报告导读： 人民币升值结汇反而会消耗银行超储，关键在央行是否会主动加大基础货币供 给。 近期有市场观点认为人民币升值，企业结汇增加带动银行扩表，有助于银行间流动性宽松。 但实际上，人民币升值，外贸企业等结汇增加，但央行不购汇 （不通过外汇占款投放基础货币），对银行间流动性反而会形成收紧的压力，这一点可能是反直觉的。 但这也并不意味着 26 年人民币继续升值，银行间资 金就一定会跟随收紧，关键还是要看央行是否会主动加大基础货币供给（买断式、 MLF 、国债买卖、降准），而当下央行呵护资金的意愿明确。 银行代客结售汇顺差不等于央行表内外汇占款提升，也就不等于增量的基础货币投放。 历史上，央行主要靠外汇占款被动投放基础货币的逻辑上：银行结售 汇出现顺差 — 银行在银行间市场卖给央行 — 央行外汇占款增加 — 基础货币被动投放。但当下的现实情况是，银行代客结售汇出现巨大顺差，但外汇是留在 了银行表内，并未转移给央行。最新公布的 2025 年 12 月央行资产负债表数据，央行资产端外汇 — 外汇占款反而环比下降了 27 亿（央行表内的外汇科目 以历史成本法、人民币计价，不受汇率波动影响）， 2025 年内外汇占款科目环 ...

债 券 研 究 专 请务必阅读正文之后的免责条款部分 债券研究 /[Table_Date] 2026.01.25 | | 0755-23976753 | | --- | --- | | | tangyuanmao@gtht.com | | 登记编号 | S0880524040002 | | | 杜润琛(分析师) | | | 021-38031034 | | | durunchen@gtht.com | | 登记编号 | S0880525110004 | [Table_Report] 相关报告 固收加锐不可当，延续增长 2026.01.23 带"负久期"特征的基金产品平均超额收益再测 算 2026.01.19 考虑政府债久期拉长与存款置换：大行 EVE 指标 空间再测算的四个要点 2026.01.15 长债供给放量，需要担忧资金收敛吗 2026.01.13 债券 ETF 持续缩量 2026.01.12 证 券 研 究 报 告 人民币升值结汇如何影响银行间流动性 [Table_Authors] 唐元懋(分析师) 本报告导读： 人民币升值结汇反而会消耗银行超储，关键在央行是否会主动加大基础货币供给。 投资要点： 题 ...

Core Viewpoint - China's merchandise trade surplus continues to rise, while the service trade remains in deficit, with the current account to GDP ratio below 3.5% as of September this year, indicating that external imbalances are not very significant [2] Trade Surplus and Economic Structure - The trade surplus is driven by a downward financial cycle that reallocates resources towards high-efficiency high-end manufacturing, accelerated technological advancements, and a decline in non-trade goods prices due to real estate adjustments, which lowers the intermediate input costs for trade goods and boosts exports [2] - Private sector deleveraging has suppressed demand, leading to a slowdown in imports, while manufacturing upgrades have increased domestic production capabilities, further reducing imports [2] Trade Data Overview - For the period of January to November 2025, China's customs-based merchandise trade surplus reached a record high of $1,075.8 billion, with a year-on-year growth rate of 21% [3] - Exports during this period amounted to $3,414.7 billion, an increase of $174.6 billion year-on-year, with a growth rate of 5.4%, while imports decreased to $2,338.8 billion, a decline of $13 billion year-on-year, with a growth rate of -0.6% [3] - The trade surplus as a percentage of GDP for the rolling 12 months ending September 2025 was 6.0%, up 1.3 percentage points year-on-year, with exports contributing 0.6 percentage points and imports contributing 0.7 percentage points to this increase [3] Regional Trade Surplus - The main regions contributing to China's merchandise trade surplus from January to November 2025 include Hong Kong ($273.2 billion), the EU ($266.9 billion), the US ($257.0 billion), and ASEAN ($246.1 billion) [4] - Conversely, trade deficits were recorded with Taiwan (-$133.4 billion), Australia (-$47.7 billion), South Korea (-$37.3 billion), Russia (-$19.5 billion), and Japan (-$4.3 billion) [4] Product-Specific Trade Surplus - The primary products contributing to China's merchandise trade surplus from January to November 2025 include electrical equipment (HS85) at $352.7 billion, machinery (HS84) at $320.7 billion, vehicles and parts (HS87) at $182.9 billion, furniture (HS94) at $104.4 billion, and uncategorized goods (HS98) at $97.4 billion [5] - In contrast, significant trade deficits were observed in mineral fuels (HS27) at -$354.4 billion, minerals (HS26) at -$239.5 billion, jewelry (HS71) at -$64.0 billion, copper and its products (HS74) at -$50.5 billion, and nuts (HS12) at -$49.4 billion [5] Economic Indicators and Trends - The real estate sector shows signs of recovery, with the China Real Estate Prosperity Index rising to 95.4, driven by improvements in sales and financing indices [6] - The demand for new and second-hand homes has seen a narrowing decline compared to 2019, indicating a potential stabilization in the housing market [6][7] - The wholesale price index for essential products has shown a slight decrease, while the retail sales of major appliances and passenger vehicles have experienced significant year-on-year declines [8]

Financial Overview - In November, the total social financing (社融) stock growth rate remained at 8.5%, unchanged from October, but is expected to decline slightly by year-end[2] - The M2 growth rate in November was 8.0%, down 0.2 percentage points from October, while M1 growth rate fell to 4.9%, a decrease of 1.3 percentage points[2] - The net financing for the government sector in November was 1.20 trillion yuan, while the net financing for the household sector was -205.8 billion yuan, indicating a decrease for both sectors[2] Corporate Financing - Corporate sector net financing in November was 1.27 trillion yuan, an increase of 584.9 billion yuan year-on-year, primarily driven by short-term loans and bill financing[2] - Corporate bond financing reached 416.9 billion yuan in November, up 178.8 billion yuan from the previous year, reflecting a recovery in bond market sentiment[3] M1 Trends - The M1 growth rate has shown significant weakness, with a November year-on-year decline attributed to both high base effects and weaker month-on-month trends[3] - The month-on-month M1 growth rate for November was 0.8%, the second lowest level for the same month since 2020, with seasonal adjustments potentially indicating a negative growth[3] Real Estate Market Insights - The real estate market showed slight recovery with the real estate sentiment index rising to 95.1 from 94.9, although new home sales compared to 2019 saw a widening decline of 57.3%[4] - The net financing for real estate companies turned positive at 3.2 billion yuan, indicating a marginal improvement in credit conditions for the sector[5]

Group 1: Key Insights on Weiteou (301319) - The recommendation logic indicates that electronic assembly materials are transitioning from domestic substitution to the global market, with perfluorohexane microcapsule fireproof materials expected to see significant growth in the new energy sector [4] - The company is projected to achieve revenues of 1,557 million, 2,133 million, and 2,796 million yuan from 2025 to 2027, with growth rates of 28.5%, 37.0%, and 31.1% respectively. Net profit is expected to be 102 million, 124 million, and 153 million yuan, with growth rates of 13.8%, 21.5%, and 23.5% [4] - Key catalysts include exceeding expectations in electronic assembly material orders, auxiliary welding material shipment ratios, and perfluorohexane microcapsule material orders [4] Group 2: Insights on Pharmaceutical Industry - The core viewpoint emphasizes the potential for domestic innovative drugs to break into international markets, driven by the "engineer dividend" which enhances clinical efficiency and data quality [5] - The report suggests that the domestic innovative drug pipeline is gaining recognition from multinational corporations (MNCs), with several technical fields achieving global leadership in pipeline quantity [5] - The driving factors include exceeding expectations in business development (BD), clinical data, and commercialization in overseas markets [5] Group 3: Insights on Food and Beverage Industry - The core viewpoint suggests focusing on left-side investment opportunities in the liquor sector as it approaches a cyclical recovery, while consumer goods are expected to continue benefiting from new consumption trends [7] - The report indicates that liquor companies' performance expectations are at a low point, with signals of stock price stabilization and potential rebounds [7] - Key drivers include the bottoming out of liquor company performance expectations and the expansion into new product categories and channels [7] Group 4: Insights on A-Share Strategy - The core viewpoint advises against blind selling during market adjustments, suggesting that a systematic "slow bull" market is still in play and may enter a second phase after adjustments [8] - The report recommends focusing on the brokerage sector as a signal for potential market recovery, advocating for patience during the current market corrections [8] - Key drivers include the impact of the Federal Reserve's interest rate expectations on global markets and the need for a rebalancing of market styles in the fourth quarter [9] Group 5: Insights on Macro Economic Strategy - The core viewpoint outlines three main paths to improve the resident consumption rate: promoting employment and income stability, expanding the supply of quality consumer goods and services, and refining institutional mechanisms [11] - The report highlights the importance of the 15th Five-Year Plan in driving domestic consumption as a key economic growth engine [11] - The driving factors include the recent policy directions from the Communist Party's plenary session aimed at enhancing domestic consumption [11] Group 6: Insights on Fixed Income Market - The core viewpoint indicates that interbank liquidity is expected to remain loose in the short term, with seasonal disturbances amplifying the effects of low core reserves [12] - The report suggests that the true test of narrow liquidity may occur in the first quarter of 2026, influenced by credit slowdowns and central bank interventions [12] - Key drivers include the anticipated surge in credit in early 2026 and the market's limited understanding of the net financing outflows from major banks [12]

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant information provided. 2. Core Views of the Report - The net financing of large - scale banks is a synchronous and slightly leading indicator of inter - bank liquidity. Affected by the tax period, the net financing amount of large - scale banks reached the "tight - loose watershed" of 3 trillion yuan. Currently, seasonal disturbance factors are magnified under the low core excess reserves, and the real test of narrow - sense liquidity may come in the first quarter of 2026 [1][3][11]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1大行净融出金额"险守"3万亿 - Qualitatively, due to the central bank's primary dealer system in the open - market, there is a capital transmission chain in the inter - bank market. The net financing of large - scale banks is the main core of inter - bank market financing. Quantitatively, on November 21, the net financing balance of large - scale banks was about 4.1 trillion yuan, accounting for about 35.6% of the inter - bank market's bond balance to be repurchased [2][10]. - From November 17 to November 21, the net financing amount of large - scale banks first decreased and then increased, "barely holding" 3 trillion yuan. The capital market was first tight and then loose, and the repurchase rate first rose and then fell. After the tax period ended, it rebounded to 3.66 trillion yuan on November 21, and DR001 reached a maximum of 1.53% [3][11]. - The current seasonal disturbance factors are magnified under the low core excess reserves, but the market's expectation of liquidity remains relatively stable. The narrow - sense liquidity may face a real test in the first quarter of 2026 [3][11]. 3.2狭义流动性 3.2.1央行操作：税期加大逆回购净投放 - Short - term liquidity: From November 17 to November 21, the central bank's net reverse - repurchase injection was 554 billion yuan. As of November 21, the central bank's reverse - repurchase balance was 1676 billion yuan, at a relatively high level [12]. - Medium - term liquidity: In November, the maturity amount of repurchase - style reverse - repurchase was 1000 billion yuan, and MLF matured at 900 billion yuan. The central bank achieved a net injection of 500 billion yuan in repurchase - style reverse - repurchase [13]. 3.2.2机构融入融出情况：大行净融出先下后上 - Fund supply: On November 21, the net financing of large - scale banks was 3.7 trillion yuan, an increase of about 295.5 billion yuan compared with November 14. The net financing balance of money market funds decreased by about 191.2 billion yuan, and joint - stock banks' net borrowing decreased by about 165 billion yuan [16]. - Fund demand: On November 21, the balance of bonds to be repurchased in the inter - bank market was about 11.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 209 billion yuan compared with November 14. The market leverage ratio rose by 0.11 percentage points, and the leverage ratio of non - legal person products rose by 0.42 percentage points [23]. 3.2.3回购市场成交情况：量价皆稳 - Quantity and price of funds: In the past week, the volume and price of the inter - bank pledged - repurchase market were stable. The median daily trading volume decreased by 24.4 billion yuan, the median of R001 rose by 2bp, and the liquidity friction increased slightly [28]. - Fund sentiment index: The capital market was first tight and then loose. The sentiment index was generally above 50 during the tax period and began to decline after November 20 [29]. 3.2.4利率互换：基本持平 - FR007 IRS 1 - year interest rate and SHIBOR 3 - month IRS 1 - year interest rate were basically flat compared with last week. The median of FR007 IRS 1 - year was 1.54%, and the median of SHIBOR 3 - month IRS 1 - year was 1.59% [33]. 3.3政府债：未来一周政府债净缴款压力下降 3.3.1下周政府债净缴款 - In the past week, the net payment of government bonds was 362.9 billion yuan. In the next week, it is expected to be 233.7 billion yuan, with treasury bonds having a net repayment of 56.1 billion yuan and local bonds having a net payment of 289.8 billion yuan. The net payment pressure will be evenly distributed, and there will be a net repayment next Tuesday [34]. 3.3.2当前政府债发行进度 - As of November 14, the net financing progress of treasury bonds was 93.0%, and the issuance progress of new local bonds was 95.3%. The issuance of refinancing special bonds has completed the annual task [35]. 3.4同业存单：收益率窄幅震荡 3.4.1绝对收益率 - On November 21, most of the SHIBOR quotes and the yields of inter - bank certificates of deposit of commercial banks with AAA ratings remained unchanged, except for overnight, 7 - day, and 1 - month terms which decreased [40]. 3.4.2发行和存量情况 - From November 17 to November 21, the issuance volume of inter - bank certificates of deposit decreased by 176.4 billion yuan. In terms of issuance terms, the proportions of 1 - month and 1 - year terms increased, while those of 3 - month, 6 - month, and 9 - month terms decreased [42]. 3.4.3相对估值 - On November 21, the spreads between the 1 - year AAA - rated inter - bank certificate of deposit yield and R007, and between the 10 - year treasury bond yield and the 1 - year AAA - rated inter - bank certificate of deposit yield were 14bp and 18bp respectively, at certain quantile levels since 2020 [47][48].

Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant information provided. Core Viewpoints - Short - term pressure on precious metal prices due to factors like tightened inter - bank liquidity in the US, increased CMBS default rate, and reduced probability of Fed rate cut in December; long - term support from geopolitical risks and central bank gold purchases [1] Summary According to Related Catalogs Market Data - **Shanghai Gold**: Closing price on 2025 - 11 - 04 was 912.42 yuan/gram, down 4.52 from the previous day; trading volume was 64372, and open interest was 255692 [1] - **Shanghai Silver**: Closing price on 2025 - 11 - 04 was 11242 yuan/ten - grams, down 200 from the previous day; trading volume was 605454, and open interest was 4270780 [1] - **COMEX Gold Futures**: Closing price on 2025 - 11 - 04 was 3941.30, down 72.40 from the previous day; trading volume was 244620, and open interest was 327592 [1] - **International Gold**: London gold spot price on 2025 - 11 - 04 was 4025.25 dollars/ounce, down 74.15 from the previous day; SPDR gold ETF holding was 1041.78, down 3.15 [1] - **COMEX Silver Futures**: Closing price on 2025 - 11 - 04 was 47.91, up 1.08 from the previous day; trading volume was 60177, and open interest was 19 [1] - **International Silver**: London silver spot price on 2025 - 11 - 04 was 47.76 dollars/ounce, down 1.02 from the previous day; iShare silver ETF holding was 15167.64, down 22.18 [1] Important Information - The fate of Trump's tariffs depends on three Supreme Court justices appointed by him; the US Senate failed to pass the appropriation bill, leading to a potential record - breaking government shutdown [1] - US job openings in October dropped to the lowest since April 2021, and the office real estate crisis accelerated with the CMBS default rate exceeding 11.8% [1] Trading Strategy - Hold previous short positions; for London gold, focus on support around 3580 - 3860 and resistance around 4180 - 4384; for Shanghai gold, support around 830 - 860 and resistance around 950 - 1000; for London silver, support around 39 - 42 and resistance around 50 - 55; for Shanghai silver, support around 9400 - 10000 and resistance around 11600 - 12400 [1]

Industry Investment Rating - Neutral | Maintain [1] Core Insights - The report indicates that the banking sector is experiencing a stabilization phase, with a focus on credit issuance and interest margin improvement. The performance of the banking sector is expected to remain volatile due to changes in investor risk appetite and the rising profitability of technology growth sectors in the A-share market [6][32]. Summary by Sections Industry Overview - Closing Index: 4018.96 - 52-Week High: 4670.31 - 52-Week Low: 3552.99 [1] Banking Liquidity Review - From August 6 to September 25, the fluctuation of interbank funds was smaller than the same period last year. The DR007-OMO rates showed an upward trend in late August due to tax periods and improved bank credit issuance, followed by a downward trend in early September due to weak PMI data. By mid to late September, the rates increased again due to accelerated asset issuance by banks and regulatory compliance [12][17]. Monitoring of Liquidity Indicators - The usage of interbank certificates of deposit (CDs) improved due to increased medium to long-term funding from the central bank. However, the net financing growth of state-owned banks' CDs may decline marginally due to reduced deposit maturity volumes [5][18]. - The excess reserve ratio was measured at 1.29% in August 2025, remaining above levels from the past two years. The NSFR for large banks was 107.01%, consistent with the previous year, indicating a stable liquidity structure [23][27]. Investment Recommendations - The report suggests focusing on banks with significant deposit maturities and potential interest margin improvements, such as Bank of Communications and Chengdu Bank. Additionally, it recommends looking at state-owned banks that benefit from consumer loan interest subsidy policies, like China Merchants Bank [6][32].

Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. Core Viewpoints - In the context of unchanged risk preferences, deposit "migration" follows a sequence from pure - bond wealth management products and money market funds to bond funds and equity funds. Pure - bond wealth management products are the main recipients of migrated deposits, followed by money market funds. Bond - type funds have a complex attractiveness structure, and equity funds are mostly outside the deposit migration path. As the equity market strengthens, the order of deposit outflow choices and the bank - to - bank liquidity structure change. The effectiveness of quantity - based indicators such as excess reserves decreases, while the risk of short - term shock to inter - bank liquidity increases, but the central bank's attitude towards liquidity is supportive [1][34][44]. Summary According to the Table of Contents 1 Capital Cross - market Rotation and Its Impact on Bond Market Liquidity 1.1 Cost - effectiveness as an Important Consideration for Deposit "Migration" - Due to the continuous decline in deposit interest rates, both household and corporate deposits are migrating. Households are affected by the decline in deposit interest rates, while enterprises are more affected by the ban on manual interest - supplement policies. Insurance products, pure - bond wealth management products, and bond funds have attracted migrated funds due to their yield advantages [12][15][16]. 1.2 Risk Preferences May Disturb the Direction of Deposit "Migration" - When risk preferences are stable, pure - bond wealth management products have the strongest ability to absorb migrated deposits, with a correlation coefficient of 0.87 between the spread of their yields over deposits and the difference between their scale growth rate and deposit growth rate. Money market funds rank second with a correlation of 0.64. Bond - type funds have a complex attractiveness, and equity funds are less involved in deposit migration. As the equity market strengthens, the order of deposit outflow changes, and the bank - to - bank liquidity structure becomes more complex [1][23][34]. 2 Important Matters - In August 2025, CPI was flat month - on - month and decreased by 0.4% year - on - year; PPI was flat month - on - month and decreased by 2.9% year - on - year. In August, M1 growth continued to pick up, and government bonds were the main support for social financing. The central bank will conduct a 6 - month 6000 - billion - yuan buy - out reverse repurchase operation on September 15, 2025 [55][56][59]. 3 Money Market 3.1 Open - market Operations and Fund Interest Rate Trends - From September 8 to 12, 2025, the central bank net - injected 1961 billion yuan through 7 - day reverse repurchase operations. It is expected that 13845 billion yuan of base money will be withdrawn from September 15 to 19. Bank - to - bank liquidity tightened marginally last week, and DR001 first rose and then fell [61][67]. 3.2 Certificate of Deposit Interest Rate Trends and Repurchase Transaction Volume - In the primary market, commercial banks' inter - bank certificates of deposit had a net financing scale of - 4680.1 billion yuan last week. The issuance scale of joint - stock banks was the largest, but they also had a net financing deficit. The issuance interest rate of certificates of deposit increased compared with the previous week. In the secondary market, the yields of certificates of deposit at all tenors increased due to the marginal tightening of the money market [70][74][79]. 4 Bond Market - In the primary market, the main supply of interest - rate bonds last week was still treasury bonds, with a total issuance scale of 5663.7 billion yuan and a net financing scale of 4155.9 billion yuan. The net financing rhythm of local government bonds from January to August was faster than that of treasury bonds. As of September 12, the cumulative net financing scale of special refinancing bonds in 2025 was 1.97 trillion yuan. In the secondary market, the bond market was in a weak mood last week, with the curve becoming steeper. The daily average turnover rate of active bonds increased, and the liquidity premium of 10 - year treasury bonds widened [83][90][95]. 5 Institutional Behavior Tracking - Last week, the 20 - day moving average of the daily trading volume of inter - bank pledged repurchase was 7.31 trillion yuan, and the average leverage trading scale was about 7.49 trillion yuan. In the cash bond market, state - owned banks increased their purchases of treasury bonds with a maturity of less than 5 years, rural commercial banks turned from selling to buying, insurance companies bought long - term treasury bonds and local bonds, while securities firms and funds sold bonds. In July 2025, the leverage ratio of all institutions in the inter - bank market decreased seasonally [111][119][122].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the impact of recent monetary policy adjustments, including interest rate cuts and liquidity management, on the banking sector and financial markets, indicating a stable liquidity environment despite potential pressures on deposit rates and interbank market dynamics [2][4]. Group 1: Monetary Policy and Liquidity - The probability of further monetary policy easing in the short term is low, with the central bank maintaining a "not too loose, not too tight" stance, as economic conditions show improvement [2][3]. - As of June 5, the central bank's net withdrawal of base currency through open market operations (OMO) reached 515.6 billion, indicating a controlled liquidity environment [2]. - The overall liquidity in the banking system is expected to remain neutral and slightly loose, with no significant tightening anticipated at the end of the month [2]. Group 2: Interest Rates and Market Dynamics - The 7-day OMO rate was reduced by 10 basis points to 1.4%, influencing the pricing of other short-term instruments like the 3-month and 6-month reverse repos and 1-year medium-term lending facility (MLF) [4]. - The interbank market interest rates are expected to experience increased volatility in June, following historical seasonal trends [4]. Group 3: Interbank Certificates of Deposit (CDs) - In May, the overall trend for interbank CD rates was a downward fluctuation, with an average rate of 1.69%, down 9 basis points from April [6]. - The supply of CDs decreased in May, but large banks maintained their issuance strength, while demand from broad-based funds for CD allocations increased [6]. - For June, it is anticipated that CD rates will stabilize with upper and lower limits, despite significant maturity pressures [6]. Group 4: Bank Behavior and Market Impact - The behavior of commercial banks at the end of June will significantly influence liquidity and bond investment, particularly due to seasonal loan and deposit dynamics [7]. - Increased loan issuance is expected as banks respond to end-of-quarter assessments, while deposit growth is anticipated to improve due to various factors [7].