数量工具先行，静待利率工具 文：国金宏观宋雪涛/联系人孙永乐 去年末，在降息预期较强的情况下，国债收益率"无视"央行多次提醒大幅回落， 10 年国债一度跌破 1.6% 。 年初以来，为避免债券收益率过低对货币工具的制约，央行通过暂停国债购入、回笼流动性等操作，有意引导国内资金面处于紧平衡，推动国债收益率回 升。 2 月以来债券市场持续调整， 国债收益率曲线转向熊平，DR007利率大幅高于OMO利率， 1 年期及以内国债收益率重回 1.5% 左右， 10 年国债收益 率相比于此前低点回调超过 20BP ， 市场降息降准预期落空。 但事情正在发生变化。 3 月 21 日，央行公布《货币政策委员会一季度例会通稿》， 这是近年来时间最早的一季度例会 。其中对国债的表述从四季度的"充实完善货币政策工 具箱，开展国债买卖，关注长期收益率的变化"变为"从宏观审慎的角度观察、评估债市运行情况，关注长期收益率的变化"，表明债券收益率过低对货币 工具的制约有所减弱，政策更加重视防范金融市场风险，避免债市大涨大跌，维护金融市场稳定。 3 月 24 日，央行预告在 25 日采用"固定数量、利率招标、多重价位中标"方式投放 4500 ...

Investment Rating - The report indicates a positive outlook for M1 growth, suggesting a potential upward trend in the coming quarters [11][35]. Core Insights - M1 growth showed a rebound trend in Q4 2024, but experienced a decline again in early 2025 due to the Spring Festival effect. The report explores the factors driving M1 growth changes and whether a new upward trend has begun [11][35]. - The report identifies five key factors influencing M1 growth: fiscal policy, monetary policy, entity activity, financial system, and external factors. It highlights that fiscal policy has become the primary driver of M1 growth, especially in 2024 [20][35]. - The report emphasizes that the contribution of entity demand to M1 growth has weakened significantly since 2018, while fiscal policy's contribution has increased, reaching 7.3 percentage points in 2024 [35][41]. Summary by Sections 1. Changes in M1 - M1 growth rebounded starting October 2024, reaching 1.2% in December, but slowed to 0.4% in January 2025. The government bond issuance accelerated from August 2024, contributing to M1's recovery [11][12][35]. - The new M1 calculation includes personal demand deposits, which smooths out the impact of seasonal factors like the Spring Festival [11][13][35]. 2. Factors Driving M1 Growth: Insights from the Five-Factor Model - The report notes that the average annual contribution of entity demand to M1 growth has dropped to 2.2 percentage points in 2024, compared to an average of 10 percentage points from 2018 to 2021 [20][35]. - The financial system's contribution to M1 growth has been negative in recent years, reflecting the drag from interbank fund circulation [35][41]. 3. Is M1 Entering an Upward Cycle? - Historical data shows that M1 growth has typically rebounded significantly during previous cycles, with increases of over 10 percentage points lasting more than a year [41][45]. - The report suggests that while fiscal policy may drive M1 growth, the current recovery in entity demand remains weak, and the central bank's monetary policy focus is on stabilizing bank interest margins rather than large-scale liquidity injections [45][49].