那年头的问题是——东西太少了！70后80后都懂，小时候不是没钱买东西，是压根儿就买不到！ 想要啥得"凭票供应"，看见个美国货、香港货能激动半天，就像现在你抽到限量版盲盒一样稀罕。 在阅读文章前，辛苦您点下"关注"，方便讨论和分享。作者定会不负众望，按时按量创作出 更优质的内容。 文|昕昕 前言 八九十年代那会儿，中国确实通胀挺猛的，银行放水+国企烂账，但你猜怎么着？那时候的通胀跟现在 完全是两码事儿！ 为啥？因为计划经济嘛，大锅饭吃着，干多干少一个样，谁还有动力拼命生产，结果就是——想买的买 不着，有钱没处花。 工资一发下来，大家抢着冲去商店，生怕晚了就没货了，这场面跟"双十一"抢购似的，但人家是真缺 货！ 那时候流行啥，"倒爷"！只要你有门路能搞到"条子"，转手一卖就发大财，为啥？因为市场价格吊打计 划价格啊，这差价能把人美死。 所以那年头大家误以为"东西永远会涨价"、"钱永远不够花"。 现在呢？时代变了！ 三十年河东，三十年河西 中国现在是啥地位？世界工厂！占全球产能33%！啥都能造，而且造得又好又便宜，以前是"买不到"， 现在是"卖不出去"，企业拼命"内卷"降价，不是闲的，是被需求不足逼的呀！ 老板也不 ...

中辉能化观点 | | 中辉能化观点 | | | --- | --- | --- | | 品种 | 核心观点 | 主要逻辑 | | | | 油价重回基本面定价，供给过剩依然是核心驱动。短期地缘扰动影响下降， | | 原油 | | 油价重回基本面定价，供给过剩压力逐渐上升；库存方面，美国超预期去 | | ★ | 谨慎看空 | 库，下方存一定支撑；供需方面，9 月 7 日，OPEC+继续扩产，原油供给 | | | | 过剩压力逐渐上升，油价下行压力较大，供给端重点关注 60 美元附近美 | | | | 国页岩油新钻井盈亏平衡点。策略：空单继续持有。 | | | | 成本端油价转弱，下游化工开工率下降，节前排库，液化气维持偏空判断。 | | LPG | | 成本端原油需求下降供给增加，供给过剩压力上升，仍有下探空间；LPG | | ★ | 谨慎看空 | 估值修复，主力合约基差处于相对高位；PDH 利润转弱，开工率大幅回落； | | | | 供给端和库存量均上升，偏利空。策略：空单继续持有。 | | | | 现货止跌反弹，基差继续修复。弱现实与强预期博弈，月差 contongo 结 | | L | | 构深化。前期检修 ...

Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No investment rating information is provided in the report. 2. Core View This week, the SHFE tin 2510 contract experienced a tug - of - war between bulls and bears in a complex market environment, with significant price fluctuations. Positive macro data spurred active capital inflows, driving up the price [2]. 3. Summary by Directory 3.1 Futures Market - **Contract Market**: The price of the SHFE tin 2510 contract showed a pattern of first declining and then rising. In the first half of the week, it fluctuated downward due to macro - economic data and market sentiment. In the second half, with marginal improvement in macro sentiment and supply - side tightness, bullish forces strengthened, leading to a strong rebound and an overall price increase. The price fluctuated sharply, and the battle between bulls and bears was intense [3]. - **Variety Price**: The report provides detailed price data for multiple SHFE tin contracts, including opening, high, low, closing prices, trading volume, open interest, and other information. For example, the sn2510 contract had a weekly opening price of 273,340, a high of 274,900, a low of 268,010, and a closing price of 273,950 [6]. 3.2 Spot Market - **Registered Warehouse Receipts**: On September 12, the SHFE tin futures warehouse receipts were 7,326 tons, a decrease of 178 tons from the previous trading day. The cumulative decrease in SHFE tin futures warehouse receipts in the past week was 71 tons [7]. 3.3 Influencing Factors - **Industry Aspect**: On the supply side, tin ore mining in production areas such as Yunnan in China has been continuously restricted, and some smelters continued their maintenance in September, constraining the output of concentrates and supporting the spot price. On the demand side, the traditional electronic solder field was weak due to the drag of the real estate and infrastructure sectors, with lackluster demand growth for SHFE tin. The lack of demand led to light trading in the spot market and limited upward momentum for the spot price [8]. - **Macro Factors**: The year - on - year growth rate of the US PPI in August unexpectedly slowed to 2.6%, and the core PPI decreased by 0.1% month - on - month. This strengthened the market's expectation of a Fed rate cut in September, weakening the US dollar index and providing some support for the US - dollar - denominated SHFE tin price [9]. 3.4 Market Outlook Given the rigid constraints on raw materials and maintenance plans, the smelter operating rate has dropped significantly, and there are no signs of substantial improvement in the short term. Under the situation of weak supply and demand, the tin price is likely to continue to fluctuate in a high - level range [10].

Economic Growth Observation - The economic growth in China is expected to slow down, with a forecasted year-on-year growth rate of approximately 4.5% for Q3 2025 [3] - Export growth is projected to decline from 7.2% in July to 5%-6% in August due to high base effects and a pullback in prior export demand [3] - Domestic consumption remains weak, particularly in the automotive and home appliance sectors, with significant declines in sales despite government subsidies [5][7] - Infrastructure investment shows a slight recovery, but its sustainability is questioned due to reduced government bond financing [8][10] Market Sentiment - Despite the economic slowdown, market sentiment remains optimistic, supported by ample liquidity and proactive policy measures [12] - The liquidity environment has turned positive since June 2025, with significant inflows into the offshore Chinese stock market, estimated at 15-17 trillion RMB in H1 2025 [14] - There is a notable shift in residents' asset allocation from savings to capital markets, indicated by a decrease in deposits and an increase in investments in non-bank financial products [16] Policy Response - The Chinese government is addressing core challenges categorized as "3D" (de-leveraging, insufficient demand, structural transformation) through targeted policies [19] - Recent government meetings emphasized the continuity of cyclical policies and the acceleration of consumer support measures [19] - The government is also considering capacity adjustments in the refining and petrochemical sectors to address oversupply issues [19] Central Bank Stance - The central bank's recent monetary policy report indicates a focus on the quality of liquidity management rather than direct market support [20] - There has been a gradual reduction in net liquidity injections since June, with interbank market rates aligning with policy benchmark rates [20] Leverage Levels - Current leverage levels in the A-share market are deemed reasonable, with the margin financing balance exceeding 2 trillion RMB (approximately 290 billion USD) [23] - The proportion of margin financing to free-floating market value is around 4.8%, slightly below the 10-year average of 4.9% [23] - The risk of government intervention due to excessive leverage is considered low in the short term, although vigilance is advised if leverage indicators rise significantly [27]

Economic Growth Observation - The economic growth in China is expected to slow down, with Morgan Stanley predicting a year-on-year growth rate of approximately 4.5% for Q3 2025, influenced by various weakening indicators observed in August [1] - Export growth is anticipated to decline from 7.2% in July to a range of 5%-6% in August due to high base effects and a pullback in prior export demand [1] - Domestic consumption remains weak, particularly in the automotive and home appliance sectors, with significant declines in sales despite government subsidies [3] - Infrastructure investment shows a slight recovery, but its sustainability is questioned due to a decrease in net financing from government bonds [5][7] Market Sentiment - Despite the economic slowdown, market sentiment in the A-share market remains resilient, supported by ample liquidity and proactive policy measures [10] - The liquidity environment has turned positive since June 2025, indicating a shift towards a more accommodating financial landscape [10] - There is a notable shift in residents' asset allocation from savings to capital markets, as evidenced by a significant drop in household deposits and a rise in non-bank financial institution deposits [13] Policy Response - The Chinese government is addressing core challenges categorized as "3D" (de-leveraging, insufficient demand, structural transformation) through targeted policy measures [17] - Recent government meetings have emphasized the continuity of cyclical policies and the acceleration of consumer support measures to bolster domestic demand [17] - The government is also considering capacity adjustments in the refining and petrochemical sectors to tackle overcapacity issues, which may lead to the exit or upgrade of outdated production capacities [17] Central Bank Stance - The central bank's recent monetary policy report indicates a shift towards prioritizing the quality of liquidity management rather than merely injecting liquidity to support the stock market [18] - The central bank has reduced the scale of net liquidity injections since June, reflecting a recognition of the current level of liquidity [18] Leverage Levels - Current leverage levels in the A-share market are deemed reasonable, with the margin trading balance exceeding 2 trillion RMB (approximately 290 billion USD), yet remaining below historical peaks [21] - The proportion of margin trading balance to free float market value is around 4.8%, slightly below the 10-year average of 4.9% [21] - Although there has been a recent increase in the proportion of margin trading volume to daily A-share turnover, it remains significantly lower than the peaks observed in 2020 and 2015 [24]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the 20th anniversary of the "7·21" exchange rate reform, highlighting the significant changes in the RMB exchange rate since 1994, including a nearly 60% appreciation from 2005 to early 2022, followed by a depreciation of over 15% since 2022, indicating a deviation from reasonable valuation [1][5]. Group 1: RMB Exchange Rate Dynamics - The RMB's actual effective exchange rate has shown a trend of appreciation until 2022, but has since weakened significantly, reaching its lowest level in nearly a decade by March 2025 [1][4]. - The depreciation of the RMB is attributed to a combination of nominal effective exchange rate decline and a decrease in China's price level relative to trade partners, with the latter accounting for two-thirds of the decline [5][6]. - Despite a record trade surplus, the actual depreciation of the RMB has not been offset, indicating that lower prices have not translated into expected competitiveness in international markets [5][6]. Group 2: Economic Conditions and Policy Recommendations - Demand insufficiency is identified as the primary reason for the RMB's depreciation, exacerbated by price stickiness and market coordination failures [6][7]. - The article notes that while economic growth has shown resilience, investment growth has slowed, particularly in real estate, which has seen a significant decline [8][9]. - CF40 suggests that expanding domestic demand should be the core focus of macroeconomic policy in the second half of the year, with fiscal spending being a critical lever to stimulate total demand [10][11]. - The projected fiscal budget for 2025 indicates a significant increase in public spending, which could effectively boost total demand if achieved [10][11]. - Urban renewal is highlighted as a suitable area for government-led public investment to stimulate economic activity [12].

Core Viewpoint - The report highlights a paradox where China's trade surplus is expanding while the Renminbi (RMB) is depreciating, raising questions about the underlying economic dynamics [1][3]. Group 1: Trade Surplus and Currency Dynamics - Since 2022, despite rapid industrial upgrades and increasing export competitiveness, China's trade surplus has reached new highs, yet the actual effective exchange rate of the RMB has declined by over 15% from Q1 2022 to Q1 2025 [3]. - According to Balassa's theory, faster productivity growth in a country's trade sector typically leads to currency appreciation, a trend observed in Japan, but this has not been the case for China [3]. Group 2: Demand Insufficiency and Market Failures - Zhang Bin attributes the continuous depreciation of the RMB since 2022 primarily to insufficient demand, which also explains the expanding trade surplus and significant net capital outflows [5]. - The insufficient demand has resulted in low inflation and weak asset price expectations, indicating a market failure characterized by price stickiness and coordination failures among market participants [5]. - Individual rational behaviors, such as reduced investment by businesses and decreased consumption by households, collectively contribute to a negative spiral of income and expenditure, exerting downward pressure on demand and asset prices, leading to depreciation of the nominal and actual effective RMB exchange rates [5]. Group 3: Recommendations for Currency Valuation - Experts, including Zhang Bin, believe the RMB is undervalued and recommend timely and sufficient counter-cyclical policies to achieve a reasonable valuation of the currency [5]. - If overcoming the demand insufficiency in the short term proves challenging, maintaining a wide fluctuation range for the RMB against the USD while firmly defending the upper and lower limits of RMB exchange rate fluctuations is advised [5].

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - No specific industry investment rating is provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints - **Stock Index**: The A-share market is expected to continue to fluctuate. The index fundamentals depend on the domestic economic recovery process. Although the corporate profit situation in the first half of 2025 has improved significantly compared to 2024, and there is support from allocation funds, the index is difficult to break through the central level and rise significantly due to credit contraction and insufficient demand under the background of debt resolution. On the other hand, it will not experience a sharp decline in the short term [1]. - **Treasury Bonds**: The bond market is in an environment with loose funds, stable economy, and low short-term interest rate cut expectations. With insufficient upward and downward momentum, it is expected to continue the fluctuating trend in the short term [2]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Research Views - **Stock Index**: On July 9, 2025, the A-share market fluctuated and closed down. The Wind All A index fell 0.18% with a trading volume of 1.53 trillion yuan. The CSI 1000, CSI 500, SSE 50, and SSE 300 indices also declined. The media sector led the rise, while the non-ferrous metals sector corrected. The recent Central Financial and Economic Commission emphasized the construction of a unified national market, but the impact on related themes depends on the transfer mode and scale of central fiscal incremental policies. Overseas, the Fed's interest rate cut expectation has slowed down, and the boost to domestic small-cap indices has weakened. The fundamentals of the index depend on the domestic economic recovery process, and it is expected to fluctuate [1]. - **Treasury Bonds**: On July 9, 2025, treasury bond futures closed with gains. The central bank conducted 755 billion yuan of 7-day reverse repurchase operations with a stable interest rate of 1.4%. The net withdrawal of funds was 230 billion yuan. The overall capital situation was loose, and the price index remained stable. The bond market is expected to continue to fluctuate in the short term [1][2]. 3.2 Daily Price Changes - **Stock Index Futures**: On July 9, 2025, compared with the previous day, the IH, IF, IC, and IM contracts all declined, with declines of -0.14%, -0.15%, -0.47%, and -0.35% respectively [3]. - **Stock Indices**: The SSE 50, SSE 300, CSI 500, and CSI 1000 indices also declined, with declines of -0.26%, -0.18%, -0.41%, and -0.27% respectively [3]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: The TS, TF, T, and TL contracts all rose, with increases of 0.00%, 0.02%, 0.03%, and 0.14% respectively [3]. 3.3 Market News - From 2021 to 2024, China's economy maintained an average annual growth rate of 5.5%. The average contribution rate of domestic demand to economic growth was 86.4%, and the average contribution rate of final consumption to economic growth reached 56.2%, 8.6 percentage points higher than that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period [4]. 3.4 Chart Analysis - **Stock Index Futures**: The report presents the trend charts of the main contracts and the basis of IH, IF, IC, and IM [6][7][9]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: The report shows the trend charts of the main contracts, spot bond yields, basis, inter - period spreads, cross - variety spreads, and capital interest rates of treasury bond futures [13][15][17]. - **Exchange Rates**: The report provides the trend charts of the central parity rates of the US dollar, euro against the RMB, forward exchange rates, and exchange rates of other currency pairs [20][21][22]

Report Industry Investment Rating - No industry investment rating is provided in the report. Core Viewpoints - The A-share market rose rapidly yesterday, with the Wind All A index up 1.56% and a trading volume of 1.45 trillion yuan. The conflict between Iran and Israel has limited direct impact on the A-share market. Given the current credit contraction and insufficient demand, the index is unlikely to break through the central level and rise significantly. However, with the improvement in corporate earnings in H1 2025 compared to 2024 and the support of allocation funds, the A-share index will not experience a sharp decline in the short term. It is expected that the index will mainly fluctuate in the future [1]. - Treasury bond futures closed lower, with the 30-year main contract down 0.27%, the 10-year main contract down 0.11%, the 5-year main contract down 0.07%, and the 2-year main contract down 0.02%. The central bank conducted 4065 billion yuan of 7-day reverse repurchase operations, with a net injection of 2092 billion yuan. The bond market lacks the momentum to strengthen significantly and is likely to remain in a range-bound pattern [1][2]. Summary by Directory Research Viewpoints - **Stock Index Futures**: The A-share market showed a significant upward trend, with multiple sectors rising. The conflict between Iran and Israel had limited direct impact on the A-share market. The domestic economy faces challenges such as credit contraction and insufficient demand, but corporate earnings have improved, leading to an expected volatile trend for the index [1]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: Treasury bond futures closed lower. The central bank's open market operations led to a slight tightening of the capital market. Given the economic resilience and the approaching half-year end, the bond market is likely to remain range-bound [1][2]. Price Changes in Futures Contracts - **Stock Index Futures**: On June 24, 2025, IH rose 1.10%, IF rose 1.45%, IC rose 1.79%, and IM rose 2.46% compared to the previous day [3]. - **Stock Indexes**: The Shanghai Composite 50 Index rose 1.16%, the CSI 300 Index rose 1.20%, the CSI 500 Index rose 1.62%, and the CSI 1000 Index rose 1.92% [3]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: TS fell 0.03%, TF fell 0.08%, T fell 0.12%, and TL fell 0.30% [3]. Market News - An event to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War will be held on September 3, including a military parade, and President Xi Jinping will deliver an important speech [4]. Chart Analysis - **Stock Index Futures**: The report presents the trends and basis trends of IH, IF, IC, and IM main contracts, providing a visual reference for the performance of stock index futures [6][7][9]. - **Treasury Bond Futures**: The report includes the trends of treasury bond futures main contracts, treasury bond spot yields, basis, inter - period spreads, cross - variety spreads, and capital interest rates, helping to analyze the treasury bond futures market [13][15][17]. - **Exchange Rates**: The report shows the exchange rate trends of the US dollar against the RMB, the euro against the RMB, and other currency pairs, as well as the trends of forward exchange rates, offering insights into the foreign exchange market [20][21][22].

1. Core View on Urea - On June 20, 2025, the urea price plummeted due to multiple factors [3] - The domestic urea production capacity has been continuously expanding, with an expected new capacity (including replacement) of 6.6 million tons/year in 2025. The total production capacity may exceed 75 million tons/year by the end of the year, with a stable daily output of over 200,000 tons and an operating rate of around 87% [4] - The demand is weak. In agriculture, during the summer top - dressing season, grass - roots procurement is cautious, and the procurement volume is only 70% of previous years. Industrial demand is also poor, with the operating rate of compound fertilizer enterprises dropping significantly to around 37% [4] - As of June 11, the national urea enterprise inventory reached 1.1771 million tons, an increase of 141,700 tons from the previous week, a growth rate of 13.7%. Urea exports are strictly controlled, and the port - gathering speed is slow, with an export expectation of less than 2 million tons this year, which is difficult to relieve the domestic inventory pressure [5] - The decline in raw material coal prices weakens the cost support, and the production costs of coal - based and gas - based enterprises have decreased simultaneously, giving enterprises more room to cut prices [5] 2. Technical Analysis of Different Futures 2.1 Stock Index Futures - Rumors that Trump will decide whether to attack Iran within two weeks have led to a decline in international oil prices. The market is expected to continue to fluctuate next week [8] 2.2 Gold - The Fed's decision not to cut interest rates in the meeting has reduced the expectation of an interest rate cut this year, causing an adjustment in gold prices. However, the general upward trend remains unchanged, and it is only a matter of time to reach a new high. A low - buying strategy is recommended [12][13] 2.3 Iron Ore - The supply has increased month - on - month, the pig iron output has weakened seasonally, and the ports have returned to inventory accumulation. The weak reality has increased the over - valuation risk of iron ore. Technically, pay attention to the important support below and view it with a fluctuating perspective [15][16] 2.4 Glass - The supply side has not experienced a major loss - induced cold repair situation, the factory inventory is still at a high level, the downstream deep - processing orders have weak restocking motivation, and the demand has not continued to increase significantly. It still depends on the effect of real - estate stimulus or the introduction of major policies. Technically, it rebounded slightly today, and a fluctuating view is adopted [19][20] 2.5 Soybean Oil - Due to the long - term expectation of the US biodiesel policy and the uncertain Middle East situation, the short - term trend of oils and fats may be fluctuating or slightly stronger. However, the current supply - demand situation is not tight, and it is in the period of medium - term seasonal production and inventory increase. When the price reaches the previous high pressure area of 8280 - 8300, take profit on long positions and take short positions with a light position [21]