全球金融市场将迎来"央行超级周"，美联储、加拿大央行等多家主要央行将公布利率决议。市场普遍预计美联储将首次降息25个基点，以应对疲软的劳 动力市场，同时回应白宫的降息呼吁。其他央行，如英国和日本，则可能维持利率不变。 全球金融市场即将迎来一个"央行超级周"， 一场密集的利率决策风暴将在约36小时内席卷全球。 从美联储到日本央行，多家主要央行将相继公布利率 决议，其政策走向将为全球经济的最后季度定下基调，并直接影响着全球半数交易最活跃的货币。 据彭博经济研究分析： "我们预计FOMC将降息25个基点。这并非因为经济数据支持， 而是因为市场已有预期，白宫也希望如此——我们认为鲍威尔正在做他认为必要的事情，以抵御 对美联储独立性的进一步威胁。" 在美联储做出决定前， 周二公布的美国零售销售数据将是最后的重要参考。 经济学家预测8月零售额增长0.3%。在劳动力市场不稳和物价上涨的背景 下，消费者的持续消费能力存有疑问。此外，周四的失业救济申请数据将揭示上周的就业数据跳升是暂时现象还是市场持续恶化的前兆。 全球联动：多国央行步调不一 备受瞩目的焦点是美联储，市场普遍预期其将宣布自特朗普第二任期以来的首次降息。长期以来， ...

Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the given content Core View - Similar to the Bank of Japan, the Fed's bond - buying policy was initially a tool for liquidity adjustment. In 2008, the sub - prime mortgage crisis led to systemic financial risks and exhausted traditional interest - rate cut space, prompting the Fed to turn to QE. In 2020, the COVID - 19 outbreak restarted QE. In the short term, the impact of the QE policy on Treasury yields evolves more through investors' expectations, while in the long term, the US QE significantly affects long - term Treasury yields. Large - scale bond purchases provide liquidity to the financial market and drive down interest rates to some extent [1][66]. Summary by Different Stages First Stage (Before 2008): Traditional Monetary Policy Tool for Providing Liquidity - **Macro Background and Policy Objectives**: To meet the continuous expansionary demand for base money, the Fed used open - market operations (permanent and temporary) to control the money supply and influence interest rates. Asset purchases mainly supported currency issuance, while repurchase transactions smoothed liquidity disturbances [14][15]. - **Bond - buying Method**: One - way purchases in the primary and secondary markets. The Fed usually conducted weekly bond - buying operations in the secondary market through the SOMA. From 2004 - 2006, it carried out 40, 24, and 39 cash - bond transactions respectively, with average single - time increases of $1.28 billion, $1.04 billion, and $0.92 billion [20]. - **Impact on the Bond Market**: The Fed's bond - buying had a relatively limited impact on the bond market as its core goal was to limit the impact on normal market functions and the purchase scale was generally small. US Treasury yields were mainly determined by market expectations of future economic growth, inflation, and policy rates [38]. Second Stage (2008 - 2014): Quantitative Easing after the Sub - prime Mortgage Crisis - **Macro Background and Policy Objectives**: The 2008 sub - prime mortgage crisis led to a liquidity crisis. The Fed implemented QE to stabilize the financial and real - estate markets, lower long - term interest rates, and stimulate the economy by purchasing assets and expanding its balance sheet [39][40]. - **Bond - buying Method**: Continuous purchases in the secondary market. The QE process included three rounds and a twist operation. QE1 (2008.11 - 2010.3) had a total scale of $1.725 trillion; QE2 (2010.11 - 2011.6) involved buying $600 billion of long - term Treasuries; the twist operation (2011.9 - 2012.12) sold short - term Treasuries and bought an equal amount of long - term Treasuries; QE3 (2012.9 - 2014.10) was an open - ended plan. The Fed started tapering in 2013 [41][44]. - **Impact on the Bond Market**: The actual bond - buying operations had inconsistent effects on bond yields. After the QE policy was introduced, the bond market traded more based on investors' expectations. In the long run, the QE policy significantly reduced US bond yields. From October 2008 to October 2014, the yields of 1 - year and 10 - year Treasuries dropped by 124BP and 166BP respectively [47][48]. Third Stage (2015 - 2018): Difficult Exploration of Normalization - **Macro Background and Policy Objectives**: With the US economy's moderate recovery, the Fed aimed to exit the ultra - loose policy through passive balance - sheet reduction to avoid asset price bubbles and financial risks [49][50]. - **Bond - buying Method**: No reinvestment after bond maturity. The Fed raised interest rates 9 times from the end of 2015 to the end of 2018 and started QT in October 2017, gradually reducing its bond holdings [51][52]. - **Impact on the Bond Market**: After the QT policy was implemented, US Treasury yields continued to rise. It is believed that balance - sheet reduction increased Treasury yields as it meant less demand for US Treasuries and occurred during the late stage of the interest - rate hike cycle [55]. Fourth Stage (2019 - 2022): Unprecedented Response to the Pandemic - **Macro Background and Policy Objectives**: The COVID - 19 outbreak in 2020 led to an economic slowdown and market panic. The Fed launched an "unlimited QE" to start the crisis - response mode [56][57]. - **Bond - buying Method**: Unlimited QE - Taper - Balance - sheet reduction. The Fed cut interest rates to zero in March 2020, launched a $700 billion QE plan, and then an "unlimited QE". It started tapering in November 2021 and planned to end QE in mid - 2022. Balance - sheet reduction started in May 2022 [58][60][61]. - **Impact on the Bond Market**: After the "unlimited QE" was announced, US bond yields declined. However, due to factors such as investors' expectations and economic fluctuations, the ultimate impact of the Fed's bond - buying was limited. In 2022, the Fed's bond - buying failed to lower bond yields [63][65].

值得注意的是，尽管标普500指数成分股公司第二季度营收同比增长4.8%，但经汇率调整后，销售增长速度有所放缓。尤其是中小型公司的实际营收出 现负增长。 从现在到年底，流动性风险的管理将成为美联储和投资者的重要关注点。7月的FOMC会议纪要提到，TGA（财政账户）重建可能会影响货币市场的波 动和资金状况。尤其是随着TGA重建和SLR（杠杆率规定）规则变化的交替，以及量化紧缩（QT）结束，这些都值得关注。 高盛认为，QT可能会在 10月结束，因为资金压力加剧。 欧洲市场：意大利和法国风险溢价缩小 高盛顶级交易员Mark Wilson指出，2025年夏季中国股市成为最意外亮点。中国股市表现超出预期，如今沪指破十年新高，散户融资近2015年峰值，成 交额连续12天超2万亿元创纪录。而从更长周期来看，中国股市的净多头仓位仍处于较低水平，5年区间仅处56分位。 高盛交易员Mark Wilson近日指出，回顾2025年迄今的表现，中国股市无疑是夏季最大的亮点之一。中国股市表现远超预期，成为市场中最出色的交易 机会之一。 Wilson提到，中国股市依然保持低估值，持仓比例偏低，而交易动能持续增强。这种市场状态本身可能推动股市 ...

Group 1: Chinese Stock Market - The Chinese stock market has significantly outperformed expectations this summer, becoming one of the most surprising trading opportunities in the market [1][2] - The market remains undervalued with low net long positions, while trading momentum continues to strengthen, potentially creating a self-reinforcing effect [2][4] - The Shanghai Composite Index has reached a 10-year high, and retail investor financing balances are nearing the peak levels seen during the 2015 market bubble [2][4] Group 2: U.S. Stock Market - The expectation of interest rate cuts has been a key driver for the U.S. stock market's rise, with an 85% probability that the Federal Reserve will begin cutting rates in September [5] - Despite a 4.8% year-over-year revenue growth for S&P 500 companies in Q2, sales growth has slowed when adjusted for exchange rates, particularly for small-cap companies [5] - Managing liquidity risk will be crucial for both the Federal Reserve and investors as the year progresses, especially with the potential end of quantitative tightening (QT) in October [5] Group 3: European Market - There has been a structural change in the European market this summer, with the risk premium between core and peripheral countries narrowing, particularly between Italian BTPs and French OATs [6][7] - Political instability in Europe adds uncertainty to the market, with potential risks from political events in France and the Netherlands [7] - European bank stocks have risen by 52% this year, prompting investors to consider how to protect their gains amid changing political and interest rate conditions [7]

Core Points - The Federal Reserve maintains the Overnight Reverse Repurchase Agreement (RRP) as part of its open market operations, allowing non-bank entities to store cash in exchange for a set interest rate [1] - The usage of RRP peaked at $2.5 trillion at the end of 2022 but has since declined over 95% to a recent low of $22 billion [1] - The decline in RRP usage indicates a shift in liquidity management, with the U.S. Treasury issuing more short-term bonds to cover deficits, drawing funds away from RRP [3] Group 1 - The Federal Reserve still holds $3.3 trillion in reserves, down from a peak of $4.2 trillion in 2022, despite the reduced RRP usage [4] - The low RRP usage suggests that short-term interest rates will be more market-driven, potentially leading to greater volatility during tax payment periods and quarter-ends [5] - The depletion of RRP and the Treasury's bond issuance will directly consume bank reserves, which are crucial for market stability and the pace of the Fed's balance sheet reduction [5] Group 2 - The proposed "Fiscal Reserve Interest Accountability Act" could eliminate the Fed's ability to pay interest on reserves, potentially leading to a significant outflow of the $3.3 trillion in reserves back to the private market [6] - This legislative change may shift liquidity dynamics, favoring risk assets but could impair the Fed's ability to set short-term interest rates, increasing volatility during critical financial periods [7] - The current environment differs from the pre-2008 era, raising questions about the Fed's capacity to manage short-term rates without the ability to pay interest on reserves [6][7]

Group 1 - Japanese government bond yields have reached multi-decade highs, with the 20-year yield at 2.655% and the 30-year yield at 3.185%, reflecting significant increases from earlier this year [3][5] - The rise in yields is driven by fiscal pressures, political instability, and changes in trade dynamics, leading to a recalibration of investor risk perception [3][4] - Domestic investors, including life insurance companies, have reduced their holdings of Japanese government bonds by 1.35 trillion yen since October 2024, indicating a decline in demand [4] Group 2 - Japanese corporations are shifting from issuing long-term bonds to short-term financing, with approximately 75% of bond issuances this fiscal year concentrated in maturities of 5 years or less [6] - The trend towards shorter maturities is influenced by rising interest rate expectations and increased caution among investors regarding duration risk [6][7] - The increase in short-term bond issuance may lead to higher short-term financing costs and increased refinancing risks for companies [6][7] Group 3 - The rise in Japanese bond yields is expected to impact the Japanese economy and global equity markets, potentially suppressing corporate investment and household spending [7] - The Bank of Japan's decision to slow down its quantitative tightening reflects concerns over the economic risks associated with rising yields [7] - Analysts warn that the surge in bond yields could lead to a significant adjustment in global markets, as the relative attractiveness of equities diminishes [7]

新华财经北京8月14日电（崔凯）美国经济正站在十字路口：一边是顽固的核心通胀与暗流涌动的关税 成本，另一边是显露疲态的就业市场与政治施压下的货币政策抉择。与此同时，美联储内部围绕降息时 机和幅度的分歧日益公开化，一场关乎经济软着陆还是硬着陆的政策博弈正在上演。 政治阴影笼罩政策独立性，市场波动加剧预期分化 特朗普政府持续施加的政治压力令美联储处境微妙。总统本人反复批评高盛"夸大"关税影响，并介入美 联储主席人选筛选进程（据悉正考虑10-11名候选人）。尽管美联储宣称决策仅依赖经济数据，但财长 贝森特公开呼吁9月大幅降息50个基点，称当前利率"限制性过强"，应下调150-175个基点。这种高层表 态与市场的激进预期形成共振：部分投资者押注9月降息概率飙升至96%，但也有机构如摩根大通坚持 认为四季度才是行动窗口。 长期结构性挑战浮现，货币政策工具有效性存疑 更深远的挑战来自货币政策框架本身。前纽约联储主席杜德利质疑量化紧缩（QT）的实际效果，指出 过去三年资产负债表缩减25% 并未显著收紧金融条件。现任官员们也开始反思：若经济回归特朗普政 府宣布关税前的轨道，美联储可将利率降至中性水平；但全球供应链重构带来的成 ...

Group 1 - Japan's newly issued 10-year government bonds had no transactions for the first time since March 27, 2023, highlighting the ongoing volatility in the global market and significant rise in yields, particularly for long-term bonds [1] - According to recent analysis, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) plans to implement a Quantitative Tightening (QT) strategy starting August 2024, which will reduce its total government bond holdings by 7%-8% by March 2026 and by 16%-17% by March 2027 [1] - The BOJ's decision to slow down the QT plan and maintain its long-term bond purchase strategy, along with the Ministry of Finance's plan to reduce long-term bond issuance by 3.2 trillion yen, is expected to alleviate liquidity concerns in the Japanese government bond market [1] Group 2 - As liquidity in the government bond market improves, short-term declines in Japanese bond yields and a potential depreciation of the yen are anticipated, with the 10-year bond yield having already decreased by 15 basis points from its peak in May, with an additional potential decline of 15-30 basis points [1] - In the medium term, interest rate hikes and QT are expected to support a rebound in the yen and an eventual rise in Japanese bond yields, with the 10-year bond yield potentially reaching a central level of 1.88% [3]

中期来看，加息和QT继续支持日元回调后升值、日债利率回落后上行。中期日本央行国债总资产变化或支持10Y日债 利率中枢上行到1.88%。 兴业研究近日撰文分析认为，2025年6月议息会议上日本央行制定了2026财年QT（量化紧缩）计划，其二级市场增量 购债规模下降的速率较2025财年放缓。日本央行自2024年8月开启QT计划，此举将使其持有国债总资产至2026年3月末 下降7%-8%，至2027年3月末下降16%-17%。日本央行放缓QT计划，且保持长期限国债购买计划不变，加之财务省计 划缩发长期限国债3.2万亿日元，预计日本国债市场流动性的担忧将缓解。若担忧不减，日本央行保留采取阶段性措施 呵护流动性的可能性。 【环球网财经综合报道】日前，日本机构经纪商Japan Bond Trading数据显示，日本新发行的10年期国债周二未有任何 交易，这是2023年3月27日以来的首次。今年以来，日本一直是全球市场动荡的焦点，收益率大幅上升，尤其是较长 期债券收益率的飙升甚至波及了其他市场。 兴业研究还提示，随着国债市场流动性缓解，日债利率短线回落、日元贬值波段已来临。目前10Y日债利率已从5月高 点下行15bp，或还 ...

Group 1: UK Monetary Policy and Inflation - The Bank of England (BoE) faced challenges in lowering interest rates due to rising inflation expectations, ultimately deciding to cut rates by 25 basis points to 4.0% on August 7, 2025[3] - The BoE raised its food inflation forecast for Q3 2025 by 1.5 percentage points to 5.0%, expecting it to rise further to 5.5% by the end of 2025[3] - The nominal yield on 10-year UK government bonds increased by 323 basis points from February 1, 2022, to August 6, 2025, indicating a steepening yield curve[4] Group 2: US Tariff Impact and Economic Outlook - The implementation of "reciprocal tariffs" by the US is expected to impact global economies, with significant implications for non-US developed economies[5] - Initial jobless claims in the US rose by 0.7 thousand to 226 thousand, suggesting potential upward revisions in future employment data[5] - The US labor market shows signs of cooling, but strong consumer spending and non-residential investment contrast with the weak demand seen in the UK and other non-US developed economies[5] Group 3: Global Economic Trends - The recent tariffs imposed by the US range from 10% to 41%, affecting various trade partners, including China, and potentially leading to a restructuring of global supply chains[6] - The dollar index is expected to rebound after a temporary decline, which may put pressure on the Chinese yuan[6] - The report suggests that the People's Bank of China may consider a small rate cut of 10 basis points to stimulate demand in the real estate market[6]