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沪铜日评:国内铜冶炼厂8月检修产能或环减,国内电解铜社会库存量环比减少-20250822
Hong Yuan Qi Huo· 2025-08-22 05:15
Report Investment Rating - No investment rating information provided in the report Core View - The Fed's rate cut expectations have cooled, and global electrolytic copper inventories are oscillating upwards. However, due to fiscal easing in many countries around the world leading to inflation expectations, Shanghai copper prices may remain volatile. It is recommended that investors wait and see, paying attention to the support levels and pressure levels of Shanghai copper, London copper, and US copper [3] Summary by Relevant Content Market Data - For the Shanghai copper futures active contract on August 21, 2025, the closing price was 78,540, a decrease of 100 from the previous day; the trading volume was 43,058 lots, a decrease of 13,080 lots; the open interest was 128,034 lots, a decrease of 7,831 lots; and the inventory was 25,157 tons, a decrease of 66 tons [2] - The average price of SMM 1 electrolytic copper was 78,800, an increase of 30 from the previous day; the Shanghai copper basis was 260, an increase of 130; the spot premium/discount in Guangzhou was 60, unchanged; the spot premium/discount in North China was -50, an increase of 10; and the spot premium/discount in East China was 50, a decrease of 15 [2] - The spread between the near - month and the first continuous contract of Shanghai copper was 30, an increase of 20; the spread between the first continuous and the second continuous contract was 20, unchanged; the spread between the second continuous and the first continuous contract was 10, an increase of 10 [2] - The closing price of the LME 3 - month copper futures (electronic trading) was 9,724.5, an increase of 4 from the previous day; the total inventory of registered and cancelled warrants was 0, a decrease of 156,350 tons; the spread of the LME copper futures 0 - 3 month contract was - 81.01, an increase of 9.74; the spread of the LME copper futures 3 - 15 month contract was - 171.62, a decrease of 5.14; the ratio of Shanghai - London copper prices was 8.0765, a decrease of 0.01 [2] - The closing price of the COMEX copper futures active contract was 4.448, an increase of 0.02 from the previous day; the total inventory was 271,696 tons, an increase of 1,753 tons [2] Industry News - Indonesian copper concentrate exports have reached 65% of the approved quota as of mid - August, and are expected to account for 90% of the quota this year [2] - Due to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Tianjin from August 20 to September 3, freight vehicle controls have tightened market logistics, and the upcoming centralized maintenance period of upstream smelters has led to a tight supply of electrolytic copper spot in North China [2] - Codelco will lower its 2025 copper production guidance target. Due to the accident at the El Teniente copper mine, the refined copper production of this division is expected to decrease by 33,000 metric tons, and the copper sales profit will decline by $233 million. The economic loss caused by the production cut is $340 million [2] - Jianfa Shenghai plans to invest 12.15 billion yuan (Jianfa holds 51%), and the project is expected to be put into operation in May 2026, with an annual production of 600,000 tons of cathode copper and other products [2] - First Quantum has launched a $1.25 - billion expansion project at its Kansanshi copper mine in Zambia [2] Industry Operation - The daily processing fee for refined copper rods for power and enameled wire in East China has increased compared to last week. The operating rate of China's refined copper rod (recycled copper rod) production capacity has increased (decreased) compared to last week. The raw material (finished product) inventory of refined copper rod enterprises has decreased (decreased), and the raw material (finished product) inventory of recycled copper rod enterprises has increased (increased) [3] - The operating rate of China's copper wire and cable production capacity has decreased compared to last week, and the raw material (finished product) inventory of copper wire and cable enterprises has decreased (increased) [3] - The order volume (operating rate) of China's copper enameled wire has decreased (decreased) compared to last week, and the raw material (finished product) inventory days of copper enameled wire enterprises have decreased (decreased) [3] - The operating rate (production volume) of China's copper plate and strip has decreased (decreased) compared to last week, and the raw material (finished product) inventory days of copper plate and strip enterprises have decreased (remained flat) [3] - The operating rate of China's copper tube has decreased compared to last week, and the raw material (finished product) inventory days of copper tube enterprises have increased (decreased) [3] - The operating rate of China's brass rod has increased compared to last week, and the raw material (finished product) inventory days of brass rod enterprises have decreased (decreased) [3] Investment Strategy - Affected by the easing of Sino - US tariffs and the traditional off - season of consumption, the operating rate (production volume, import volume, export volume) of domestic copper product enterprises in August may decline (increase, decrease, decrease) month - on - month. Specifically, the operating rates of electrolytic copper rods, copper plate and strip, copper foil, and brass rods may increase month - on - month, while the operating rates of recycled copper rods, copper wire and cables, copper enameled wires, and copper tubes may decline month - on - month [3] - Domestic electrolytic copper traders have no pressure to sell and are reluctant to cut prices significantly, while downstream processing enterprises have weak demand and weak spot purchases [3]
国信证券晨会纪要-20250820
Guoxin Securities· 2025-08-20 02:14
Macro and Strategy - The report analyzes the current bull market in the ChiNext index, noting that it has risen by 21.69% year-to-date as of August 18, 2025, with comparisons to previous bull markets in 2015, 2013, and 2020, which had significantly higher gains [8][3] - The report highlights the differences between the bull markets of 2013-2015, characterized by broad-based gains, and the more structural gains seen from 2018-2021, where a lower percentage of stocks saw significant increases [8] Light Industry Manufacturing - The light industry manufacturing weekly report indicates that the price of boxboard and corrugated paper continues to rise, with July furniture retail sales in the U.S. increasing by 5.1% year-on-year [3][10] - Domestic prices for hardwood pulp have risen slightly, while cultural paper and white cardboard prices remain under pressure due to supply and demand dynamics [9][10] - The report notes that China's furniture exports increased by 3.0% year-on-year in July, with expectations for recovery in the export chain due to recent tariff extensions and upcoming U.S. interest rate cuts [10][11] Automotive Industry - The automotive industry report indicates that vehicle production and sales in July 2025 were 2.591 million and 2.593 million units, respectively, with year-on-year growth of 13.3% and 14.7% [13] - The report highlights a strong pre-sale for the new Tank 500 model, indicating robust consumer interest [13] - The report suggests a focus on the performance of the automotive sector's mid-year results, with a notable increase in wholesale vehicle sales in early August [14] Copper Industry - The report on Tongling Nonferrous Metals indicates a 34% year-on-year decline in net profit for the first half of 2025, despite a revenue increase of 6.4% to 76.1 billion yuan [21][22] - The company has become the largest copper smelting company globally, with a production capacity of 2.2 million tons following the commissioning of a new copper smelting project [22] - The report anticipates a significant increase in copper production capacity with the upcoming commissioning of the Mirador copper mine's second phase [23] Gold Industry - The report on Shanjin International shows a 42.14% year-on-year increase in revenue for the first half of 2025, with net profit rising by 48.43% [24] - The report notes that the company is on track to meet its annual gold production target of at least 8 tons, despite a slight decline in production in the first half [24][25] - The report highlights the potential for future growth through acquisitions and new projects, particularly in Namibia and other regions [25] Electronic and Battery Materials - The report on Shengquan Group indicates a 51.19% year-on-year increase in net profit for the first half of 2025, driven by strong performance in advanced electronic materials and battery materials [31][32] - The company has expanded its market share in synthetic resin and advanced materials, with significant growth in sales volume [32][33] - The report emphasizes the company's ongoing development of new products and applications in the biomass sector, with new projects expected to launch in the near future [34] Medical Aesthetics - The report on Aimeike shows a 21.59% year-on-year decline in revenue for the first half of 2025, with net profit down by 29.57% [35][36] - The company is facing increased competition in the medical aesthetics market, but it is expanding its product line through acquisitions and new product development [36][37] - The report suggests that while short-term challenges exist, the long-term growth potential remains strong due to increasing consumer demand for medical aesthetics [37] Beverage Industry - The report on Yanghe Distillery indicates a significant decline in revenue and net profit for the first half of 2025, with a focus on maintaining pricing power and controlling production volume [38]
冶炼产能强劲释放 需求转入淡季 未来铜价走势难言明朗
Zhong Guo Chan Ye Jing Ji Xin Xi Wang· 2025-08-19 22:23
Group 1: Tariff Impact and Market Reaction - The U.S. President Trump announced a 50% tariff on imported copper semi-finished products and high-copper derivatives starting August 1, leading to a significant drop in COMEX copper prices and closing the arbitrage space between U.S. and London copper prices [1] - The sentiment around domestic "anti-involution" policies has cooled, resulting in a general decline in commodity prices, with the characteristics of the off-season in the non-ferrous metal sector becoming more pronounced [1] Group 2: Supply and Production Dynamics - Global copper supply remains tight, with several major copper mining companies lowering their annual production guidance due to underperformance [2] - The International Copper Study Group (ICSG) reported a year-on-year increase of approximately 300,000 tons in global concentrate production for the first five months, but refined copper production is expected to increase by only 450,000 tons due to profit pressures in the smelting segment [2] - The market anticipates a tight balance or slight shortage in the global copper market from 2025 to 2028, with expected growth in global copper mine production potentially below 1% by 2025 [2] Group 3: Processing Fees and Smelting Profitability - Antofagasta reached a copper concentrate processing fee (TC/RC) of $0.0 per thousand tons and $0.0 per pound with Chinese smelting companies for mid-2025, indicating a continued tight supply of copper concentrates [3] - Despite some smelting plants operating at a loss, the overall smelting profit has improved when accounting for by-product sulfuric acid revenue [3] Group 4: Demand Trends and Seasonal Effects - The recent U.S. tariff policy does not restrict copper raw material imports, leading to a rapid disappearance of the COMEX copper premium, with U.S. copper imports exceeding last year's levels [4] - Downstream processing enterprises are cautious about high copper prices, primarily purchasing to meet immediate needs, resulting in weak market demand [5] - The operating rate of wire and cable enterprises has dropped to around 70%, with signs of slowing progress in major power grid projects [5] Group 5: Overall Market Outlook - The supply side is becoming marginally looser due to high domestic refined copper production and steady import levels, while traditional copper-consuming industries show clear signs of off-season characteristics [6] - The pricing logic for copper is shifting from macro-driven sentiment to fundamentals, with expectations of weak copper prices in the short term due to seasonal demand fatigue and pressure from the spot market [6]
大越期货沪铜早报-20250819
Da Yue Qi Huo· 2025-08-19 01:49
Report Summary Core View - The copper market is influenced by multiple factors. The fundamentals show mixed signals, with smelting enterprises reducing production and the scrap copper policy being loosened. The PMI in July was 49.3%, down 0.4 percentage points from the previous month. The copper price is expected to fluctuate and adjust due to factors such as the slowdown of the Fed's interest rate cuts, rising inventories, geopolitical disturbances, and weak consumption during the off - season [2]. Industry Investment Rating - No industry investment rating is provided in the report. Summary by Related Catalogs Daily View - **Fundamentals**: Smelting enterprises' production cuts and loosened scrap copper policy, July PMI at 49.3% (down 0.4 ppts from last month), neutral [2]. - **Basis**: Spot price is 79280, basis is 330, at a premium to futures, neutral [2]. - **Inventory**: On August 18, copper inventory decreased by 200 to 155600 tons, and SHFE copper inventory increased by 4428 tons to 86361 tons compared with last week, neutral [2]. - **Market Trend**: Closing price below the 20 - day moving average with the average moving downward, bearish [2]. - **Main Position**: Main net long position with an increase in long positions, bullish [2]. - **Expectation**: Slowdown of Fed's interest rate cuts, rising inventories, geopolitical disturbances, weak consumption in the off - season, leading to a fluctuating adjustment of copper prices [2]. Recent利多利空Analysis - **Likely Influencing Factors**: Domestic policy easing and potential trade - war escalation, but no clear indication of bullish or bearish impact is detailed [3]. Supply - Demand Balance - In 2024, there is a slight surplus, and in 2025, it is in a tight - balance state. The Chinese annual supply - demand balance table shows different production, import, export, consumption, and balance figures from 2018 - 2024 [20][22]. Inventory - **Exchange Inventory**: SHFE copper inventory increased by 4428 tons to 86361 tons compared with last week, and on August 18, copper inventory decreased by 200 to 155600 tons [2]. - **Bonded - Area Inventory**: The bonded - area inventory has rebounded from a low level [14]. Processing Fee - The processing fee has declined [16].
沪铜日评:国内铜冶炼厂8月检修产能或环减国内电解铜社会库存量环比减少-20250818
Hong Yuan Qi Huo· 2025-08-18 06:53
Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided Core Viewpoints - The decline in copper production in Zambia's second quarter poses risks to the goal of increasing copper production to 1 million tons this year. The domestic copper smelting plant's maintenance capacity may decrease month - on - month in August, and the domestic electrolytic copper social inventory has decreased month - on - month. The inflation rebound at the US port end reduces the expected number of Fed rate cuts, but the decrease in scrap copper anode plates and domestic electrolytic copper social inventory may cause the Shanghai copper price to fluctuate. It is recommended that investors wait and see [1][2][4] Summary by Related Contents Copper Market Data - On August 15, 2025, the closing price of the active contract of Shanghai copper futures was 79,060, with an increase of 110 compared to the previous day. The trading volume was 50,116 lots, a decrease of 1,618 lots. The open interest was 152,557 lots, an increase of 216 lots. The inventory was 24,560 tons, an increase of 126 tons [2] - The average price of SMM 1 electrolytic copper was 79,180, a decrease of 255 compared to the previous day. The Shanghai copper basis difference was 120, a decrease of 365 [2] - The LME 3 - month copper futures closing price (electronic trading) was 9,760, a decrease of 17 compared to the previous day. The total inventory of registered and cancelled warrants was 0, a decrease of 155,800 [2] - The closing price of the active contract of COMEX copper futures was 4.489, a decrease of 0.01 compared to the previous day. The total inventory weight was 267,195, an increase of 400 [2] Zambia Copper Production - Zambia is the second - largest copper producer in Africa. In 2025, the first - quarter copper production was about 224,000 tons. The copper production in the first six months was 439,644 tons. Assuming no revision in the first - quarter production, the second - quarter production was about 215,644 tons, a month - on - month decrease of about 4% [2] - Four producers, Sino Metals Leach, First Quantum Minerals, Mimbula, and Sino Xinyuan, affected the second - quarter production. Sino Metals Leach was forced to close due to tailings dam failure and acid leakage [2] - Zambia produced about 820,000 tons of copper last year. The first - half production increased by about 18% year - on - year. To reach the 1 - million - ton target this year, the second - half production needs to increase by about 27% [2] Industry Projects - Jiangxi Heli Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. (formerly Jiangxi Jinhui Copper Industry Co., Ltd.) plans to invest 1.9766065 billion yuan in the industrial park of Qianshan County, Jiangxi to relocate and upgrade the existing project, building an annual 200,000 - ton recycled electrolytic copper project [3] - On August 14, 2025, the environmental impact assessment of Jiangxi Hefan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd.'s annual 200,000 - ton recycled electrolytic copper project was publicly announced for acceptance, with a publicity period from August 14 to August 27 [5] - Jiangxi Linghao New Material Technology Co., Ltd. plans to build a project in De'an County for annual processing of 500,000 tons of steelmaking furnace charge and 200,000 tons of copper - aluminum recycling, with a total investment of 200 million yuan and environmental protection investment of 1.31 million yuan [3] Copper Product Industry - The daily processing fee of refined copper rods for power and enameled wires in East China increased compared to last week, leading to an increase (decrease) in the capacity utilization rate of China's refined copper rods (recycled copper rods). The raw material (finished product) inventory of refined copper rod enterprises decreased (increased) compared to last week [4] - The capacity utilization rate of copper product industries may change. For example, the capacity utilization rate of copper foil in some fields may increase, while that of copper wires and cables, copper enameled wires, and copper tubes may decrease [4] Investment Strategy - It is recommended that investors wait and see. Pay attention to the support and pressure levels of Shanghai copper, London copper, and US copper [4]
北方铜业2025年半年报:资源禀赋筑牢盈利韧性,高端转型锚定成长空间
Zheng Quan Shi Bao Wang· 2025-08-18 05:34
Core Viewpoint - Northern Copper Industry reported a strong performance in the first half of 2025, with revenue of 12.811 billion yuan and a net profit of 487 million yuan, reflecting year-on-year growth of 2.81% and 5.85% respectively. The company demonstrated strong profitability resilience through high growth in precious metals and breakthroughs in deep processing capacity, supported by resource endowment, technological upgrades, and governance optimization [1]. Revenue and Profitability - Precious metals business became the core growth driver, achieving revenue of 2.529 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 52.04%, accounting for 19.74% of total revenue with a gross margin of 13.12%, significantly higher than the 8.22% of cathode copper [2]. - Sulfuric acid business also performed well, with revenue of 102 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 197.33%, compensating for a 7.85% decline in cathode copper revenue. Product structure adjustments led to improved profitability quality [2]. - R&D expenses reached 26.463 million yuan, up 48.60% year-on-year, directly driving higher gross margins for new products compared to traditional ones by 3-5 percentage points. The company’s profitability is primarily driven by core profits, contributing 97.8% to net profit, with non-recurring gains accounting for less than 3% [2]. Resource and Technological Synergy - As the largest copper enterprise in North China, Northern Copper holds 1.2987 million tons of copper metal and has an annual ore processing capacity of 9 million tons, allowing for significant cost advantages [3]. - The company employs internationally advanced natural caving methods in mining, reducing mining costs by 15%. The manufacturing segment has a copper foil production capacity of 5,000 tons per year, successfully entering the new energy supply chain [3]. - Rapid conversion of R&D investments into product competitiveness continues to enhance technological advantages [3]. Safety and ESG Initiatives - The company achieved zero major safety incidents and received green mine certification for its copper mine, indicating enhanced sustainable development capabilities [4]. Capacity and Efficiency Improvements - The company is advancing high-end capacity layout with 966 million yuan raised from a private placement, nearly half of which is allocated to a 50,000-ton copper belt foil project, expected to contribute over 25% to new materials revenue with a gross margin exceeding 20% [5]. - Smelting operations have improved efficiency through technological upgrades, with the recovery rate of valuable elements at the Houma North Copper Plant reaching 98.5% and comprehensive energy consumption per ton of copper decreasing by 8% [5]. - The high-performance copper belt foil project is set to enhance the "mining—smelting—deep processing" industrial chain, increasing the proportion of high-end product revenue to 30% [5]. - The company has improved investor communication frequency by 40% and maintained a stable debt-to-asset ratio below 45%, supporting long-term dividend capabilities [5].
铜陵有色(000630.SZ)发布上半年业绩,归母净利润14.41亿元,下降33.94%
智通财经网· 2025-08-17 09:04
公告显示,公司2025年半年度归属于上市公司股东的净利润同比下降,主要系境外子公司分红安排调整 导致所得税费用增加。 智通财经APP讯,铜陵有色(000630.SZ)发布2025年半年度报告,该公司营业收入为760.8亿元,同比增 长6.39%。归属于上市公司股东的净利润为14.41亿元,同比减少33.94%。归属于上市公司股东的扣除非 经常性损益的净利润为14.32亿元,同比减少35.19%。基本每股收益为0.11元。 ...
铜陵有色: 2025年半年度报告
Zheng Quan Zhi Xing· 2025-08-17 08:06
Core Viewpoint - Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Co., Ltd. reported a 6.39% increase in revenue for the first half of 2025 compared to the same period last year, but net profit attributable to shareholders decreased significantly due to increased tax expenses from adjustments in overseas subsidiary dividend arrangements [3][5]. Financial Performance - Revenue for the first half of 2025 reached CNY 76.08 billion, up from CNY 71.51 billion in the previous year [3]. - Net profit attributable to shareholders was CNY 1.12 billion, a decrease of 35.29% from CNY 1.73 billion in the same period last year [3]. - Basic earnings per share dropped to CNY 0.11 from CNY 0.17, while diluted earnings per share fell to CNY 0.11 from CNY 0.16 [3]. - Total assets increased by 12.22% to CNY 90.84 billion compared to the end of the previous year [3]. Business Overview - The company operates as a large-scale integrated copper production enterprise, engaging in copper mining, smelting, processing, and trading, with key products including cathode copper, sulfuric acid, gold, silver, copper foil, and copper strips [4][5]. - The primary business model includes both self-mined and externally purchased copper raw materials for processing into cathode copper [4]. Industry Conditions - Copper prices fluctuated between CNY 71,320 and CNY 88,320 per ton in the first half of 2025, with an average spot price of CNY 77,520.77, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 3.98% [5]. - The supply side faced challenges with global mine output falling short of expectations, while demand from the new energy sector and traditional industries supported price increases [5]. - The copper smelting segment experienced pressure on profits due to low processing fees, although rising prices of by-products provided some relief [5]. Competitive Advantages - The company is one of the largest producers of cathode copper in China, with an annual production capacity exceeding 1.7 million tons and a strong position in copper foil production [6]. - Technological advancements and a focus on high-value-added products have strengthened the company's market position [6]. - The company's location in the economically vibrant Yangtze River Delta region provides logistical advantages and access to a significant consumer market [6].
铜陵有色: 2025年半年度报告摘要
Zheng Quan Zhi Xing· 2025-08-17 08:06
Core Viewpoint - The report highlights the financial performance of Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Co., Ltd. for the first half of 2025, indicating a revenue increase but a significant decline in net profit and earnings per share [1][5]. Financial Performance - The company's operating revenue for the reporting period reached approximately CNY 76.08 billion, representing a 6.39% increase compared to the same period last year [1]. - The net profit attributable to shareholders decreased to CNY 143.15 million, a decline of 35.19% year-on-year [4][5]. - Basic earnings per share fell to CNY 0.11, down 35.29% from CNY 0.17 in the previous year [1][4]. Financial Ratios - The weighted average return on equity decreased to 4.20%, down from 6.68% in the previous year, reflecting a decline of 2.48 percentage points [1]. - The total assets increased by 12.22% to approximately CNY 90.84 billion compared to the end of the previous year [1]. - The asset-liability ratio rose to 54.54%, an increase of 6.74% from 47.80% at the end of the previous year [4]. Shareholder Information - The largest shareholder, Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group, holds 47.77% of the shares, with no changes in the controlling shareholder during the reporting period [2][3]. - The top ten shareholders include various institutional investors, with no significant changes in their holdings reported [2][3]. Investment Activities - The company has partnered with several investment institutions to establish a venture capital fund, with a total fund size of CNY 1.004 billion, aimed at optimizing and extending the industrial chain [5]. - As of June 30, 2023, the company has completed its capital contribution to the partnership, amounting to CNY 85 million [5].
北方铜业上半年净利4.87亿元!贵金属营收飙升52%
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-08-16 12:32
Core Viewpoint - Northern Copper Industry has demonstrated resilience and strength in a complex market environment, achieving significant revenue and profit growth in the first half of 2025 [1][3]. Financial Performance - The company reported operating revenue of 12.811 billion yuan, an increase of 2.81% year-on-year [1]. - Net profit attributable to shareholders reached 487 million yuan, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 5.85% [1]. Product Structure - The main product, cathode copper, generated revenue of 9.439 billion yuan, a decrease of 7.85% due to copper price fluctuations [3]. - Precious metals business revenue surged to 2.529 billion yuan, marking a significant year-on-year increase of 52.04%, accounting for 19.74% of total revenue [3]. - Sulfuric acid business revenue reached 102 million yuan, up 197.33% year-on-year [3]. - Revenue from copper strips and rolled copper foil amounted to 632 million yuan, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 52.59% [3]. Resource Advantages - Northern Copper Industry possesses a large underground mine with an annual processing capacity of 9 million tons [4]. - The copper mine has a resource reserve of 218.6092 million tons and a copper metal reserve of 1.330925 million tons, with an average geological grade of 0.608% [4]. - The company can sustain its mining operations for over 20 years at the current extraction scale [4]. - In 2024, gold sales reached 6,319 kilograms, generating revenue of 3.56 billion yuan, which constituted 14.77% of total revenue [4]. - The company plans to produce 6 tons of gold ingots in 2025, with precious metals expected to contribute around 13% to total revenue [4]. Technological Innovation - The company increased R&D investment to 26.463 million yuan, a year-on-year growth of 48.60% [5]. - Advanced smelting processes have been implemented to ensure safe and stable production while maximizing the recovery of valuable elements [5]. - The company aims to focus on high-end, high-value-added products and is advancing digital transformation in traditional industries [5]. - The high-performance rolled copper strip and copper-clad laminate project is currently in trial production, expected to positively impact financial metrics as production processes improve [5].