Historical Evolution of Deposit Reserve System - The deposit reserve system originated in the early 18th century in the UK, evolving from spontaneous interbank clearing needs to a legal risk buffer mechanism in the early 19th century in the US [5][21] - In China, the system was officially established in 1984 when the People's Bank of China began exercising central bank functions, with significant reforms occurring in 1998 to enhance the payment and clearing functions of reserve deposits [5][10] - Since 2015, China's reserve requirements have been assessed using an average method, providing important liquidity management buffers for banks [5][10] International Comparisons and Practices - Internationally, central banks like the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank have adopted various reserve management practices, including accepting cash reserves and implementing tiered reserve requirements [13][47] - The experience of developed countries shows a trend of lower legal reserve requirements and higher excess reserves compared to China, which currently operates under a framework of structural liquidity shortage [8][13] Future Directions of Deposit Reserve System Reform - Conditions for breaking the 5% experience lower limit for reserve requirements are gradually maturing, with necessary institutional arrangements in place to support the transition [6][14] - The shift from quantity-based monetary policy to price-based policy is a prerequisite for relaxing the legal reserve requirement system, indicating a potential future direction for reform [6][14] Regulatory Functions and Macro-Prudential Management - The deposit reserve system has evolved to include differential reserve requirements and macro-prudential assessments, enhancing the ability to manage systemic financial risks [5][34] - The introduction of the macro-prudential assessment framework in 2016 marked a significant shift in focus from narrow credit growth to broader credit metrics, integrating various financial indicators into the regulatory framework [34][37] Implications for the Bond Market - If the reform of the reserve requirement system is implemented, it may lead to short-term benefits for the bond market, including increased liquidity and potential for larger fund releases during rate cuts [14] - However, the long-term impact on the bond market may be neutral, as the transition to price-based control could diminish the influence of reserve adjustments on market dynamics [14]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The report emphasizes the evolving role of the central bank in monetary policy, liquidity management, and financial regulation, highlighting the transition to a "super central bank" era in China [4][6] - It discusses the importance of understanding the monetary policy framework, which includes objectives, tools, and transmission mechanisms, and how these elements adapt to changing economic conditions [4] - The report notes that fiscal net spending has become a significant contributor to monetary expansion, accounting for approximately 50% of M2 growth in 2024 [4][57] Summary by Sections 01 Modern Monetary Issuance Mechanism - The section explores how money is created within the current "central bank-commercial bank" credit monetary system, detailing the processes of base money issuance and broad money creation [24] 02 Evolution of Central Bank Control over Base Money - This section outlines the historical phases of base money control, including the dominance of foreign exchange reserves and the introduction of various monetary policy tools to manage liquidity [67][91] 03 Efficiency of Quantity-Based Monetary Policy Transmission from M2 Structure - The report analyzes the relationship between M2 growth and monetary policy effectiveness, indicating that the correlation has weakened due to structural changes in the economy [54] 04 Evolution of China's Monetary Policy Framework and Implementation - It discusses the shift from quantity-based targets to a focus on interest rates as the central mechanism for monetary policy transmission, reflecting the need for modern monetary policy in a transforming economy [5][61] 05 Special Topic: Modern Monetary Theory and the Federal Reserve's Monetary Framework - This section introduces the implications of modern monetary theory in the context of China's monetary policy, particularly in relation to fiscal spending and its impact on liquidity [57][60]

综合资金缺口看，刚性因素中，6 月一般存款增长冻结的准备金规模或在 2256 亿元附近，货币发行及非金融机构存款或小幅消耗流动性 1152 亿元左右；工 具到期方面，1.2 万亿的买断式逆回购到期，6 月已前置操作 1 万亿，关注后 续是否有"加场"操作，MLF 到期量在 1820 亿元，规模相对有限，若月末资 金压力增大，或依旧是延续超额续作的思路。财政因素中，6 月财政支出有所 加大，但或主要体现在季末，叠加政府债券发行规模不小，政府存款对于流动 性的补充或在 4000 亿元附近，略低于去年水平。合计 6 月流动性缺口在 1.4 万亿附近，考虑 1 万亿买断式逆回购已经投放，整体资金缺口压力相对有限。 跨半年央行多以呵护为主，预计资金大幅收敛的风险相对可控。6 月初 DR007 中枢较利率的偏离度在 15bp 附近，DR001 接近 1.4%水平，买断式逆回购前置 操作，整体有利于稳定资金预期。从历史情况看，以往 6 月除 2020 年处于货 币政策收紧区间，资金价格明显走高；以及 2019 年 6 月包商银行接管事件爆 发后，央行为维稳大量投放流动性，DR007 资金价格有所下行外，其余年份 DR007 ...

报 告 正 文 央行推进的货币政策改革已近一年，除了货币政策调控机制不断向"价格型"转变以外，结构性货币政策工具的使用也趋于频繁。那么，货币政策框架如何创新？结 构性工具的实际使用情况如何？改革之下市场利率有哪些变化？ 核 心 观 点 央行推进的货币政策改革已近一年，除了货币政策调控机制不断向"价格型"转变以外，结构性货币政策工具的使用也趋于频繁。那么，货币政策框架如何创 新？结构性工具的实际使用情况如何？改革之下市场利率有哪些变化？ 货币政策新框架，有哪些变化？ 到目前为止，央行基本形成了质押式逆回购投放短期流动性、买断式逆回购投放中短期流动性以及MLF、存款准备金率和二 级市场买国债来投放中长期流动性的流动性供给期限结构。从货币政策目标的角度来看， 一方面 ，央行每日调节短期流动性的量价来调控资金利率，这是操 作目标的实现，集中在狭义流动性层面； 另一方面 ，央行通过实现操作目标，间接影响广义流动性层面的中介目标，不过目前从政策利率传导至实体融资成 本效率降低，是价格型调控机制的主要障碍。 结构性工具，使用现状如何？ 货币机制传导不畅主要在于政策利率下降也难激发内生融资需求，资金无法转化为实体的投资和消费 ...

2025年5月7日，中国人民银行在国务院新闻办公室举行的新闻发布会上宣布实施一揽子金融政策，核心 内容包括下调存款准备金率0.5个百分点、降低政策利率0.1个百分点，并创设新的结构性货币政策工 具。此次措施的主要目的是向金融市场提供更充裕的长期流动性和更低成本的资金支持，以稳定市场预 期并强化实体经济金融保障。降准操作预计将释放约1万亿元中长期流动性，政策利率方面，7天期逆回 购操作利率从1.5%下调至1.4%，贷款市场报价利率（LPR）有望同步下行0.1个百分点。 结构性支持方面，中国人民银行新设立5000亿元服务消费与养老再贷款，用于引导商业银行向消费与养 老相关产业提供更低成本的信贷支持，同时新增3000亿元支农支小再贷款额度，聚焦对中小企业与农村 经济的扶持力度。在资本市场方面，将5000亿元证券基金保险公司互换便利与3000亿元股票增持回购再 贷款两个工具整合为总额8000亿元的统一政策工具，用以增强资本市场流动性，稳定市场运行。这一系 列货币政策工具的调整与设立，是对4月25日中央政治局会议提出的"加紧实施更加积极有为的宏观政 策"要求的具体回应，旨在应对外部不确定性上升带来的挑战，推动高质量发展 ...

Core Viewpoint - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) has reported significant effects of counter-cyclical monetary policy adjustments in the first quarter, with stable growth in financial totals and an optimized credit structure [1][2] Group 1: Monetary Policy and Financial Stability - The PBOC will continue to strengthen the execution and supervision of interest rate policies, aiming to lower bank funding costs and reduce overall social financing costs [1] - In the first quarter, monetary credit maintained reasonable growth, utilizing various tools such as reserve requirements and open market operations to ensure ample liquidity and support key economic sectors [1][2] Group 2: Loan Rates and Economic Development - In March, new corporate loans and personal housing loan rates decreased by approximately 50 and 60 basis points year-on-year, creating a favorable financial environment for high-quality economic development [2] - The PBOC plans to enhance the implementation of interest rate policies and continue reforms to improve the Loan Prime Rate (LPR), while expanding pilot areas for comprehensive financing cost assessments for enterprises [2] Group 3: Future Directions - The PBOC will leverage monetary credit policy to guide financial institutions in supporting technology finance, green finance, inclusive small and micro enterprises, consumption expansion, and stabilizing foreign trade [2] - The scope of re-loans for affordable housing will be broadened to maintain stability in the real estate market [2]

5月7日，国务院新闻办公室举行发布会，央行、国家金融监督管理总局、证监会等负责人介绍"一揽子 金融政策支持稳市场稳预期"有关情况。这是继2024年9月底金融管理部门推出金融政策"组合拳"后的再 次联手，也是落实4月25日中央政治局会议关于"根据形势变化及时推出增量储备政策，加强超常规逆周 期调节"，金融政策要主动作为的及时体现。 此次会上，人民银行提出了十项措施。其中，一揽子降准降息备受关注。比如，降低存款准备金率0.5 个百分点，下调政策利率0.1个百分点，下调结构性货币政策工具利率0.25个百分点，降低个人住房公积 金贷款利率0.25个百分点。这些调节资金面宽裕度和下调资金利率的政策与房地产直接相关。同时，还 提出加快出台与房地产发展新模式相适配的系列融资制度。 在当前刚需和刚性改善仍占主导的情况下，为了促进这些需求更好地上车、促进新房和二手房的循环， 考虑到微观主体对收入预期等仍然偏弱的情况，适时降准降息，保持流动性充裕、低成本，继续降低楼 市的门槛、降低交易成本，有利于夯实止跌回稳的局面。 当前有一些因素制约楼市消费端，也需要降准降息来扶持。另外，人民币汇率稳定的压力减轻，也为降 准降息创造出窗口期。 ...

货币政策作为宏观调控的主要政策工具，对经济运行具有重要影响。央行发布的10项措施，既有向全市 场注入"活水"的总量政策，也有为企业、居民降成本的价格政策，还有定向支持科创、消费、普惠领域 的结构政策。总量政策方面，完善存款准备金制度，降低存款准备金率，可以向市场释放更大的流动 性。价格政策方面，下调政策利率、结构性货币政策工具利率、个人住房公积金贷款利率，有利于带动 社会综合融资成本稳中有降。结构政策方面，一系列举措旨在完善现有结构性货币政策工具，并创新推 出新的政策工具，提升金融支持实体经济的强度、适配性和精准性。 南方日报评论员 央行发布3类10项措施、金融监管总局推出8项增量措施、证监会打出稳市"组合拳"……5月7日，国新办 举行新闻发布会，三大金融部门主要负责人介绍"一揽子金融政策支持稳市场稳预期"情况。三大股指当 天集体高开，其中金融、房地产等板块涨幅居前，市场对未来充满信心。 金融是现代经济的核心。保持经济平稳健康发展，一定要把金融搞好。一季度，全国GDP同比增长 5.4%，经济呈现向好态势，社会信心持续提振。同时也要看到，我国经济持续回升向好的基础还需要 进一步稳固，国内需求不足、一些企业经营困 ...

预期管理，常见于欧美成熟市场。通过预期利好提振市场，市场也受益于预期性的朦胧利好而不断走高。与实质性的利好措施相比，朦胧的利好预期，更容 易满足市场的情绪需求，当朦胧利好得到兑现之后，市场总想着更大的利好预期。从短期的角度分析，股市行情受到市场情绪波动的影响，但从中长期的角 度考虑，股市行情表现与经济基本面、上市公司盈利水平高度相关，这也是影响着股票市场的价值运行中枢水平。 在央行降准降息的背后，股市与楼市，谁受到的影响更大？ 其中，央行降低存款准备金率0.5个百分点，预计向市场提供中长期流动性达到1万亿元左右。与此同时，下调政策利率0.1个百分点，此举将会带动LPR的小 幅下行。LPR下行，有望带动存量房贷利率的继续下降，为存量房贷的购房者减轻房贷压力。 此外，此次政策层面还降低个人住房公积金贷款利率0.25个百分点。其中，5年期以上首套房利率从2.85%降低至2.6%，其他期限利率目标也会同步调整。 从直接影响分析，此次央行降准降息有利于缓解股市、楼市的流动性压力，通过政策利好传递出稳定股市、楼市的信号。在现阶段内，提振市场的投资信 心，缓解市场的流动性压力是稳定市场的关键措施。 央行降准降息，并不局限于 ...