宏 观 研 究 汇率双周报系列之八 2026 年 02 月 28 日 人民币升值，"休止"还是"变奏"？ 界 经 济 证 券 研 究 报 告 证券分析师 赵伟 A0230524070010 zhaowei@swsresearch.com 陈达飞 A0230524080010 chendf@swsresearch.com 李欣越 A0230524080004 lixy@swsresearch.com 赵宇 A0230524080007 zhaoyu2@swsresearch.com 王茂宇 A0230521120001 wangmy2@swsresearch.com 联系人 李欣越 A0230524080004 lixy@swsresearch.com 本研究报告仅通过邮件提供给 中庚基金 使用。1 2026 年 1 月下旬以来，人民币升值明显加速；为抑制人民币过快升值，2 月 27 日央行宣布下 调外汇风险准备金率。本轮升值与过往的异同、央行工具会否扭转趋势？本文分析，供参考。 一、热点思考：人民币升值，"休止"还是"变奏"？ （一）为何近期人民币加速升值？持续升值下，结汇的"羊群效应"或开始出现 本轮升值前 ...

假期结束后，离岸人民币汇率继续走强，1美元兑离岸人民币升至6.8附近，近10个月累计上涨超过5600个基点，升值势头明显。 值得关注的是，本轮人民币走强期间，美元指数并未出现明显下跌，人民币呈现独立升值态势。美元指数主要反映美元对欧元、日元、英镑等主要货币的表 现，这一情况说明，本轮人民币升值并非由美元走弱带动，而是由境内市场自身因素推动。 首先最主要的买入力量，是国内的出口企业，这也是推动人民币升值最核心的原因。 我们都知道，中国是出口大国，很多企业做外贸生意，卖货物到国外，收回来的都是美元。 2025年中国货物贸易保持较高顺差，约1.2万亿美元，净出口对经济增长的贡献率达到32.7%，这意味着出口企业手里积累了大量的美元。 . . THE SIN THE THE THE 理 居民 院 院 arme ca H E France CAA EES uxt AER! INPL MAZREN 86 Hopag U SINDTRANS & Hoper ESALE WAS EE Hapen Lloyd SINCI OR Crists 《 Hapen Unyd CHAN MAN Fists can mas GSt & H ...

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article is that the Chinese yuan has returned to an appreciation trend, with the USD/CNY midpoint reaching a new low since May 2023 at 6.9523, approaching the critical level of 6.95 [1][10]. - The appreciation of the yuan began to accelerate in December last year, with a monthly increase of approximately 900 pips, followed by an additional 500 pips in January [2]. - The yuan's appreciation characteristics can be summarized as "self-driven," where the yuan gains momentum when the US dollar index declines, and experiences limited adjustments when the index rises [4][6]. Group 2 - The USD/CNY midpoint has been on a downward trend for eight consecutive months since the peak of the trade war in April last year, returning to a trajectory that aligns with market appreciation rates [5]. - There is a consensus among enterprises to adjust their currency exchange strategies flexibly, moving away from fixed points to follow market trends [7]. - Potential risks before and after the Spring Festival include supply-demand imbalances due to pre-holiday settlement pressures, with the possibility of the USD/CNY rate dropping to the 6.9 level [8]. Group 3 - Key data releases, including January's non-farm payrolls and CPI, could catalyze market movements, especially with the upcoming long Spring Festival holiday, which may increase volatility [8]. - The article notes that the longest Spring Festival holiday in history, lasting nine days, could yield a carry return of 50 pips, leading to speculative trading that may amplify market fluctuations [8][10]. - The article concludes that the appreciation of the yuan may not be over before the Spring Festival, and that adjusting exchange rates at higher levels is a reasonable strategy [10].

1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not mentioned in the provided content 2. Core Viewpoints - The impact of corporate foreign exchange settlement with banks on the capital market is slightly negative, while banks' foreign exchange settlement with the central bank significantly benefits the capital market. Attention should be paid to changes in the central bank's operations. Foreign exchange settlement can relieve the pressure of insufficient general deposits in banks and support certificate of deposit (CD) interest rates. The key influencing factors are the rhythm of banks' foreign exchange settlement with the central bank and changes in the central bank's investment scale [5][8][10]. - Last week, the bond market continued its recovery, with interest rates, especially long - term yields, dropping rapidly. The stock market sentiment was suppressed, and the central bank's net investment was large. Short - term trading was crowded initially, and then institutions shifted to long - term bonds, driving down long - term interest rates [5][41]. - In terms of high - frequency data, most production - side operating rates declined, demand - side indicators such as passenger car sales and real estate transactions were weak, and price trends were mixed [5][48][49]. 3. Summary by Directory 3.1 Bond Market Weekly Viewpoint - The impact of foreign exchange settlement on the capital market and CD interest rates is positive. Theoretically, as long as the proportion of banks' foreign exchange settlement with the central bank exceeds the legal deposit reserve ratio (currently 6.3%), foreign exchange settlement benefits the capital market. The actual data also shows a correlation where more foreign exchange settlement leads to a looser capital market [5][10][12]. - Foreign exchange settlement increases the general deposit scale of banks, relieves CD financing pressure, and thus supports CD interest rates [10]. 3.2 This Week's Focus in the Fixed - Income Market - This week, China will release January PMI. The US, Canada, and the Eurozone will also announce relevant economic data and central bank decisions [13][14]. - This week, the planned issuance of interest - rate bonds is expected to be around 609.3 billion yuan, including 439.3 billion yuan of local bonds and about 170 billion yuan of policy - bank bonds, with no planned issuance of national bonds [14][16]. 3.3 Review and Outlook of Interest - Rate Bonds 3.3.1 High - Level Open - Market Operations - Last week, the central bank's open - market operations had a high investment scale. Reverse repurchase investment first increased and then decreased, with a total investment of about 1.18 trillion yuan and a net investment of 229.5 billion yuan. MLF had a maturity of 200 billion yuan last week, and 900 billion yuan was invested, maintaining a high net investment in medium - and long - term liquidity. Considering the maturity of treasury deposits of 150 billion yuan, the total net investment in open - market operations last week was 979.5 billion yuan [20][22]. - The capital market fluctuated significantly, with capital interest rates mostly rising. Repurchase trading volume fluctuated, and overnight interest rates and DR007 both increased [22][23]. - CD prices adjusted according to the market, and secondary yields dropped rapidly. The net financing of CDs last week was - 116.9 billion yuan. The proportion of medium - term CDs increased, and long - term proportions decreased. Secondary yields of most CDs declined [29]. 3.3.2 Continued Sharp Decline in Bond Market Interest Rates - Last week, the bond market's recovery sentiment continued, with long - term yields dropping rapidly. The 10 - year treasury bond and CDB active bonds decreased by - 1.1bp and - 2.9bp respectively compared to the previous week. Most yields of interest - rate bonds at various maturities declined, except for the 1 - year treasury bond, which rebounded by about 4bp. The 10 - year CDB bond yield had the largest decline, about 4.2bp [5][41]. 3.4 High - Frequency Data - On the production side, most operating rates declined, including blast furnace, PTA, and asphalt operating rates, while the semi - steel tire operating rate increased. The daily average crude steel output in early January had a narrowing year - on - year decline [48]. - On the demand side, passenger car wholesale and retail sales continued to have a large year - on - year decline. The real estate market was weak, with a significant year - on - year decline in the transaction area of commercial housing. Export indices also decreased [48]. - In terms of prices, crude oil prices continued to rise, copper and aluminum prices diverged, and coal prices showed different trends. The prices of mid - stream building materials declined, and the prices of downstream consumer products such as vegetables and pork showed different changes [49].

Core Viewpoint - The recent strengthening of the RMB exchange rate is significantly influenced by seasonal demand for foreign exchange settlements in December, driven by increased corporate funding needs at year-end [1] Group 1: Exchange Rate Dynamics - The average appreciation of the RMB against the USD in December and January is 0.5% and 0.8% respectively, with appreciation probabilities of 75% and 67% [1] - The seasonal acceleration in foreign exchange settlement demand is a key factor contributing to the recent strengthening of the RMB [1] Group 2: Financial Cycle Perspective - Beyond trade considerations, it is essential to evaluate the exchange rate from a financial cycle perspective [1]

External Factors - The primary driver for the RMB appreciation in 2025 is the weakening of the USD, which has declined by nearly 10% this year due to three rate cuts by the Federal Reserve[1] - The USD index fell to around 97 in December after failing to break the 100 resistance level, confirming a downward trend[19] - The expected mild depreciation of the USD is projected to be around 3% in 2026, with a "low first, high later" pattern anticipated[24] Internal Factors - The internal economic and policy environment in China is stabilizing, contributing to the RMB's appreciation[1] - China's exports have shown robust growth, exceeding expectations, particularly after tariff adjustments, leading to a steady appreciation channel for the USD/CNY exchange rate[14] - The internal economic surprise indices for both China and the US are trending downward, indicating limited support for the RMB from internal factors in the short term[27] Supply and Demand Factors - The supply and demand dynamics have not fully played out this year, with a decrease in market settlement willingness under a strong dollar environment[16] - Seasonal increases in foreign income in December may lead to higher settlement rates, potentially supporting RMB appreciation[21] - The rising implied volatility of the RMB and the risk reversal options favoring RMB appreciation indicate a market expectation of a wider trading range for the currency[27] Market Implications - The RMB's appreciation is expected to benefit foreign capital inflows into A-shares and Hong Kong stocks, favoring quality and growth styles[32] - The report emphasizes that the stock market's performance and fundamental improvements are more likely to drive RMB appreciation rather than the exchange rate itself influencing the stock market[32]

Group 1: Trade Surplus Overview - In the first 11 months of 2025, China's goods trade surplus reached $1.08 trillion, marking the first time any country has surpassed the $1 trillion mark in trade surplus [2] - The strong export performance is driven by key categories such as electromechanical products, which account for approximately 59% of total exports, and new growth areas like electric vehicles and lithium batteries, which continue to see double-digit growth despite overseas tariff pressures [3][4] Group 2: Export and Import Dynamics - The import demand in 2025 is weak, with nearly zero growth (0.2%), contributing to the maximum trade surplus [4] - Many export enterprises are holding onto foreign currency earnings instead of converting them into RMB, leading to a "funds external circulation" phenomenon [5] - A portion of profits from manufacturing is being used to pay off debts rather than being reinvested domestically, indicating a trend towards deleveraging [5] Group 3: Industry-Specific Insights - The automotive sector is highlighted as a profitable industry, with significant profits from exports that can cover costs associated with tariffs and logistics [5] - The distribution of wealth from the trade surplus is concentrated among leading technology firms and automated factories, contrasting with the declining value of real estate, which affects the perceived wealth of ordinary citizens [7] Group 4: Service Trade Developments - China's service trade has historically shown a significant deficit, but in 2025, the deficit narrowed to approximately $108 billion, a reduction of about 26% year-on-year [12][13] - Knowledge-intensive service trade constitutes about 38% of the total, with rapid growth in exports driven by international travel demand and foreign tourists spending in China [13] Group 5: Future Outlook - The trade surplus reflects the efficiency of the production system and external structures rather than a direct increase in resident income [14] - As trade tensions stabilize and high-tech breakthroughs occur, the surplus is expected to gradually benefit the domestic economy and convert into disposable wealth for the population [14]

Group 1: Trade Surplus Overview - In the first 11 months of 2025, China's goods trade surplus reached $1.08 trillion, marking the first time any country has surpassed the $1 trillion mark in trade surplus [2] - The strong export performance is driven by key categories such as electromechanical products, which account for approximately 59% of total exports, and new growth areas like electric vehicles and lithium batteries, which continue to see double-digit growth [3][4] - The import demand in 2025 is weak, with nearly zero growth (0.2%), contributing to the maximum trade surplus [4] Group 2: Factors Affecting Perception of Surplus - The perception of the surplus not translating into noticeable benefits for the public can be attributed to several factors, including the "external circulation" of funds where companies are hesitant to convert foreign earnings into RMB [5] - A portion of profits is used to pay off debts rather than being reinvested domestically, indicating a deleveraging trend in the manufacturing sector [5] - Price wars in certain industries lead to profit dilution, making it difficult for companies to significantly increase employee wages despite high export volumes [5] Group 3: Sector-Specific Insights - The automotive sector is highlighted as a profitable area, with a mid-range electric vehicle sold in Europe generating significant revenue for Chinese manufacturers, despite various costs such as tariffs and logistics [5] - The future potential for higher-value exports, particularly in sectors like semiconductors, could lead to more substantial profits for Chinese companies [6] Group 4: Service Trade Developments - China's service trade has historically shown a significant deficit, but in 2025, the deficit narrowed to approximately $108 billion, a reduction of about 26% year-on-year [12][13] - Knowledge-intensive service trade constitutes about 38% of the total, with rapid growth in exports driven by international travel demand and foreign tourists visiting China [13] - The overall trend suggests that service trade may move towards a more balanced state in the future [14] Group 5: Economic Implications - The $1 trillion trade surplus reflects the efficiency of the production system and external structures rather than a direct increase in household income [15] - A portion of the foreign exchange earnings is allocated for stabilizing the currency, addressing external sanctions, and supporting essential imports, which delays immediate benefits to the domestic economy [15]

Core Viewpoint - The recent appreciation of the Renminbi (RMB) against the US dollar, breaking the 7 mark for the first time in 14 months, is attributed to a combination of factors including a weaker dollar, changing market expectations, and seasonal trends in currency settlement [3][22]. Financial Market and Asset Prices - The current appreciation of the RMB is viewed as a corrective move rather than excessive, with the increase being justified from the perspectives of the dollar and interest rate differentials [3][22]. Trade Perspective - China's trade surplus has reached historical highs, suggesting that the RMB may have been undervalued prior to its recent appreciation [6][24]. Inflation Considerations - The widening gap between nominal and real RMB exchange rates indicates that the currency has depreciated less than expected, with domestic low inflation compensating for this [9][27]. Short-term Market Dynamics - The influence of trade and inflation on the economy is considered less significant in the short term, with the need for further observation of the RMB's impact on economic variables [10][28]. Risks of Panic Settlement - There is concern regarding the potential for "panic settlement" leading to excessive appreciation of the RMB, which could create self-reinforcing market expectations [10][28]. Future Outlook on Exchange Rate - Projections suggest that a reasonable level for the USD/RMB exchange rate in the coming year could be around 6.8, factoring in more flexible central bank controls [12][30]. Central Bank Management - The recent adjustments to the RMB's midpoint rate indicate the central bank's intention to temper appreciation, with tools available for managing exchange rate stability [15][33]. Additional Monetary Tools - The central bank may also consider necessary measures such as reserve requirement ratio cuts or interest rate reductions to counterbalance appreciation pressures [16][34].

Core Viewpoint - The recent appreciation of the Renminbi (RMB) against the US dollar, breaking the 7 mark for the first time in 14 months, is seen as a reasonable adjustment influenced by a weaker dollar and changing market expectations, despite concerns about potential overvaluation [1][6]. Financial Market and Asset Prices - The current appreciation of the RMB is viewed as a corrective move rather than excessive, with the rise in value being justified from the perspectives of the dollar and interest rate differentials [1]. Trade Perspective - China's trade surplus has reached a historical high, suggesting that the RMB may have been undervalued prior to its recent appreciation [3]. Inflation Perspective - There is an increasing gap between the nominal and real exchange rates of the RMB, indicating that the currency has depreciated less than expected, with the shortfall being compensated by low domestic inflation [5]. Factors Influencing RMB Appreciation - The RMB's recent appreciation is attributed to three main factors: the weakening of the dollar, changes in market expectations following a trade easing period between China and the US, and seasonal patterns of net settlement at year-end [6]. Short-term Market Dynamics - While the exchange rate is a significant macroeconomic variable, its impact on the economy takes time to materialize, and policy responses may adjust accordingly to manage the effects of exchange rate fluctuations [8]. Concerns about Overvaluation - There is a concern regarding the risk of "panic settlement" leading to excessive appreciation of the RMB, which could create a self-reinforcing cycle of expectations and market behavior [8]. Future Outlook on Exchange Rate - The potential reasonable level for the USD/RMB exchange rate is estimated to be around 6.8, considering the central bank's more flexible management of the currency [12]. Central Bank's Management Approach - The recent adjustments in the RMB's midpoint rate indicate the central bank's intention to cool down the appreciation, with tools available for managing exchange rate stability, including market interventions and monetary policy adjustments [15].