证券研究报告 | 债券市场专题研究 | 债券研究 市场普遍更多从"量"的角度去理解人民币汇率对狭义流动性的影响机制，我们 认为"价"（央行对回购利率的合意水平）或更为顺畅。从"量"的角度看，在 意愿结售汇的制度下，商业银行对于持有外币的态度影响"企业结汇—商业银行 卖出外汇给央行—央行购汇、投放基础货币"的链条，2026 年 1 月份央行资产 负债表外汇占款科目环比增加额（531 亿）相较于银行间超储金额可忽略不计。 但从"价"的角度看，汇率贬值压力较大时（例如 2023 年 8-10 月、2024 年 4-6 月、2025 年 1-3 月等），逆周期因子大幅为负、香港地区人民币流动性收紧和银 行间回购利率（以 R007 为代表）明显抬升。因此央行当前对于人民币过快升值 的态度，或使得央行对 R007 等回购利率的合意水平下修。 ❑ 多重利好下，资金面或延续宽松态势，存单利差和信用利差延续低位 我们在 2 月 8 日《本次春节假期前后资金面的关注点》指出"本次春节假期更需 关注现金回笼银行的速度和假期期间人民币的升值变动情况"。以北上广深地铁 日度客运量刻画的返工节奏明显好于 2023 年春节后，与 2024 ...

证 券 研 究 报 告 主要观点 【宏观快评】 ❖ 核心观点：在近期人民币升值明显提速背景下，央行下调远期售汇风险准备金 率，叠加逆周期因子影子迭创新高，或反映央行抑制人民币过快升值波动的决 心。叠加本身近期人民币升值明显提速背后或主要受短期脉冲因素的影响（春 节错位导致出口脉冲，季节性净结汇，积压待结汇释放），且目前美元也没看 到持续单边走弱的趋势动能，因此我们认为当前人民币的升值速率是不可持 续的。 汇率出招了，怎么看？——远期售汇风险准 备金率下调分析 回归汇率基本面来看，核心是出口的强劲，能否带动预期改善，形成有持续性 的净结汇流入。目前从外需领先指标来看，出口或维持偏强韧性，且中期来看， 中游制造的外需景气或持续支撑出口；国内基本面也有改善迹象（如 1 月 PPI 释放积极信号），后续需等待基本面复苏的进一步验证。综上，我们对人民币 中期波动稳定升值的方向有信心，但短期如此快的升值速率或不可持续（短期 因素消退+政策抑制过快升值波动）。 事 项 为促进外汇市场发展，支持企业管理好汇率风险，中国人民银行决定自 2026 年 3 月 2 日起，将远期售汇业务的外汇风险准备金率从 20%下调至 0。 ❖ ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the global asset performance in January 2026, highlighting that commodities outperformed global stocks, bonds, and currencies, with commodities at 9.06%, global stocks at 3.02%, global bonds at 0.94%, the Renminbi at 0.46%, and the US dollar at -1.35% [2]. Group 1: Global Asset Overview - Kevin Walsh's nomination by Trump as Fed Chair may indicate a significant policy shift, advocating for a restructuring of the Fed's $6.6 trillion balance sheet and a new agreement with the Treasury to reduce the Fed's market influence [4][11]. - The US dollar index rebounded after hitting a low on January 27, driven by expectations of tighter monetary policy, while US stocks and gold experienced volatility due to these tightening expectations [4][11]. - The implied volatility skew of US Treasury options has been rising since mid-October 2025, indicating that bond investors perceive inflation risks to be greater than recession risks, leading them to pay higher premiums for hedging against rising interest rates [5][17]. Group 2: Market Sentiment and Trends - Global fund manager sentiment reached its highest level since July 2021, with the sentiment composite indicator rising from 7.3 to 8.1, and cash levels among fund managers dropping to a new low of 3.2% [6][22]. - The 40-year Japanese government bond yield hit 4.0% in January 2026, raising concerns about Japan's debt amid fears that a large economic stimulus plan would worsen inflation and debt burdens [7][25]. - Growth stocks are showing excess returns correlated with overall market trends, suggesting that as the market maintains an optimistic outlook, funds may shift from defensive to growth sectors [8][26]. Group 3: Global Market Vulnerabilities - The liquidity in the Japanese government bond market has deteriorated significantly, with the Bloomberg liquidity index for Japanese bonds reaching 9.36, indicating a fragile link in the global interest rate system [9][29]. - The copper-to-oil ratio is rising, which may indicate improving industrial activity in China, potentially benefiting the CSI 300 index as it leads the index by about six months [10][32]. - Concerns over geopolitical tensions have emerged as a significant tail risk, with a notable percentage of fund managers identifying it as a primary concern in early 2026 [11][50]. Group 4: Currency and Precious Metals - Trump's interest in Greenland has accelerated the rise in gold and other precious metal prices, with gold prices increasing over 35% from November 2025 to January 28, 2026, despite a recent pullback due to Walsh's nomination [12][36]. - The Renminbi is experiencing upward pressure, with the USD/CNY exchange rate falling by 0.58% in January 2026, reflecting a shift in market sentiment towards Chinese assets [13][40].

Group 1 - The report highlights that the US inflation data for December 2025 is in line with expectations, indicating that inflation remains moderate and controllable. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased by 2.7% year-on-year, matching the forecast, while the core CPI rose by 2.6% year-on-year, slightly below expectations [5][6][8] - Seasonal demand during the holiday period has led to a slight increase in food and energy service prices, while core inflation was impacted by used car prices. Core service inflation saw a minor uptick due to rising rent prices and holiday travel effects [6][7] - The market is increasingly betting on a dual easing policy in 2026, following the release of the inflation data, with US stocks rising and the dollar index experiencing fluctuations. The Federal Reserve is expected to adopt a wait-and-see approach in January, with a low probability of interest rate cuts [6][8] Group 2 - The report discusses the recent trends in the Chinese yuan (RMB) following its depreciation past the 7 mark. The central bank's intervention through counter-cyclical measures has been noted as a significant factor in stabilizing the RMB exchange rate [11][12] - The report estimates that the current foreign trade settlement backlog is approximately $480 billion, with a significant portion attributed to the 2024 backlog. The holding cost for enterprises is projected to rise, indicating a potential shift in settlement behavior if the RMB appreciates beyond 6.80 [12][13] - The report also highlights that foreign capital is gradually stabilizing in the domestic bond market, with a strategic shift towards risk-balanced allocations in RMB assets. The RMB's appreciation is expected to enhance the attractiveness of Chinese assets for foreign investors [14][15] Group 3 - The report outlines recent fiscal policies, including the extension of personal income tax support for residents purchasing new homes, effective from January 1, 2026, to December 31, 2027. This policy aims to stimulate the housing market [16] - The People's Bank of China announced a 900 billion yuan reverse repurchase operation to inject liquidity into the market, indicating ongoing efforts to maintain financial stability [16] - The report notes that the US Producer Price Index (PPI) for November increased by 0.2%, aligning with expectations, reflecting stable inflationary pressures in the manufacturing sector [17]

Core Viewpoint - The article challenges the prevailing notion that the Chinese yuan (RMB) will face intervention against rapid appreciation due to the economy's reliance on exports, arguing that the impact of RMB appreciation on exports is overstated [1] Group 1: Currency Policy and Market Dynamics - The central bank emphasizes the importance of market forces in determining exchange rates, advocating for a managed floating exchange rate system while preventing excessive fluctuations [3] - The central bank aims to manage expectations and prevent extreme capital flows that could destabilize the financial market and economy, highlighting the risks of uncontrolled currency movements [3] - A stable and moderately fluctuating exchange rate is deemed essential for enhancing the RMB's attractiveness as a currency for pricing, settlement, and reserves [3] Group 2: Exchange Rate Mechanism - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) authorizes the foreign exchange trading center to publish the daily midpoint for the RMB against major currencies, allowing for fluctuations within a set range [5] - The midpoint is calculated based on market maker quotes, previous closing prices, and a basket of currencies, with a counter-cyclical factor used to correct market-driven volatility [5] - Since April 2025, the RMB midpoint has steadily appreciated, signaling a clear intention to stabilize exchange rate expectations despite a stronger USD in July and October [5] Group 3: Cross-Border Financing and Future Outlook - Recent adjustments to macro-prudential parameters for cross-border financing have increased limits, alleviating depreciation pressure on the RMB [7] - The central bank issued offshore RMB bills in Hong Kong to tighten offshore liquidity and prevent excessive depreciation [7] - The outlook for 2026 suggests that the RMB is unlikely to experience significant unilateral appreciation or depreciation, with expectations leaning towards "two-way fluctuations with a stronger central tendency" [7]

External Factors - The primary driver for the RMB appreciation in 2025 is the weakening of the USD, which has declined by nearly 10% this year due to three rate cuts by the Federal Reserve[1] - The USD index fell to around 97 in December after failing to break the 100 resistance level, confirming a downward trend[19] - The expected mild depreciation of the USD is projected to be around 3% in 2026, with a "low first, high later" pattern anticipated[24] Internal Factors - The internal economic and policy environment in China is stabilizing, contributing to the RMB's appreciation[1] - China's exports have shown robust growth, exceeding expectations, particularly after tariff adjustments, leading to a steady appreciation channel for the USD/CNY exchange rate[14] - The internal economic surprise indices for both China and the US are trending downward, indicating limited support for the RMB from internal factors in the short term[27] Supply and Demand Factors - The supply and demand dynamics have not fully played out this year, with a decrease in market settlement willingness under a strong dollar environment[16] - Seasonal increases in foreign income in December may lead to higher settlement rates, potentially supporting RMB appreciation[21] - The rising implied volatility of the RMB and the risk reversal options favoring RMB appreciation indicate a market expectation of a wider trading range for the currency[27] Market Implications - The RMB's appreciation is expected to benefit foreign capital inflows into A-shares and Hong Kong stocks, favoring quality and growth styles[32] - The report emphasizes that the stock market's performance and fundamental improvements are more likely to drive RMB appreciation rather than the exchange rate itself influencing the stock market[32]

Core Viewpoint - The article focuses on the recent appreciation of the Renminbi (RMB) and challenges the prevailing narrative that links the Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts to RMB appreciation and subsequent damage to export competitiveness [2][3]. Group 1: Current RMB Exchange Rate Narrative - The popular narrative suggests that the Federal Reserve's likely interest rate cuts will lead to a weaker USD, thus causing the RMB to appreciate and harming China's export competitiveness. This narrative is based on several assumptions that require validation [3]. - The relationship between the Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts and the USD's weakness is not necessarily direct, as historical data shows a low correlation between the two [4]. - The assumption that narrowing interest rate differentials between China and the US will lead to RMB appreciation is flawed, as the correlation between funding rate differentials and the USD/CNY exchange rate is weak [5]. Group 2: RMB Appreciation Analysis - The article divides the RMB appreciation observed this year into two phases: the first phase from mid-April to November, driven primarily by policy support, and the second phase from late November to the present, driven by market supply and demand [9][10]. - In the first phase, the RMB middle rate appreciated from 7.21 to 7.08, largely due to policy interventions, while in the second phase, market dynamics took over, leading to a different adjustment mechanism [14]. - Factors contributing to the recent market-driven appreciation include the release of previously held foreign exchange reserves and seasonal trends in net settlement of foreign exchange by enterprises [16]. Group 3: Future Outlook for RMB Exchange Rate - The article anticipates that the RMB will maintain stable fluctuations against the USD through 2026, with limited potential for significant appreciation [17]. - Current valuation metrics indicate that the RMB is reasonably priced, with deviations from expected levels being minimal [18]. - The central bank's policy appears to be aimed at preventing excessive appreciation of the RMB, as indicated by recent trends in the counter-cyclical factor [22]. - The supply-demand dynamics suggest that while there may be short-term volatility, the underlying support for sustained appreciation is not strong enough at this time [24][27]. - External factors, particularly the USD index, are expected to limit the pressure for a prolonged decline in the USD [28]. - Overall, the RMB's future trajectory will depend on complex factors, with a preference for stable two-way fluctuations rather than significant appreciation [29].

Group 1 - The core narrative regarding the recent appreciation of the RMB is linked to the Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts leading to a weaker dollar, which in turn may harm China's export competitiveness [3][16] - The logic of this narrative is questioned, as a Fed rate cut does not necessarily equate to a weaker dollar, and RMB appreciation does not automatically imply a loss of export competitiveness [1][4] - The RMB exchange rate is currently viewed as fairly valued, with no significant overvaluation or undervaluation issues, supported by internal resilience in exports and policy measures [9][42] Group 2 - The narrative surrounding the RMB's appreciation can be divided into two segments: the first driven by policy support from mid-April to November, and the second driven by market supply and demand from late November to the present [8][34] - In the first segment, the RMB middle rate appreciated from approximately 7.21 to around 7.08, with a monthly average appreciation of about 186 basis points [32] - In the second segment, the RMB middle rate further appreciated to just above 7.04, with a notable increase of over 450 basis points in a month, indicating a shift from policy-driven to market-driven appreciation [34][35] Group 3 - Future RMB exchange rate trends will depend on several factors, including valuation factors, policy direction, internal supply and demand, and external responses [42][58] - The valuation perspective indicates that the RMB is not significantly overvalued or undervalued, remaining within a reasonable pricing range [42][43] - The policy direction has shifted from supporting a stable appreciation to preventing excessive appreciation volatility, reflecting a focus on maintaining stability rather than encouraging a one-sided RMB exchange rate trend [45][47] Group 4 - The internal supply and demand dynamics are crucial, with the flow logic indicating that net settlement depends on trade surplus and corporate settlement intentions, while the stock logic highlights the potential release of accumulated foreign exchange positions [51][53] - The accumulated foreign exchange positions, estimated to be between $737 billion and $1.1 trillion, could significantly impact net settlement if released [53][54] - The external response, particularly the behavior of the US dollar, is also a key factor, with expectations that the dollar may not experience sustained weakness due to underlying economic conditions [58][62]

Group 1 - The core narrative is that the Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts lead to a weaker dollar, which in turn causes the renminbi to appreciate, potentially harming export competitiveness [1][3][69] - The logic of this narrative is questioned, as a Fed rate cut does not necessarily equate to a weaker dollar, and an appreciation of the renminbi does not automatically imply a loss of export competitiveness [1][3][69] - The outlook for the renminbi exchange rate suggests that it is currently fairly valued, with no significant overvaluation or undervaluation issues. The internal stability of the renminbi is supported by export resilience and policy support, but substantial upward momentum may require further accumulation [1][3][64] Group 2 - The relationship between the Fed's rate cuts and the dollar's trend is unstable, with a historical correlation coefficient of only 0.04 between Fed rate adjustments and dollar index movements since October 1982 [4][15][70] - The convergence of interest rate differentials between China and the U.S. has shown a strong correlation with the renminbi's appreciation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.88 since January 2022 [5][18][71] - The assertion that renminbi appreciation harms export competitiveness is not strongly supported, as only the real exchange rate shows a potential impact on exports, while nominal rates do not correlate with export performance [6][21][72] Group 3 - The renminbi's appreciation this year can be divided into two phases: the first phase from mid-April to November, driven primarily by policy support, and the second phase from late November to the present, driven by market supply and demand [7][25][73] - In the first phase, the renminbi's central parity appreciated from approximately 7.21 to around 7.08, with a monthly average appreciation of about 186 basis points [29][31] - In the second phase, the renminbi's central parity further appreciated to just above 7.04, with a significant increase in market-driven factors influencing this change [31][32] Group 4 - Future exchange rate trends will be influenced by four key factors: valuation factors, policy orientation, internal supply and demand, and external responses [39][74] - The valuation of the renminbi is currently within a reasonable range, with deviations from the "value center" being only 0% to 2% [39][74] - The policy orientation has shifted from supporting a stable appreciation of the renminbi to preventing excessive appreciation volatility, indicating a focus on maintaining stability rather than encouraging a one-sided market trend [42][75]

Group 1: Core Narrative and Logic - The popular narrative suggests that the Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts lead to a weaker dollar, which in turn causes the renminbi to appreciate, potentially harming export competitiveness[1] - The logic of this narrative is questioned on two fronts: 1) Federal Reserve rate cuts do not necessarily equate to a weakening dollar; 2) Renminbi appreciation does not necessarily harm export competitiveness[1] - The correlation between the Federal Reserve's policy rate adjustments and the dollar index is weak, with a monthly correlation coefficient of only 0.04 since October 1982[3] Group 2: Renminbi Exchange Rate Analysis - The renminbi's exchange rate is currently considered fairly valued, with deviations from the "value center" ranging from 0% to 2%[7] - The renminbi's appreciation since May has released some corporate foreign exchange positions, widening the potential volatility range of the exchange rate[1] - The exchange rate's future trajectory will depend on several factors, including valuation, policy direction, internal supply and demand, and external responses[11]