邢自强系摩根士丹利中国首席经济学家，中国首席经济学家论坛理事 一、经济增长观察：三季度同比或滑向4.5% 从 8 月经济数据表现来看，多项指标显示增长动能有所减弱，摩根士丹利预测三季度经济同比增速或降至 - 4.5%，具体呈现以下特征： 1. 出口增速回落，前置效应逐步回调 受高基数效应与前期出口 "前置" 需求回调影响，8 月中国出口同比增速预计从 7 月的 7.2% 放缓至 5%-6%。这一 趋势可从 "中国至美集装箱船数量" 得到印证 ——8 月以来，驶往美国的集装箱船数量明显减少，直观反映出前 期出口前置后的需求回落（见插图 1）。 2025 年 8 月 21 日，摩根士丹利邢自强团队发布最新研究报告《中国情绪追踪：亚太增长放缓，政策持续发力， 市场保持活跃》。报告指出，8 月中国经济增长虽呈放缓态势，但充裕的流动性与 "稳节奏、偏积极" 的政策发 力，仍支撑市场情绪维持乐观。当前市场杠杆水平尚属合理，暂未出现触发股市即时限制的明显因素，后续需重 点关注资金流动、杠杆变化及市场叙事的潜在转向。 2. 国内消费疲软，汽车、家电销售承压 尽管截至 7 月底中央已向地方政府拨付约 6000 亿元补贴资金，但 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the 20th anniversary of the "7·21" exchange rate reform, highlighting the significant changes in the RMB exchange rate since 1994, including a nearly 60% appreciation from 2005 to early 2022, followed by a depreciation of over 15% since 2022, indicating a deviation from reasonable valuation [1][5]. Group 1: RMB Exchange Rate Dynamics - The RMB's actual effective exchange rate has shown a trend of appreciation until 2022, but has since weakened significantly, reaching its lowest level in nearly a decade by March 2025 [1][4]. - The depreciation of the RMB is attributed to a combination of nominal effective exchange rate decline and a decrease in China's price level relative to trade partners, with the latter accounting for two-thirds of the decline [5][6]. - Despite a record trade surplus, the actual depreciation of the RMB has not been offset, indicating that lower prices have not translated into expected competitiveness in international markets [5][6]. Group 2: Economic Conditions and Policy Recommendations - Demand insufficiency is identified as the primary reason for the RMB's depreciation, exacerbated by price stickiness and market coordination failures [6][7]. - The article notes that while economic growth has shown resilience, investment growth has slowed, particularly in real estate, which has seen a significant decline [8][9]. - CF40 suggests that expanding domestic demand should be the core focus of macroeconomic policy in the second half of the year, with fiscal spending being a critical lever to stimulate total demand [10][11]. - The projected fiscal budget for 2025 indicates a significant increase in public spending, which could effectively boost total demand if achieved [10][11]. - Urban renewal is highlighted as a suitable area for government-led public investment to stimulate economic activity [12].

Core Viewpoint - The report highlights a paradox where China's trade surplus is expanding while the Renminbi (RMB) is depreciating, raising questions about the underlying economic dynamics [1][3]. Group 1: Trade Surplus and Currency Dynamics - Since 2022, despite rapid industrial upgrades and increasing export competitiveness, China's trade surplus has reached new highs, yet the actual effective exchange rate of the RMB has declined by over 15% from Q1 2022 to Q1 2025 [3]. - According to Balassa's theory, faster productivity growth in a country's trade sector typically leads to currency appreciation, a trend observed in Japan, but this has not been the case for China [3]. Group 2: Demand Insufficiency and Market Failures - Zhang Bin attributes the continuous depreciation of the RMB since 2022 primarily to insufficient demand, which also explains the expanding trade surplus and significant net capital outflows [5]. - The insufficient demand has resulted in low inflation and weak asset price expectations, indicating a market failure characterized by price stickiness and coordination failures among market participants [5]. - Individual rational behaviors, such as reduced investment by businesses and decreased consumption by households, collectively contribute to a negative spiral of income and expenditure, exerting downward pressure on demand and asset prices, leading to depreciation of the nominal and actual effective RMB exchange rates [5]. Group 3: Recommendations for Currency Valuation - Experts, including Zhang Bin, believe the RMB is undervalued and recommend timely and sufficient counter-cyclical policies to achieve a reasonable valuation of the currency [5]. - If overcoming the demand insufficiency in the short term proves challenging, maintaining a wide fluctuation range for the RMB against the USD while firmly defending the upper and lower limits of RMB exchange rate fluctuations is advised [5].

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - No specific industry investment rating is provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints - **Stock Index**: The A-share market is expected to continue to fluctuate. The index fundamentals depend on the domestic economic recovery process. Although the corporate profit situation in the first half of 2025 has improved significantly compared to 2024, and there is support from allocation funds, the index is difficult to break through the central level and rise significantly due to credit contraction and insufficient demand under the background of debt resolution. On the other hand, it will not experience a sharp decline in the short term [1]. - **Treasury Bonds**: The bond market is in an environment with loose funds, stable economy, and low short-term interest rate cut expectations. With insufficient upward and downward momentum, it is expected to continue the fluctuating trend in the short term [2]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Research Views - **Stock Index**: On July 9, 2025, the A-share market fluctuated and closed down. The Wind All A index fell 0.18% with a trading volume of 1.53 trillion yuan. The CSI 1000, CSI 500, SSE 50, and SSE 300 indices also declined. The media sector led the rise, while the non-ferrous metals sector corrected. The recent Central Financial and Economic Commission emphasized the construction of a unified national market, but the impact on related themes depends on the transfer mode and scale of central fiscal incremental policies. Overseas, the Fed's interest rate cut expectation has slowed down, and the boost to domestic small-cap indices has weakened. The fundamentals of the index depend on the domestic economic recovery process, and it is expected to fluctuate [1]. - **Treasury Bonds**: On July 9, 2025, treasury bond futures closed with gains. The central bank conducted 755 billion yuan of 7-day reverse repurchase operations with a stable interest rate of 1.4%. The net withdrawal of funds was 230 billion yuan. The overall capital situation was loose, and the price index remained stable. The bond market is expected to continue to fluctuate in the short term [1][2]. 3.2 Daily Price Changes - **Stock Index Futures**: On July 9, 2025, compared with the previous day, the IH, IF, IC, and IM contracts all declined, with declines of -0.14%, -0.15%, -0.47%, and -0.35% respectively [3]. - **Stock Indices**: The SSE 50, SSE 300, CSI 500, and CSI 1000 indices also declined, with declines of -0.26%, -0.18%, -0.41%, and -0.27% respectively [3]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: The TS, TF, T, and TL contracts all rose, with increases of 0.00%, 0.02%, 0.03%, and 0.14% respectively [3]. 3.3 Market News - From 2021 to 2024, China's economy maintained an average annual growth rate of 5.5%. The average contribution rate of domestic demand to economic growth was 86.4%, and the average contribution rate of final consumption to economic growth reached 56.2%, 8.6 percentage points higher than that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period [4]. 3.4 Chart Analysis - **Stock Index Futures**: The report presents the trend charts of the main contracts and the basis of IH, IF, IC, and IM [6][7][9]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: The report shows the trend charts of the main contracts, spot bond yields, basis, inter - period spreads, cross - variety spreads, and capital interest rates of treasury bond futures [13][15][17]. - **Exchange Rates**: The report provides the trend charts of the central parity rates of the US dollar, euro against the RMB, forward exchange rates, and exchange rates of other currency pairs [20][21][22]

Report Industry Investment Rating - No industry investment rating is provided in the report. Core Viewpoints - The A-share market rose rapidly yesterday, with the Wind All A index up 1.56% and a trading volume of 1.45 trillion yuan. The conflict between Iran and Israel has limited direct impact on the A-share market. Given the current credit contraction and insufficient demand, the index is unlikely to break through the central level and rise significantly. However, with the improvement in corporate earnings in H1 2025 compared to 2024 and the support of allocation funds, the A-share index will not experience a sharp decline in the short term. It is expected that the index will mainly fluctuate in the future [1]. - Treasury bond futures closed lower, with the 30-year main contract down 0.27%, the 10-year main contract down 0.11%, the 5-year main contract down 0.07%, and the 2-year main contract down 0.02%. The central bank conducted 4065 billion yuan of 7-day reverse repurchase operations, with a net injection of 2092 billion yuan. The bond market lacks the momentum to strengthen significantly and is likely to remain in a range-bound pattern [1][2]. Summary by Directory Research Viewpoints - **Stock Index Futures**: The A-share market showed a significant upward trend, with multiple sectors rising. The conflict between Iran and Israel had limited direct impact on the A-share market. The domestic economy faces challenges such as credit contraction and insufficient demand, but corporate earnings have improved, leading to an expected volatile trend for the index [1]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: Treasury bond futures closed lower. The central bank's open market operations led to a slight tightening of the capital market. Given the economic resilience and the approaching half-year end, the bond market is likely to remain range-bound [1][2]. Price Changes in Futures Contracts - **Stock Index Futures**: On June 24, 2025, IH rose 1.10%, IF rose 1.45%, IC rose 1.79%, and IM rose 2.46% compared to the previous day [3]. - **Stock Indexes**: The Shanghai Composite 50 Index rose 1.16%, the CSI 300 Index rose 1.20%, the CSI 500 Index rose 1.62%, and the CSI 1000 Index rose 1.92% [3]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: TS fell 0.03%, TF fell 0.08%, T fell 0.12%, and TL fell 0.30% [3]. Market News - An event to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War will be held on September 3, including a military parade, and President Xi Jinping will deliver an important speech [4]. Chart Analysis - **Stock Index Futures**: The report presents the trends and basis trends of IH, IF, IC, and IM main contracts, providing a visual reference for the performance of stock index futures [6][7][9]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: The report includes the trends of treasury bond futures main contracts, treasury bond spot yields, basis, inter - period spreads, cross - variety spreads, and capital interest rates, helping to analyze the treasury bond futures market [13][15][17]. - **Exchange Rates**: The report shows the exchange rate trends of the US dollar against the RMB, the euro against the RMB, and other currency pairs, as well as the trends of forward exchange rates, offering insights into the foreign exchange market [20][21][22].

1. Core View on Urea - On June 20, 2025, the urea price plummeted due to multiple factors [3] - The domestic urea production capacity has been continuously expanding, with an expected new capacity (including replacement) of 6.6 million tons/year in 2025. The total production capacity may exceed 75 million tons/year by the end of the year, with a stable daily output of over 200,000 tons and an operating rate of around 87% [4] - The demand is weak. In agriculture, during the summer top - dressing season, grass - roots procurement is cautious, and the procurement volume is only 70% of previous years. Industrial demand is also poor, with the operating rate of compound fertilizer enterprises dropping significantly to around 37% [4] - As of June 11, the national urea enterprise inventory reached 1.1771 million tons, an increase of 141,700 tons from the previous week, a growth rate of 13.7%. Urea exports are strictly controlled, and the port - gathering speed is slow, with an export expectation of less than 2 million tons this year, which is difficult to relieve the domestic inventory pressure [5] - The decline in raw material coal prices weakens the cost support, and the production costs of coal - based and gas - based enterprises have decreased simultaneously, giving enterprises more room to cut prices [5] 2. Technical Analysis of Different Futures 2.1 Stock Index Futures - Rumors that Trump will decide whether to attack Iran within two weeks have led to a decline in international oil prices. The market is expected to continue to fluctuate next week [8] 2.2 Gold - The Fed's decision not to cut interest rates in the meeting has reduced the expectation of an interest rate cut this year, causing an adjustment in gold prices. However, the general upward trend remains unchanged, and it is only a matter of time to reach a new high. A low - buying strategy is recommended [12][13] 2.3 Iron Ore - The supply has increased month - on - month, the pig iron output has weakened seasonally, and the ports have returned to inventory accumulation. The weak reality has increased the over - valuation risk of iron ore. Technically, pay attention to the important support below and view it with a fluctuating perspective [15][16] 2.4 Glass - The supply side has not experienced a major loss - induced cold repair situation, the factory inventory is still at a high level, the downstream deep - processing orders have weak restocking motivation, and the demand has not continued to increase significantly. It still depends on the effect of real - estate stimulus or the introduction of major policies. Technically, it rebounded slightly today, and a fluctuating view is adopted [19][20] 2.5 Soybean Oil - Due to the long - term expectation of the US biodiesel policy and the uncertain Middle East situation, the short - term trend of oils and fats may be fluctuating or slightly stronger. However, the current supply - demand situation is not tight, and it is in the period of medium - term seasonal production and inventory increase. When the price reaches the previous high pressure area of 8280 - 8300, take profit on long positions and take short positions with a light position [21]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint indicates that multiple indicators are showing a situation of insufficient demand in the Indian economy [1] Group 2 - The comments from the Reserve Bank of India committee member Singh highlight concerns regarding economic activity and consumer spending [1] - The analysis suggests that the current economic conditions may lead to challenges in achieving growth targets [1] - There is an emphasis on the need for policy measures to stimulate demand and support economic recovery [1]

Report Investment Rating - Not provided in the document Core Viewpoints - The stock index is expected to fluctuate. Overseas geopolitical conflicts have led to significant fluctuations in commodity prices, but the correlation with China's capital market is lower than in 2022. The recent weakness in the index is due to selling pressure after the rally in early June. Although the current economic situation shows credit contraction and insufficient demand, the improvement in corporate earnings in the first half of 2025 and the support of allocation funds will prevent the A-share index from falling sharply [1]. - The bond market is also expected to fluctuate. The central bank's open market operations have maintained a loose liquidity situation, which has slightly strengthened the bond market in June. However, the strong economic resilience driven by policies and the "front-loading exports" effect mean that the bond market lacks the momentum to rise significantly, and the volatile pattern is difficult to change in the short term [1][2]. Summary by Directory 1. Research Views - **Stock Index**: The index is expected to fluctuate. Overseas geopolitical conflicts have increased uncertainty, but the impact on the A-share market is limited. The recent weakness is due to short-term selling pressure, and the long - term trend is affected by economic fundamentals such as PPI decline and credit contraction, as well as the improvement in corporate earnings [1]. - **Treasury Bonds**: The bond market is expected to fluctuate. The central bank's open - market operations maintain loose liquidity, but the strong economic resilience restricts the upward movement of bond prices [1][2]. 2. Daily Price Changes - **Stock Index Futures**: On June 19, 2025, compared with the previous day, the prices of IH, IF, IC, and IM all declined, with decreases of 0.68%, 0.82%, 1.05%, and 1.21% respectively [3]. - **Stock Indexes**: The Shanghai Composite 50, CSI 300, CSI 500, and CSI 1000 all declined, with decreases of 0.54%, 0.82%, 1.20%, and 1.42% respectively [3]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: The 30 - year main contract rose 0.16%, while the 5 - year and 2 - year main contracts fell 0.02% and 0.01% respectively, and the 10 - year main contract remained stable [1][3]. 3. Market News - On June 19, the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated that it opposes any actions that violate the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and the use or threat of force in international relations. It called on major powers to promote cease - fires and return to dialogue [5]. 4. Chart Analysis - **Stock Index Futures**: The document provides trend charts of IH, IF, IM, and IC main contracts, as well as the basis trend charts of each index futures [7][8][9]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: The document provides trend charts of treasury bond futures main contracts, treasury bond spot yields, basis, inter - period spreads, inter - variety spreads, and capital interest rates [14][15][17]. - **Exchange Rates**: The document provides charts of the central parity rates of the US dollar, euro against the RMB, forward exchange rates, the US dollar index, and cross - exchange rates such as euro - US dollar, pound - US dollar, and US dollar - yen [21][22][23]

Report Information - Analyst: He Hui, Energy and Chemical Team, including Guo Jianfeng, Guo Yanpeng, and Li Qian [2] - Company: Zhonghui Futures Co., Ltd. - Date: May 30, 2025 [2] Investment Rating - Not provided in the report Core Viewpoints - In May, the domestic and overseas macroeconomic situation did not improve significantly, and the commodity market was weak. The soda ash futures market was also in a downward trend, searching for a bottom. [3] - Soda ash is facing a situation of over - capacity, insufficient demand, and cost collapse. In the short term, it is difficult to find supply - demand drivers, while in the long - term, it is anchored to natural soda ash cost and demand growth rate. [3] Market Review Futures Market - As of May 30, the SA2509 contract closed at 1,190 yuan/ton, with a monthly change of - 12% (a decrease of 165 yuan) [6] 现货市场 - In May, the prices of heavy soda ash were differentiated, with most prices decreasing by 50 yuan/ton, a change ranging from - 5.1% to 3.2% [6] Basis - In May, the spot price of soda ash was weak, while the futures price was even weaker, resulting in a stronger basis. The basis of the main SA509 contract (against Shahe heavy soda ash) was 40 points, with a basis rate of 3.3% [8] Inter - month Spread - The SA09 - 01 contract spread was 2 points, changing from negative to positive, showing a flat - water structure. The SA01 - 05 contract spread was - 52 points, indicating a weaker expectation for the far - month contract [11] Term Structure and Inter - commodity Spread - The soda ash futures market changed from a contango structure to a near - month back flat - water structure, compressing the downward space. The FG - SA09 contract spread was about - 200, and the long - glass short - soda ash spread had a profit of 100 points from - 300 [13] Supply Analysis Device Maintenance and New Capacity - Currently, the maintenance devices of soda ash plants are gradually restarting, and new capacities are being put into production one after another. In 2025, the total planned new capacity is 590 tons/year [17][18] Operating Rate - In May, the comprehensive operating rate of soda ash decreased significantly. Currently, the national operating rate is 78.57% (a month - on - month decrease of 10.87%), with the ammonia - soda process operating rate at 71.41% (a month - on - month decrease of 15.71%) and the combined - soda process operating rate at 76.54% (a month - on - month decrease of 10.58%) [20] Production - In May, the weekly average production of soda ash was 70.32 tons, with the estimated monthly production at 311.41 tons, a month - on - month decrease of 1.9% and a year - on - year decrease of 1.1%. The weekly average production of heavy soda ash was 38.38 tons, with the estimated monthly production at 170 tons, a month - on - month decrease of 2.4% and a year - on - year decrease of 5.1% [31][34] Demand Analysis Glass Melting Volume - Currently, the daily melting volume of float glass is 15.77 tons, a month - on - month increase of 0.32% and a year - on - year decrease of 8.25%. The daily melting volume of photovoltaic glass is 9.88 tons, a month - on - month increase of 0.61% and a year - on - year decrease of 13% [39] Total Melting Volume - In May, the average daily total production of float glass and photovoltaic glass was 25.55 tons, a month - on - month increase of 0.5% and a year - on - year decrease of 9.9% [42] Supply - demand Gap of Heavy Soda Ash - In May, the estimated monthly demand for heavy soda ash was 158.4 tons, and the supply - demand surplus was 11.55 tons, still in a state of oversupply [43] Inventory Analysis Total Inventory - Currently, the total inventory of domestic soda ash manufacturers is 162.43 tons, a month - on - month decrease of 3.94% and a year - on - year increase of 98.52%. The available inventory days are 13.47 days, a month - on - month decrease of 0.43 days and a year - on - year increase of 6.6 days [51] Inventory of Heavy and Light Soda Ash - Currently, the inventory of heavy soda ash is 80.6 tons, a month - on - month decrease of 4.1% and a year - on - year increase of 76.95%. The inventory of light soda ash is 81.83 tons, a month - on - month decrease of 3.79% and a year - on - year increase of 125.6% [54] Cost and Profit Analysis Cost - Currently, the production cost of the ammonia - soda process is 1,283 yuan/ton, a month - on - month decrease of 7.23% and a year - on - year decrease of 26.39%. The production cost of the combined - soda process (double - ton) is 1,610 yuan/ton (75% single - ton cost is 1,208 yuan), a month - on - month decrease of 2.1% and a year - on - year decrease of 19.1% [58] Profit - Currently, the production profit of the ammonia - soda process is 67.2 yuan/ton, a month - on - month increase of 49.7 yuan/ton and a year - on - year decrease of 85.28%. The production profit of the combined - soda process is 215 yuan/ton, a month - on - month decrease of 40.5 yuan/ton and a year - on - year decrease of 78.49% [60] Trading Strategies Single - side Strategy - Currently, the main 09 contract has fallen below the combined - soda process cost of 1,200 yuan/ton. Technically, it shows a short - position arrangement of moving averages. Maintain a bearish view, dynamically track the pressure level of the 20 - day moving average, with a reference range of 1,050 - 1,250 [4] Arbitrage Strategy - Currently, the 9 - 1 spread of soda ash is near 0, almost at par. Considering the seasonal maintenance in summer and the planned new natural soda ash capacity at the end of the year, participate in the 9 - 1 positive spread. In terms of inter - commodity spreads, the FG - SA09 contract spread is about - 200, and the long - glass short - soda ash spread can still be held in the short term, and stop profit when the spread narrows to - 150 [4] Hedging Strategy - Currently, the inventory of soda ash plants is at an absolute high level. Upstream enterprises can pay attention to the short - hedging opportunities of the 09 contract when the futures price is at a premium or at par with the spot price, around 1,200 - 1,250. Downstream glass enterprises can conduct long - hedging when the futures price is lower than the spot delivery cost [4]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article indicates that while the CPI in April showed a month-on-month increase driven by gold, travel, and imported beef prices, the year-on-year figure remains negative for the third consecutive month, highlighting persistent demand weakness [3][4][8]. - The April CPI increased by 0.1% month-on-month, outperforming the seasonal average of -0.1% over the past decade, primarily due to a 10.1% rise in gold jewelry prices, a 3.9% increase in beef prices, and a 3.1% rise in travel-related costs [4][10]. - The year-on-year CPI remained at -0.1% in April, with several price categories showing weakness, including a continued decline in pork prices and stagnant or falling prices in various consumer goods and services [4][6]. Group 2 - The PPI in April saw a year-on-year decline from -2.5% to -2.7%, with a month-on-month decrease of 0.4%, marking the fifth consecutive month of decline [5][6]. - A total of 22 out of 30 categories in the PPI showed no month-on-month growth, indicating widespread price weakness across industries [6][7]. - The article notes that the decline in international oil prices, influenced by tariffs and global economic conditions, has led to decreased prices in domestic oil and gas extraction and processing [7]. Group 3 - The article emphasizes that improving domestic demand is crucial for restoring price levels, as the central bank continues to focus on promoting reasonable price recovery through monetary policy [9][8]. - The transition to a demand-driven growth model is highlighted as essential, with a call for coordinated fiscal, monetary, and social policies to expand effective demand, particularly in consumption [9][8].