘垠）10日，科技部官网发布《2025年中央级高校和科研院所等单位 重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享评价考核结果的通知》（以下简称《通知》）。考核结果显 示，与2024年相比，参评单位对开放共享更加重视，管理和共享应用水平进一步提升。 《通知》提到，中国科学院生物物 ...

科技日报讯 （记者张梦然）考古学家在沙特阿拉伯发现了罕见的可追溯至1.28万至1.14万年前岩 画，内容描绘出了人类如何适应当时当地干旱的环境，并在其中生活。这项研究发表于新一期《自然· 通讯》杂志。 德国马克斯·普朗克地球人类学研究所报告了在沙特阿拉伯北部内夫得沙漠的考古勘探和挖掘结 果，填补了该地区约1.2万年前的考古记录空白。他们对这些沉积物的分析显示，在约1.6万至1.3万年 前，此处是一个干旱环境，其水资源以季节性湖泊的形式不断增加。这种水资源增加可能曾支持了当时 人类生存，而该地区发现的大型岩画和石制工具也证明了这一点。 岩画包含130幅真实尺寸的雕刻，描绘了骆驼、野山羊、马、瞪羚和欧洲野牛，有些尺寸有2米多 高，另有对骆驼和人类的小型描绘。此外，还发掘出532个石制工具，其形状可能指向与中东同时期的 文化关联。研究团队认为，可能是同一批人创作了岩画和石制工具，但对证据的阐释持谨慎态度。 人类从2.5万—2万年前至1万年前，生活在阿拉伯北部，但相关的考古学证据却非常有限。当时该 地区极为干旱，已知在这一时期，中东的人群成功在各种环境下开始了耕种和畜牧行为。在阿拉伯北 部，记载显示与绿洲相关的人类活 ...

Core Insights - The "China Electrification Annual Development Report 2025" indicates that China's electrification rate is projected to reach 28.8% in 2024, surpassing major developed economies in Europe and the US, with an increase of 0.9 percentage points from the previous year [1] Regional Analysis - The electrification rates for various regions in China are as follows: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei at approximately 21.4%, Yangtze River Delta at 34.1%, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area at 41.7%, and Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle at 29.5%. A total of 14 provinces and municipalities have electrification rates exceeding the national average [2] Industrial Sector Insights - The industrial sector's electrification rate is steadily increasing, expected to reach about 27.7% in 2024, up by 0.6 percentage points from the previous year. The four major high-energy-consuming industries have an electrification rate of approximately 18.4%, increasing by 0.1 percentage points. High-tech and equipment manufacturing industries have an electrification rate of about 64.7%, also up by 0.1 percentage points. Consumer goods manufacturing has an electrification rate of approximately 46.0%, increasing by 0.8 percentage points [2] Construction and Services Sector - The construction sector's electrification rate is projected to grow rapidly, reaching about 55.3% in 2024, an increase of 1.8 percentage points. The wholesale and retail, as well as accommodation and catering sectors, have an electrification rate of 61.8%, up by 1.1 percentage points [2] Transportation and Rural Electrification - The transportation sector's electrification rate is expected to reach about 6.5% in 2024, increasing by 0.7 percentage points. In rural areas, the electrification rate for agriculture and rural residents is projected to be 43.6%, up by 1.9 percentage points [2] Future Projections - The report anticipates that during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the national electrification rate will maintain a steady growth trend with an average annual increase of about 1 percentage point, reaching approximately 35% by 2030. Low-carbon electrification development is expected to contribute over 80% to the growth of the national electrification rate [3]

Group 1: Event Overview - The 19th Yulin International Coal and High-end Energy Chemical Industry Expo and the 3rd Western Hydrogen Energy Expo showcased advancements in the coal and energy sectors, highlighting Yulin's energy transformation and global business connections [1] - Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles were introduced, capable of traveling 400 kilometers on a single hydrogen fill, with a total of 15,000 kilometers safely operated, resulting in a carbon reduction of nearly 10 tons [1] Group 2: Technological Advancements - The coal industry is undergoing a shift from mechanization to automation, with intelligent robots capable of distinguishing coal from gangue, performing up to 6,000 grabs per hour [2] - The Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry's Caijiatang Mine has implemented a smart mining system, reducing underground inspection personnel from 15 to 5 and significantly enhancing safety and efficiency [2][4] Group 3: Policy Support - The establishment of the Yulin Energy Revolution Innovation Demonstration Zone by the National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration provides strong support for intelligent construction in the coal industry [3] - Yulin has built 31 intelligent mines and 85 intelligent coal mining faces, with 78.7% of production capacity being intelligent and 99% of coal mines achieving comprehensive mechanization [4] Group 4: Green Transition - The expo highlighted green low-carbon technologies, particularly CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage), which has been implemented in Yulin with a large-scale demonstration project capturing and storing CO2 from power plant emissions [5][6] - Yulin is actively exploring pathways for carbon reduction and has a clear top-level design and policy support for its green transition, including the development of coal-based special fuels and biodegradable materials [6][7] Group 5: Hydrogen Energy Development - The hydrogen energy industry is a key component of Yulin's green transition, with a complete hydrogen energy industrial chain being showcased at the expo [7][8] - Yulin plans to invest 300 million yuan annually to support hydrogen energy development, aiming to establish itself as the "Hydrogen Energy Capital of the West" by 2030, with plans for 10,000 hydrogen heavy trucks and 5,000 public transport vehicles [8]

为应对这一挑战，研究团队提出了一种结合物理模型与机器学习技术的新路径。该方法基于"自动微 分"技术——一种常用于深度学习中计算导数的算法，用于追踪输入变量微小变化对输出的影响。他们 利用这一机制，在分子动力学模拟框架下直接优化氨基酸序列，使其具备预定的物理或功能特性。与依 赖大量数据训练的典型人工智能模型不同，该方法依托已有且足够精确的物理模拟体系，通过梯度优化 高效搜索满足特定功能需求的蛋白质序列，如形成柔性连接结构或响应环境变化的能力。 团队强调，目标并非用数据驱动模型替代物理理解，而是将真实的分子行为规律嵌入设计过程，使生成 的蛋白质序列不仅具备功能性，而且其设计过程本身就根植于自然界真实的动力学原理。由此设计出的 蛋白质是"可微分的"，意味着每一步优化都建立在对系统物理状态连续、精确调控的基础上，而非依赖 黑箱式的预测。 （文章来源：科技日报） 美国哈佛大学与西北大学研究团队合作，开发出一种新型机器学习方法，能够从无序蛋白质中排序，设 计出具有特定性质的内在无序蛋白质（IDPs），从而突破了当前人工智能（AI）工具在解析约30%人类 蛋白质结构上的局限。该成果发表于最新一期《自然·计算科学》。 这类蛋 ...

据10日发表在《细胞·报告医学》期刊上的一项最新研究，美国马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校团队开发出 一种预防动物癌症的纳米疫苗，在预防小鼠黑色素瘤、胰腺癌和三阴性乳腺癌方面表现出显著效果。接 种该疫苗的小鼠中，高达88%保持无肿瘤状态（具体比例因癌症类型而异），同时疫苗有效抑制了癌细 胞扩散，甚至在某些情况下完全阻止了转移的发生。这一平台技术具有广泛适用性，可用于多种癌症类 型的预防和治疗，未来有望用于癌症高风险人群。 团队成员表示，这种疫苗诱导出强烈的肿瘤特异性T细胞反应，而这正是提高生存率的关键。当先天免 疫细胞接触到该疫苗制剂时，会引发强烈的免疫激活，进而有效地呈递抗原并启动能够杀伤肿瘤的T细 胞。 （文章来源：科技日报） 此前团队研究已证明，这种基于纳米颗粒的设计药物可缩小并清除小鼠体内的肿瘤。此次研究则进一步 证实，该技术同样具备预防性潜力。实验中，团队将纳米疫苗与一种特征明确的黑色素瘤抗原配对，以 此激活T细胞，使其能够识别并攻击癌细胞。3周后，小鼠被暴露于黑色素瘤细胞环境中。结果显示， 80%接种了这种"超级佐剂"疫苗的小鼠在整个研究期间（长达250天）未出现肿瘤，且全部存活；相比 之下，使用传统疫苗 ...

为验证其实用性，团队利用MetaGraph扫描了24万多个人类肠道微生物组样本，搜寻抗生素耐药性的遗 传标记。仅用一台高性能计算机，约一小时便得出结果，展现出强大的分析效率。 法国巴斯德研究所生物计算专家拉扬·希基评价称，这是一项"重大突破"，为分析DNA、RNA及蛋白质 序列等原始生物学数据设立了新标准。 （文章来源：科技日报） MetaGraph的核心突破在于采用数学中的"图结构"，将相互重叠的DNA片段智能联结。其原理类似于图 书索引中将含有相同关键词的句子关联起来，形成知识网络。研究团队整合了7个公共资助数据库，构 建出一个跨越病毒、细菌、真菌、植物、动物乃至人类的生命全谱系索引。该索引共涵盖1880万个独特 的DNA与RNA序列集，以及2100亿个氨基酸序列集。 基于这一庞大索引，团队开发出了可直接通过文本提示检索原始数据档案的搜索引擎。团队表示，这是 一种与生物学数据交互的全新方式——数据被高度压缩，却可随时调取。MetaGraph使研究人员能直接 对"序列读取档案"（SRA）等存储库提出生物学问题，该数据库本身包含超过1亿个DNA字母。 瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院科学家在最新一期《自然》杂志上发表论 ...

欧盟委员会农业与农村发展总司司长亨利·德朗赫介绍，中欧早在2013年已开启农业科技合作，如今双 方合作正迈向可持续农业发展领域，在推动粮食安全、提升双方农业产量、增强农民能力等方面发挥重 要的作用。他相信本项目合作不仅能催生新产业、创造新知识，还能吸引更多国家科技人员参与，并深 化中国—欧盟双方合作。 为保障项目顺利实施，中欧双方项目负责人签署项目深化合作协议，以进一步落实协同创新网络建设； 举行咨询专家聘任仪式，组建由农业、环境、经济、政策等领域13人组成的多学科专家组，为项目提供 全周期、全方位指导；启动会后，特邀报告、双边研讨会、青年专题研讨会等交流环节集中展示了双方 在农业领域最新合作进展。 截至目前，中国已与大多数欧洲国家签署科技合作协议，并建立科技合作联委会机制，围绕农业可持续 发展、数字经济、人工智能等热点领域，支持双方创新主体开展形式多样的合作。截至今年9月，中国 已与欧盟及欧洲国家签署46个政府间科技合作协定，并与欧盟及29个欧洲国家建立了联合资助机制，促 进中欧科研人员交流，取得许多重要成果。 （文章来源：科技日报） 10日，"农民和农村新的可持续商业和生产模式"项目在福建厦门启动。作为中 ...

随着芯片尺寸不断缩小、能耗要求持续降低，如何在纳米尺度上精确控制光的传播，已成为发展下一代 信息技术的核心瓶颈。"作为一种由光与材料耦合形成的特殊电磁波，极化激元能将光能量高度压缩在 纳米尺度，是实现超小型光子器件的关键利器。"论文共同通讯作者、上海交通大学教授戴庆告诉记 者。 在各种极化激元形态中，高阶双曲声子极化激元约束光场的能力比普通极化激元更强，尤其适合制造更 紧凑的纳米器件。但它的"激发门槛"极高，传统方法难以实现高阶极化激元的有效激发和操控。 我国科学家在纳米尺度光操控领域取得重要进展。记者10日获悉，来自上海交通大学、国家纳米科学中 心等单位的科研人员，成功实现芯片上纳米光信号的高效激发与路径分离，为开发更小、更快、能耗更 低的下一代光子芯片奠定了坚实基础。相关研究成果发表于《自然·光子学》杂志。 为解决这一难题，科研人员提出了"两步走"激发策略：第一步，用特制金属天线将普通激光转换成一种 基础模式的纳米光波；第二步，让这种光波经过一个极其平整的黄金边界，通过散射巧妙地将其"转 换"成所需的高阶光波。 "利用这种方法，我们不仅在室温下实现了高阶光波的长距离、低损耗传输，还通过精巧的结构设计， 像 ...

Core Insights - The rapid advancement of AI large models in China has led to significant transformations across various industries, with the country contributing over 40% of the global total of 3,755 large models [1][2] - China's AI large models are now at the forefront of global development, with parameters reaching hundreds of billions and some models achieving international leadership in performance [2][3] - The application of large models is expanding rapidly, with over 3.1 billion registered personal users and 159 million API calls, indicating a robust growth in AI application usage [4][5] Technological Innovation - The development of AI large models has been propelled by breakthroughs in computing power, algorithms, and data, establishing them as a key driver of AI advancement [2] - China's AI large model DeepSeek-R1 has gained international recognition, showcasing the country's innovative capabilities in the AI field [2] - Domestic AI computing chips are emerging rapidly, enhancing the performance and ecosystem necessary for large model development [2][3] Data Supply and Open Source Development - The supply of high-quality Chinese training data is improving, with over 60% of models utilizing Chinese data, and some reaching 80% [3] - Daily token consumption in China has surged from 100 billion to over 30 trillion, reflecting the rapid growth of AI applications [3] - The open-source approach adopted by many domestic large models is fostering a shared ecosystem and contributing to global open-source development [3] Application Scenarios - Large models are being integrated into various sectors, including education, finance, and healthcare, demonstrating their versatility and effectiveness [4][5] - In education, AI virtual teachers powered by large models are providing personalized feedback to students, enhancing learning experiences [4] - The steel industry is leveraging large models for intelligent scheduling, significantly improving operational efficiency [5] Economic and Social Impact - The integration of large models into economic and social development is transforming production and lifestyle, creating new business models and opportunities [5] - As China's innovation capabilities in AI continue to grow, the penetration of large models into everyday life is expected to increase, driving intelligent development across the economy [5]