文 | 银行螺丝钉 （转载请注明出处） ◆◆◆ 很多投资者都是从投资指数基金开始自己的投资之路的。 但是怎样投资指数基金，才能获得好收益？ 这里有一门限时免费的福利课程，介绍了指数基金的投资技巧。 想要获取这个课程，可以添加下方「课程小助手」，回复「 指数基金 」领取哦～ 更有课程笔记、思维导图，帮您快速搞懂课程脉络，学习更高效。 #螺丝钉小知识 urnel 银行螺丝钉 什么是指数基金的第一性原理? 了解物理学的朋友，对第一性原理肯定 不陌生。 第一性原理,是一个系统中,最基本的 命题和原理。 一些投资者认为,指数基金适合欧美等 成熟市场，A股有效性低，在A股指数基 金不一定能发展起来。 风险提示 以大家熟悉的指数基金为例。 十多年前,螺丝钉做指数基金估值和定 投,当时指数基金的规模并不大，全国 的指数基金，活跃投资者数量只有百万 级别，指数基金总规模只有几千亿。 不过螺丝钉认为，指数基金的第一性原 理，并不是市场有效性，而是低成本。 这个逻辑来自指数基金之父约翰·博格。 ·所有股票加起来等于全市场指数本身。 ·所有的股票，被所有的股东持有。所以 在不考虑费用的情况下，所有股东加起 来的收益等于全市场指数本身 ...

1. Report's Industry Investment Rating No industry investment rating information is provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - The improvement of A-share market efficiency provides a solid foundation for the development of passive investment, with the scale of passive equity funds in the domestic public fund market exceeding 50% in 2025 [5]. - The effectiveness of the A-share market is lower than that of Hong Kong and US stocks, and the effectiveness of small-cap and technology stock indices is weaker than that of large-cap stock indices. The effectiveness of the A-share market shows an overall upward trend [5]. - There is a significant negative correlation between the excess return of active funds and index effectiveness. As the difficulty of obtaining Alpha increases, the demand for diversified Beta and Smart Beta on the equity side increases, highlighting the importance of asset allocation [5]. - There is a balance point between the scale ratios of active and passive funds. In the choice of funds, it is recommended to allocate ETFs in the large-cap style market, select active equity funds in the mid-cap style market, and choose quantitative funds for small-cap style allocation [5]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 A-share Equity Fund Market: Passive Investment Proportion Exceeds 50% - In 2025, the scale of domestic passive equity funds exceeded that of active equity funds for the first time, and this trend continues. The reasons include the difficulty of obtaining sustainable excess returns from active funds, the improvement of A-share market efficiency, and the development of domestic investment advisory services [9]. 3.2 Rise in Passive Investment Proportion Due to Market Efficiency Improvement - As market efficiency improves, it becomes more difficult to obtain Alpha, leading to the rise of Beta investment. Passive investment includes pure passive investment and factor-based passive investment (Smart Beta) [14]. - There is a balance point between active and passive funds, and the scale ratio of passive investment will not increase indefinitely. Ideal asset allocation should be an organic combination based on the market cycle, asset categories, and strategy capacity [15]. 3.3 Market Efficiency and Testing Methods 3.3.1 Origin and Connotation of the Efficient Market Theory - The study of market efficiency can be traced back to 1889, and Eugene Fama formally defined and improved the efficient market theory, dividing market efficiency into three levels: weak, semi-strong, and strong [18][19][20]. 3.3.2 Testing Methods for the Efficient Market Theory - **Weak Form Tests**: By testing whether the price sequence residual is white noise, it can be determined whether the stock price is likely to follow a random walk, which is used to judge market efficiency. The Ljung - Box test is commonly used for white noise testing [21][25][27]. - **Semi - Strong Form Tests**: Economists generally use the event study method to test the reaction speed of stock prices to public information [29]. - **Strong Form Tests**: This tests whether investors can obtain excess returns using insider information. It studies the returns of professional investors or insiders [30][31]. 3.4 Exploration of Market Efficiency in A-share, Hong Kong, and US Stocks - Since 2013, the efficiency of A-share has been slightly lower than that of Hong Kong and US stocks, and the efficiency of small-cap and technology stock indices is weaker than that of large-cap stock indices. After 2018, the efficiency of the A-share market has increased rapidly [34][38][40]. - There is a significant negative correlation between the excess return of active funds and index efficiency. As market efficiency improves, the difficulty of obtaining Alpha in A-shares increases [43]. 3.5 Fund Investment Choices under the Background of Improved Market Efficiency 3.5.1 ETF: Emphasizing Multi-Asset ETFs and Equity Smart Beta - As the demand for diversified Beta increases, the importance of asset allocation becomes prominent. ETFs are becoming increasingly important in the strategic position of asset allocation, and the proportion of ETFs in the holdings of public FOFs continues to rise, with diversified demand [47][50]. - Strategy ETFs (Smart Beta factor ETFs) show relatively independent trends, providing a source of differentiated Beta in the equity market and playing an important role in asset allocation [52]. - Industry ETFs are mostly market - capitalization weighted, with large-cap stocks contributing more to returns. Since it is difficult to obtain excess returns from large-cap stocks, investment is recommended to be based on long - term allocation [55][56]. 3.5.2 Active Equity and Quantitative Investment: Obtaining Alpha Returns from Small and Mid - Cap Stocks - Active equity funds are more exposed to mid - cap stocks. The trading environment of mid - cap stocks is more friendly to actively managed funds, with lower pricing efficiency and lower difficulty in obtaining excess returns compared to large - cap stocks, and relatively sufficient liquidity [61][62]. - Quantitative funds may be a better choice for investing in small - cap stocks. Quantitative strategies can improve the objectivity and winning rate of decision - making, and have advantages in terms of stock coverage and trading execution [69][70][71].

大家好，我是银行螺丝钉，欢迎来到这期的螺丝钉带你读书。 「螺丝钉带你读书」也陪伴大家度过了三百多期，为大家讲解了很多有趣、经典的书籍和故事，比如《三十几岁，财务自由》、《如何读一本 书》、《战胜拖延症》等等。 还为大家详细介绍了几位投资大师：股神巴菲特、他的好搭档查理芒格和指数基金之父约翰博格。分享了他们的人生经历、投资生涯和投资的理 念。 大家可以点击下面链接查看部分螺丝钉带你读书合集： 《 世界读书日，螺丝钉送你121本私藏经典好书 》 往期回顾： 第一篇：《 跑赢纳斯达克的柏基，是如何做成长股投资的？ 》 柏基的成长风格投资 最近的螺丝钉带你读书，咱们介绍的，是今年出来的一本投资好书《柏基投资之道》。 柏基是比较少有的，在成长风格中做的比较好的机构。 柏基的成长风格投资，立足于对未来趋势的判断。 以大家熟悉的指数基金为例。 十多年前，螺丝钉做指数基金估值和定投。 当时指数基金的规模并不大，全国的指数基金，活跃投资者数量只有百万级别，指数基金总规模只有几千亿。 一些投资者认为，指数基金适合欧美等成熟市场，A股有效性低，在A股指数基金不一定能发展起来。 这离不开第一性原理。 第一性原理：以指数基金为例 了解 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes the importance of understanding risk in investment decisions, highlighting that successful investors prioritize risk assessment over return expectations [5][6][17]. Group 1: Investment Philosophy - The investment philosophy advocated by Seth Klarman focuses on the principle of "margin of safety," which suggests that investors should buy assets at a price significantly below their intrinsic value to mitigate risks [6][46]. - The article critiques the short-termism prevalent in the market, arguing that many investors are unable to filter out market noise and maintain a long-term perspective [9][12]. - It highlights the psychological aspects of investing, noting that human emotions often lead to irrational decision-making, such as excessive risk-taking during market euphoria and panic selling during downturns [14][49]. Group 2: Market Dynamics - The article discusses the dangers of high leverage in the financial system, indicating that excessive risk-taking has permeated the entire financial landscape, leading to systemic vulnerabilities [11][25]. - It points out that market prices are often driven by emotions rather than fundamentals, creating opportunities for value investors who can remain calm during market fluctuations [55][58]. - The article also mentions the role of institutional constraints and market structure in creating mispriced assets, suggesting that these factors can lead to significant investment opportunities for those willing to look beyond the surface [50][51]. Group 3: Value Investing - Value investing is presented as a disciplined approach that focuses on acquiring undervalued assets, emphasizing the need for patience and rigorous analysis [46][47]. - The article asserts that value investors are often able to achieve superior returns by capitalizing on market inefficiencies and emotional reactions from other investors [33][58]. - It concludes that the essence of value investing lies in recognizing that markets are not always efficient, allowing for the identification of mispriced opportunities [48][62].

Group 1 - The article discusses the ongoing debate between active and passive investment strategies, highlighting the increasing popularity of passive investing and its implications for active investors [5][31]. - It emphasizes that the success of active investing relies on the existence of "inefficient" market participants, allowing skilled investors to capitalize on their mistakes [7][10]. - The article presents three viable paths for beating the market: defeating "foolish money," seeking "different money," and managing investment behavior [5][22][24]. Group 2 - The first path, defeating "foolish money," suggests that skilled investors can profit from less competent market participants, as demonstrated by successful investors like Warren Buffett [10][12]. - The second path involves recognizing that not all market participants are "foolish," but rather have different risk perceptions, which can lead to mispricing of assets [16][22]. - The third path focuses on behavioral finance, illustrating how managing emotions and adhering to investment discipline can lead to superior returns compared to passive strategies [24][28]. Group 3 - The article concludes that as more investors shift towards passive strategies, the opportunities for excess returns may become scarcer, but active investors can still find advantages through behavioral biases in the market [33][34]. - It highlights that the competition in the investment landscape is intense, and success will depend more on relative skill levels rather than absolute skill levels [34].

Core Insights - Quantitative investment has evolved from a niche strategy to a crucial component in China's public fund market, with total scale exceeding 400 billion yuan by Q3 2025 [1] - Bodao Fund has emerged as a leading player in the quantitative space, managing approximately 27 billion yuan, showcasing how smaller firms can leverage quantitative strategies for growth [1] Group 1: Evolution of Quantitative Investment - The development of Bodao Fund's quantitative business reflects a continuous competition with market effectiveness, starting from private equity and launching live trading in 2013 [2] - The firm successfully navigated market challenges, including the "black swan" event in 2014, by employing the Barra risk model, which laid the groundwork for growth in 2015 [2] - In 2023, Bodao's quantitative team integrated AI methodologies across the entire process, resulting in a performance improvement of approximately 30-40% [2] Group 2: Investment Methodology - The "Dual Equilibrium" multi-factor model is central to Bodao's pursuit of excess returns, focusing on accurately predicting price through earnings per share (EPS) and price-to-earnings (PE) ratios [4] - The first equilibrium balances traditional human-driven frameworks with AI-driven processes, each contributing 50% to the overall strategy [4] - The second equilibrium ensures that factor sources are evenly weighted between predicting EPS trends and PE fluctuations, thus capturing both long-term growth and short-term mean reversion opportunities [4] Group 3: Product Strategy - Bodao Fund has established a clear "Index+" product matrix, which includes standard index enhancements, flexible strategies, and Smart Beta products [5] - All products in the "Index+" series are designed to enhance returns, addressing the significant excess return potential still present in the A-share market [5] - The firm suggests that for individual investors, actively managed funds may require careful selection, while quantitative products can serve as a stable core in investment portfolios [5] Group 4: Future Outlook - The company expresses confidence in the future of quantitative investment in China, noting a shift in investor focus from high volatility to stable excess returns [5]

Core Viewpoint - The private equity industry in China has seen a significant shift, with quantitative funds now surpassing subjective funds in number among the hundred billion-level private equity firms, marking a pivotal change in the investment landscape [2][6]. Group 1: Market Environment Changes - The market has transitioned from a "wild" era characterized by slow information dissemination and significant mispricing to a more civilized and efficient environment [8][15]. - In the past, the market was dominated by retail investors, leading to prolonged deviations of stock prices from their intrinsic values [10][12]. - The current market environment, influenced by technological advancements and macroeconomic changes, presents greater challenges for subjective fund managers, as mispricing opportunities have become shorter and more complex [17][20]. Group 2: Investment Products and Tools - The availability of investment products and tools has evolved from scarcity to abundance, with the introduction of stock index futures in 2010 marking a turning point for quantitative strategies [26][27]. - The diversification of trading products has led to the emergence of various innovative quantitative strategies, providing more profit opportunities [29][31]. Group 3: Technological Advancements - Technological progress has played a crucial role in the rise of quantitative strategies, with the volume of data available for analysis significantly exceeding that of subjective approaches [33][35]. - Quantitative strategies benefit from faster execution and continuous improvements in computational power, enhancing their effectiveness compared to subjective strategies [37][39]. - The distinction between subjective and quantitative investment lies in their methodologies, with subjective investment relying on individual insight and quantitative investment relying on data and algorithms [39].

Core Insights - The article discusses the investment philosophy of Victor Haghani and James White, emphasizing the importance of understanding risk management and human capital in long-term wealth preservation [4][6][30]. - It highlights the challenges faced by wealthy families over generations, questioning why many have failed to maintain their wealth [6][30]. - The authors advocate for a systematic approach to investing, focusing on dynamic risk management rather than emotional decision-making [5][20][24]. Group 1: Investment Philosophy - Victor Haghani's career reflects a significant shift from aggressive arbitrage strategies to advocating for low-cost, diversified global equity investments after experiencing market inefficiencies [5][17]. - The book "The Disappearing Billionaires" explores the mystery of why historically wealthy families have lost their fortunes, attributing it to poor risk management and spending decisions [6][30]. - The authors propose that maximizing human capital is essential for financial freedom, complemented by prudent investment strategies [6][30]. Group 2: Risk Management - The article emphasizes the difficulty of consistently profiting from market inefficiencies due to the presence of many intelligent market participants [16][19]. - Haghani's experience with Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) led to a reevaluation of the risks associated with leverage and concentrated positions in investment strategies [17][19]. - The authors argue that a rules-based investment strategy can help investors manage risk more effectively, adapting to changing market conditions [26][37]. Group 3: Human Capital and Wealth Preservation - The article stresses the importance of recognizing and maximizing human capital, particularly for younger individuals, as a foundation for long-term financial success [33][34]. - It suggests that individuals should regularly review their financial plans, especially during significant life events, to ensure alignment with their financial goals [35]. - The authors caution against relying solely on investment returns for wealth accumulation, advocating for a balanced approach that prioritizes human capital development [46][47].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the investment philosophy of Victor Haghani and James White, emphasizing the importance of risk management and the challenges of long-term wealth preservation, as illustrated in their book "The Disappearing Billionaires" [2][5][8]. Group 1: Investment Philosophy - Victor Haghani's career reflects a significant evolution in market understanding, transitioning from a belief in market efficiency to recognizing the challenges posed by irrational investor behavior [3][12]. - The establishment of Elm Wealth in 2011 embodies a systematic approach to managing long-term stock risk exposure, focusing on minimizing emotional decision-making in investment [4][5]. - The book raises the question of why wealthy families from a century ago have largely disappeared, attributing this to the complexities of risk management and spending decisions [5][34]. Group 2: Human Capital and Wealth Management - The authors argue that maximizing human capital is essential for financial freedom, suggesting that individuals should focus on risk-adjusted human capital in their career choices [8][38]. - They emphasize the importance of prudent saving habits, especially for younger individuals, to avoid over-leveraging based on unrealized human capital [39]. - The article suggests that long-term financial decisions should be revisited regularly, particularly during significant life events or changes in income [40]. Group 3: Investment Strategies - The article critiques the common practice of fixed asset allocation, advocating for a dynamic approach that adjusts risk exposure based on market conditions and risk premiums [26][29]. - It highlights the limitations of index investing, arguing that while it is a good strategy, it may not be sufficient in all market conditions [31][33]. - The authors assert that the primary goal of investing should be wealth preservation rather than wealth accumulation, with a focus on human capital as the main driver of financial independence [52][53].

Group 1 - The resurgence of quantitative investment is highlighted by the popularity of DeepSeek, shifting public perception from viewing it as merely "cutting leeks" to a more positive and professional evaluation [1] - The ability to replicate DeepSeek by other quantitative private equity firms is questioned, with emphasis on the unique hardware resources and early investments made by firms like Huansheng Quantitative [2][3] - The distinction between investment and research is emphasized, noting that significant profits are necessary for firms to engage in technology development like DeepSeek [3] Group 2 - Concerns about "cutting leeks" in quantitative investment are addressed, with a definition focusing on the illegality of obtaining trading advantages rather than the outcomes of investments [4] - The gap between retail investors and institutions is narrowing as brokers provide algorithmic trading tools to retail investors, reducing the execution advantage previously held by quantitative firms [5] - Quantitative strategies are based on statistical analysis and data processing, allowing firms to avoid emotional decision-making and enhance market efficiency [5][6] Group 3 - The debate around high-frequency trading (HFT) is ongoing, with some quantitative firms supporting regulations to limit excessive HFT practices, particularly in futures markets [7][8] - Regulatory bodies are increasingly focused on improving the oversight of quantitative trading, indicating a trend towards more stringent regulations in the future [9] - The effectiveness of quantitative investment in enhancing market efficiency is acknowledged, with evidence suggesting that increased quantitative activity has led to reduced volatility in major indices [10][11] Group 4 - The role of quantitative investment in national financial security is emphasized, with calls for the development of world-class domestic quantitative firms to compete internationally [13][14] - The global landscape shows a significant adoption of quantitative strategies among top asset management firms, with a notable gap in market share between domestic and international quantitative investments [14] - The potential for domestic quantitative firms to expand into international markets is recognized, driven by advancements in technology and talent [14]