工银亚洲研究《2025从关税的"预期链条"怎么看美国经济景气线索？》报告，聚焦美国"对等关税"政策对经济的影响，通过分析通胀、产业链、经济数据及 政策前景，梳理美国经济景气线索与未来趋势。 报告指出，2025年8月前，美国关税政策处于谈判延期阶段，效应主要集中于产业链上游，对PPI抬升明显（PPI同比从1月3.8%波动至7月3.1%），但对 CPI"直接穿透"有限（CPI同比从1月3.0%缓升至7月2.7%）。此阶段关税影响通过"预期链条"传导，表现为企业库存动机增强，中上游制造商、批发商库存 增速加快，下游零售商库存增速放缓；同时，"进口量增多""耐用品产量增加""零售让利"吸收预期效应，进口量1-3月较2024年均值增17.6%，耐用品前7月 出货量增速提至3.1%，沃尔玛等零售商让利致经营利润下降，暂时掩盖关税对终端价格的冲击。 8月后关税落地，通胀传导显化。8月PPI同比降至2.6%，CPI同比升至2.9%，核心商品对CPI拉动率达0.4%，家具、运输产品价格领涨。预计9月后通胀进一 步"显化"，四季度影响明显，因库存缓冲耗尽，企业逐步转嫁成本，且关税政策向产业领域延伸（如汽车、半导体），或令通胀影响 ...

9月26日公布的数据显示，美国8月核心PCE物价指数年率与前值持平，为2.9%，8月核心PCE物价指数 月率也与前值持平，为0.2%。同时公布的美国8月PCE物价指数年率从前值2.6%小幅升至2.7%，8月PCE 物价指数月率也从前值0.2%小幅升至0.3%。 上述美国最新的8月PCE和核心PCE物价数据并未出现市场担心的大幅反弹，这反映出美国经济的通货 膨胀反弹的风险并非如市场预期那样严重。更加准确地说，正如笔者在先前文章中所阐述的，美国经济 所面临的主要问题不是通货膨胀，而是经济下行的风险。 显然，美联储基于上述经济数据将会在对货币政策做出决策时更加注重就业市场的情况，而非通货膨 胀。由此，美联储未来将会进一步降息，只是降息的幅度和速度将会非常谨慎。 目前美国经济似乎仍然具有很强的韧性，然而在制造业和就业市场方面却都显示了疲态。市场中总是有 一些有识之士对美国的经济前景怀有疑虑，但是谁都不知道那根压垮骆驼的最后一根稻草究竟是什么。 巴菲特先生说："只有在潮水退去之后，我们才能够知道谁在裸泳"。 JerryZang 免责声明：本文内容及观点仅供参考，不构成任何投资建议。投资者据此操作，风险自担。一切有关市 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Bank of Mexico has lowered the benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points to 7.50%, marking the eleventh rate cut since the start of the easing cycle in early 2024, aimed at addressing a weak economic environment [1][7]. Economic Outlook - A survey of 24 economists indicated expectations for the Bank of Mexico to reduce the key rate to 7.50% during the September 25 meeting, with projections suggesting a further decline to 7.00% by the end of 2024 and additional cuts in 2025 [3]. - The Bank of Mexico anticipates a slowdown in global economic activity in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the previous quarter, influenced by ongoing trade tensions and a deceleration in both global and U.S. economies [3][4]. Inflation Trends - The overall inflation rate in Mexico rose from 3.51% to 3.74% between July and mid-September, while core inflation slightly increased from 4.23% to 4.26% [4]. - The Bank of Mexico has adjusted its overall inflation forecast, expecting it to reach the target level of 3% by the third quarter of 2026, despite a slight upward revision in core inflation predictions [4][7]. Monetary Policy Considerations - The decision to lower the benchmark rate was influenced by the assessment of current inflation conditions, exchange rate trends, and the impact of global trade policy changes [7]. - The Bank of Mexico's board will continue to evaluate the possibility of further rate cuts, ensuring alignment with the goal of achieving a sustainable convergence of overall inflation to the target [7].

Core Viewpoint - The Bank of Mexico has lowered its benchmark interest rate by 25 basis points to 7.50%, marking the eleventh rate cut since the beginning of the easing cycle initiated in early 2024 to address a weak economic environment [2][9]. Summary by Sections Interest Rate Decision - On September 25, the Bank of Mexico's board decided to reduce the overnight interbank rate target by 25 basis points to 7.50% [9]. - A Reuters survey indicated that all 24 economists polled expected this rate cut [5]. Economic Outlook - The median forecast suggests that the benchmark rate may drop to 7.00% by the end of this year, with further reductions anticipated in early 2026 [6]. - The Bank of Mexico expects global economic activity to expand at a slower pace in the third quarter of 2025 compared to the previous quarter, influenced by ongoing trade tensions [6]. Inflation Trends - From July to mid-September, the overall inflation rate increased from 3.51% to 3.74%, while core inflation slightly rose from 4.23% to 4.26% [7]. - The Bank of Mexico anticipates that overall inflation will reach the target level by the third quarter of 2026, despite upward risks to inflation forecasts [7]. Monetary Policy Considerations - The board believes that continuing to lower the benchmark rate is appropriate given the current inflation situation, economic activity weakness, and potential impacts from global trade policy changes [9]. - Future rate cuts will be evaluated based on all inflation-related factors, ensuring alignment with the goal of achieving a 3% inflation target [9].

9月17日，当美联储降息的钟声敲响，市场看到的不仅是利率数字的变动，更是一道正在裂开的制度体 系。美联储用25个基点的谨慎调整维持着专业理性的表象，但美联储新任理事米兰的仓促入局与美国总 统特朗普的持续施压，已将这次货币政策的调整变成了对央行独立性的压力测试。在数据的合法性与政 治的渗透力之间，美联储正经历着一场前所未有的信任危机。 经济理性的支撑 不能否认，美联储此举有其坚实的经济逻辑。最新经济数据显示，美国经济增速正呈现温和放缓态势。 摩根士丹利首席经济学家塞思•卡彭特预测，受关税政策滞后效应影响，今年第四季度至明年一季度， 美国经济增长将进一步疲软。2026年，美国经济增速可能跌至1.25%，远低于2024年的2.8%。就业市场 的冷却尤为刺眼。8月，非农新增就业仅2.2万人，失业率升至4.3%，其中少数族裔失业率上升已引发决 策层的警觉。这些信号无不预示着美国经济下行风险在加大。 更深层的危机在于，政治干预已趋于常态化。随着2026年美国中期大选的临近，特朗普对宽松货币政策 的要求只会变本加厉。鲍威尔已暗示可能不再连任，美联储未来一年将进入权力更替期。这意味着，美 联储的独立性将在最敏感的时间窗口遭遇 ...

Group 1 - The Bank of England has decided to maintain the current interest rate level, reflecting its policy dilemma between a weak labor market and persistent inflation pressures [1] - Early initiation of a rate-cutting cycle could further elevate inflation expectations, while maintaining high rates for an extended period may suppress consumption and investment, increasing economic downturn risks [1] - For ordinary investors, this policy stance suggests that interest rates on savings products may remain stable in the short term, but mortgage rates will stay high, making repayment pressures difficult to alleviate [1] Group 2 - The GBP/USD exchange rate shifted from an upward trend to a downward trend, with the "Evening Star" pattern prompting a drop below 1.3500, increasing the likelihood of testing the convergence of the 100-day and 50-day moving averages around 1.3477/63 [2] - A daily closing price below this convergence would clear the path for testing the low of 1.3332 from September 3, while a closing price above 1.3600 could reinforce the rationale for challenging the annual peak of 1.3788 [2]

Group 1 - The Federal Reserve announced a 25 basis point reduction in the federal funds rate target range from 4.25%-4.50% to 4.0%-4.25% [1] - The Fed's statement highlighted a slowdown in economic activity growth and a slight increase in the unemployment rate, although it remains at historically low levels [1] - The Fed aims to achieve full employment and maintain a long-term inflation rate of 2%, while acknowledging high uncertainty in the current economic outlook [2] Group 2 - The decision to lower interest rates was influenced by increased downside risks in the labor market, which were a significant consideration for the policy adjustment [1] - The Fed will continue to monitor a wide range of economic indicators, including labor market conditions and inflation pressures, to guide future monetary policy adjustments [2] - The recent rate cut was viewed by the market as a preemptive measure against weakening economic momentum, despite inflation remaining above target [2]

美联储的货币政策目标是实现充分就业和长期通胀率稳定在2%。声明指出，当前经济前景的不确定性 依然较高，委员会对实现其"双重使命"（dual mandate）目标所面临的风险保持高度关注。其中，就业 市场的下行风险被认为有所增加，成为此次政策调整的重要考量因素。 市场普遍将此次降息视为美联储对经济动能减弱的预防性举措。分析人士指出，尽管通胀仍高于目标， 但就业市场趋弱的迹象促使政策制定者优先防范增长风险。未来利率路径将高度依赖后续数据，特别是 非农就业报告和核心PCE通胀指标的走向。 为支持其经济目标并应对风险平衡的变化，美联储决定启动降息。声明强调，在考虑未来联邦基金利率 路径时，委员会将密切评估最新经济数据、前景演变及风险结构。同时，美联储将继续推进资产负债表 的缩减，即持续减少其持有的国债、机构债务及机构抵押贷款支持证券（MBS）。 （文章来源：新华财经） 新华财经北京9月18日电（崔凯）美国联邦储备委员会（Fed）于当地时间9月17日宣布，将联邦基金利 率目标区间下调25个基点，由4.25%-4.50%调整至4.0%-4.25%。 美联储重申，其致力于实现并维持2%的长期通胀目标，并支持劳动力市场的充分 ...

Core Insights - Japan's manufacturing sector experienced a significant decline in recurring profits, down 11.5% year-on-year in Q2, influenced by U.S. tariff policies and other factors [1] - Overall sales in Japan's non-financial sectors saw a slight increase of 0.8% year-on-year, while recurring profits in non-manufacturing rose by 6.6% [1] - The transportation machinery sector, heavily reliant on the automotive industry, faced the most severe profit drop of 29.7% [1] Manufacturing Sector Analysis - In Q2, manufacturing sales increased by 1.3% year-on-year, but recurring profits fell by 11.5%, marking a consecutive decline over two quarters [1] - Out of 11 manufacturing industries, 7 reported a decrease in recurring profits, with declines exceeding 10% in sectors such as petroleum, steel, metal products, transportation machinery, chemical industry, commercial machinery, and general machinery [1] Investment Trends - Total equipment investment across all industries, including software investments, grew by 7.6% year-on-year [1] - A representative from the Ministry of Finance indicated that while the economy is showing signs of slow recovery, U.S. trade policies pose a downside risk, necessitating close monitoring of corporate trends [1]

Group 1 - Indonesia is the largest economy in ASEAN, with a GDP growth rate averaging 6.8% from 1968 to 1996. By 2024, Indonesia's GDP is projected to reach approximately $1.4 trillion, ranking 16th globally, with a per capita GDP nearing $5,000 [1] - Indonesia's manufacturing sector is primarily driven by domestic demand rather than reliance on foreign trade and investment. The manufacturing industry has a high share of food and beverage, exceeding 36%, and Indonesia is a leading producer and exporter of agricultural and mineral resources [1] - Despite its strengths, Indonesia's manufacturing sector is experiencing early signs of decline [1] Group 2 - The Indonesian government has implemented a series of policies to boost the manufacturing sector. There is a complementary relationship between China and Indonesia in terms of technology and resources, which may deepen cooperation amid global supply chain restructuring [2] - China is both the largest importer and exporter to Indonesia, and Indonesia is the second-largest investment destination for Chinese enterprises in ASEAN, particularly in manufacturing [2] - Chinese investments in Indonesia have formed four major manufacturing clusters [2]