Core Viewpoint - The central theme of the articles is the analysis of China's financial data for 2025, highlighting the growth in M2 and social financing, which supports the economic recovery and indicates a favorable monetary environment for the economy [2][10]. Group 1: Social Financing and M2 Growth - By the end of 2025, the total social financing stock reached 442.12 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 8.3%, and the total social financing increment for the year was 35.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.34 trillion yuan compared to the previous year [2][3]. - The M2 balance at the end of 2025 was 340.29 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 8.5%, which is 0.5 percentage points higher than the previous month and 1.2 percentage points higher than the same period last year [2][10]. - The M2 and M1 (narrow money) growth rates indicate a widening gap, with M2 growing at 8.5% and M1 at 3.8%, suggesting a need for macroeconomic policies to significantly boost domestic demand [2][9]. Group 2: Financing Structure and Direct Financing - Government bond financing and corporate bond financing were the main drivers of the significant year-on-year increase in social financing, with direct financing accounting for 46.9% of the total social financing increment, reaching 16.7 trillion yuan [3][4]. - The net financing from government bonds was 13.84 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.54 trillion yuan from the previous year, while non-financial corporate bond financing reached 2.39 trillion yuan, up by 482.5 billion yuan [3][4]. - The financial institutions provided 15.91 trillion yuan in new loans to the real economy, indicating a reasonable growth in lending [3]. Group 3: Credit Market Dynamics - In December 2025, new RMB loans amounted to 910 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 800 billion yuan, reflecting a structural differentiation in credit demand, with stronger corporate loans and weaker household loans [6][7]. - The total new RMB loans for the year were 16.27 trillion yuan, down by 1.82 trillion yuan compared to the previous year, indicating a decline in internal loan demand due to a sluggish real estate market and weak investment and consumption momentum [6][7]. - The year-end loan balance was 271.91 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 6.4%, and the overall credit support for the real economy remained at a high level [7]. Group 4: Policy Outlook and Future Projections - The central bank plans to implement two main policy measures: lowering interest rates on various structural monetary policy tools and enhancing support for economic structural transformation [10]. - The expected social financing scale for 2026 is projected to reach around 38 trillion yuan, with government bond financing continuing to grow rapidly and new RMB loans estimated at approximately 18 trillion yuan [10].

Core Viewpoint - The overall financing environment in China is improving, with significant contributions from direct financing and government bonds, indicating a robust support for the real economy [1][2][3]. Group 1: Social Financing and Monetary Data - In 2025, the total social financing increment reached 35.6 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.34 trillion yuan compared to the previous year, maintaining a reasonable growth trend [2][3]. - By the end of 2025, the social financing stock is projected to be 442.12 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 8.3% [1]. - The M2 balance is expected to be 340.29 trillion yuan by the end of 2025, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 8.5% [1][8]. Group 2: Direct Financing and Government Bonds - Direct financing accounted for 16.7 trillion yuan of the social financing increment, representing 46.9% of the total, which is 7.8 percentage points higher than in 2020 [2][3]. - Government bond financing contributed significantly, with net financing of 13.84 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.54 trillion yuan from the previous year [2][3]. Group 3: Loan Structure and Trends - In December 2025, new RMB loans amounted to 910 billion yuan, showing a year-on-year decrease of 800 billion yuan, indicating a structural differentiation in credit demand [4][5]. - The total new RMB loans for the year were 16.27 trillion yuan, down 1.82 trillion yuan from the previous year, with corporate loans increasing by 1.14 trillion yuan while household loans decreased by 2.28 trillion yuan [4][5]. Group 4: Policy Measures and Future Outlook - The central bank plans to implement policies to lower interest rates on structural monetary policy tools and enhance credit support for key sectors [9]. - It is anticipated that the new social financing scale in 2026 could reach around 38 trillion yuan, with government bond financing continuing to grow rapidly [9].

Core Viewpoint - The economic outlook for China in 2025 is expected to show steady progress, with a focus on high-quality development and structural optimization, as indicated by the Chief Economist Confidence Index of 50.32 for January 2026, reflecting a recovery from the previous month [1][4]. Economic Indicators - The average forecast for December 2025 CPI year-on-year growth is 0.8%, slightly higher than the previous month's 0.7% [8][10]. - The average forecast for December 2025 PPI year-on-year growth is -2.0%, an improvement from -2.2% in the previous month [8][10]. - The average forecast for December 2025 industrial added value year-on-year growth is 4.9%, up from 4.8% in November [13]. - The average forecast for December 2025 fixed asset investment cumulative year-on-year growth is -2.2%, an improvement from -2.6% in November [14]. - The average forecast for December 2025 social retail sales year-on-year growth is 1.8%, with a range from 0.6% to 4.9% [10][11]. - The average forecast for December 2025 trade surplus is $1113.5 billion, slightly lower than the previous month's $1116.8 billion [17]. - The average forecast for December 2025 new loans is 7182.5 billion yuan, a significant increase from the previous month's 3900 billion yuan [19]. - The average forecast for December 2025 total social financing is 1.8 trillion yuan, down from 2.5 trillion yuan in November [21]. - The average forecast for December 2025 M2 year-on-year growth is 8%, consistent with the previous month's figure [21][23]. - As of December 2025, China's foreign exchange reserves are expected to be $33579 billion, reflecting a slight increase from the previous month [23]. Policy Outlook - The macroeconomic policy for 2026 is expected to be more proactive, with an increase in fiscal deficit and government debt issuance to support economic growth [25][27]. - Monetary policy is anticipated to remain accommodative, with potential interest rate cuts and reserve requirement ratio reductions to ensure liquidity and lower financing costs [26][27].

Economic Outlook - The global economy in 2026 is expected to exhibit a complex system characterized by non-linearity, path dependence, and adaptability, showing high instability but resilience [1] - The "First Financial Chief Economist Confidence Index" for January 2026 is reported at 50.32, indicating a recovery and maintaining a prosperous state [2][3] Inflation and Price Predictions - The average predicted year-on-year CPI growth for December 2025 is 0.8%, while the PPI is forecasted at -2% [5][6] - CPI predictions range from a minimum of 0.5% to a maximum of 0.9%, indicating a slight increase from November's 0.7% [6] - The PPI predictions range from -2.3% to -1.9%, showing a slight improvement from the previous month's -2.2% [6] Industrial and Investment Growth - The predicted growth rate for industrial added value in December 2025 is 4.9%, slightly above the previous month's 4.8% [9][10] - Fixed asset investment is expected to decline by an average of -2.2%, showing a recovery from November's -2.6% [11] - Real estate development investment is forecasted to decrease by -15.8%, with signs of a narrowing decline in transaction volumes [12] Trade and Export Forecasts - The trade surplus for December 2025 is predicted to be $1113.5 billion, remaining stable compared to the previous month [13][14] - Exports are expected to grow by 2.5%, down from 5.9% in the previous month, while imports are forecasted to increase by 0.7% [14][15] Financing and Monetary Policy - New loans are projected to reach 7182.5 billion yuan in December 2025, recovering from the previous month's 3900 billion yuan [15][16] - The total social financing is expected to average 1.8 trillion yuan, lower than the previous month's 2.5 trillion yuan [16][17] - M2 growth is predicted to remain at 8%, consistent with November's figures [18] Policy Directions - Fiscal policy is anticipated to become more proactive, with an increase in the scale of government debt and continued support for local debt initiatives [20][21] - Monetary policy is expected to remain moderately accommodative, with potential for further interest rate cuts and reserve requirement reductions [20][21]

Core Viewpoints - The internal demand remains weak in December due to base effects and policy timing, but it is expected to recover in early 2026 as expansionary policies are introduced [2][3] GDP - The GDP growth rate for the fourth quarter is projected to be around 4.3%, a decline from the previous quarter due to factors such as a slowdown in industrial production and construction [5][15] - Industrial production growth is expected to be 5.2% year-on-year in Q4, down from 5.8% in Q3, with December's growth at 6.0% [5][15] - The construction sector is anticipated to see a further decline in GDP growth, with projections of -3% in Q4 compared to -2.3% in Q3 [5][15] Prices - CPI is expected to rise by 0.1% month-on-month in December, with a year-on-year increase from 0.7% to around 0.8% [6][16] - PPI is projected to show a month-on-month increase of 0.1%, with a year-on-year improvement from -2.2% to approximately -2.0% [6][16] Production - Industrial production growth is expected to be around 6.0% in December, with a notable seasonal rebound observed in previous months [18] - Manufacturing investment growth is projected to decline to 1.3%, while real estate investment is expected to drop by 16.8% [7][22] External Trade - December exports are expected to grow by around 3.5% year-on-year, while imports are projected to increase by 1% [19][21] - The strong external demand is expected to support export growth despite a high base effect [19][20] Fixed Asset Investment - Fixed asset investment growth is anticipated to decline to around -3.3% for the year, with significant drops in real estate and infrastructure investments [22][23] - New infrastructure projects worth over 400 billion yuan are expected to be approved, which may stabilize investment in early 2026 [22] Real Estate Sales - Real estate sales are projected to decline by around 15% in December, with a cumulative decrease of 8.6% for the year [24][23] Retail Sales - Retail sales growth is expected to be around 1.0% in December, with essential consumption showing a growth rate of 3.5% [26] - The automotive sector is anticipated to continue its decline, impacting overall retail performance [26] Financial Sector - New social financing is expected to reach 2.3 trillion yuan in December, a decrease of 470 billion yuan compared to the previous year [27] - M2 growth is projected to be around 7.9%, while M1 is expected to see a slight increase due to seasonal factors [28]

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No industry investment rating is provided in the report. 2. Core Viewpoints of the Report - Currently, it's hard to say that the bond market has returned to fundamental pricing. Policy expectations, asset price - to - ratio, and institutional behavior are still the main influencing factors. In 2026, the influence of fundamentals on bond market pricing is expected to increase [1][22]. - After the content of the Central Economic Work Conference is clear, the bond market within the year will revolve around institutional behavior and the equity market. The bond market is expected to be mainly volatile, with a high probability of a steeper yield curve. Ultra - long bonds will still have high volatility, and it's not advisable to overly expect an end - of - year rush - to - buy market [1][22][24]. - One can moderately grasp the spread between China Development Bank bonds and Treasury bonds with a maturity of 7 years or less, as well as the term spread of 5Y - 3Y Treasury bonds [1][24]. 3. Summary by Directory 3.1 Important Event Reviews 3.1.1 Financial Data - As of the end of November 2025, the year - on - year growth rate of the stock of social financing scale was 8.5%. In the first eleven months, RMB loans increased by 15.36 trillion yuan, and the balance of M2 at the end of November increased by 8% year - on - year. In November, social financing increased year - on - year, with an increase in corporate bond financing scale. However, government bond financing and on - balance - sheet credit financing were still drag factors. RMB loans decreased year - on - year in November. In terms of structure, short - term corporate loans improved, while medium - and long - term corporate loans still decreased year - on - year, and the bill financing impulse was obvious. The household sector continued to de - leverage. The year - on - year growth rates of M1 and M2 both declined in November [7]. - Looking ahead, policy - based financial instruments are expected to boost credit, but the high base of government bond financing remains a drag. The year - on - year growth rate of the social financing stock may decline slightly, and the progress of household deposit transfer is still worthy of attention [7]. 3.1.2 Economic Data - In November 2025, the year - on - year growth rate of the added value of industries above the designated size was 4.8%, the cumulative year - on - year growth rate of fixed - asset investment was - 2.6%, and the year - on - year growth rate of total retail sales of consumer goods was 1.3%. Domestic demand continued to be weak, and effective demand still needed to be boosted. In terms of production, the year - on - year growth rate of industrial added value slowed down slightly in November. In terms of investment, the decline in the cumulative year - on - year growth rate of fixed - asset investment further expanded in November. In terms of consumption, the year - on - year growth rate of total retail sales of consumer goods slowed down in November, while the cumulative year - on - year growth rate of service consumption increased slightly [8][9]. - Looking ahead, it is expected that the "anti - involution" and a slight weakening of exports will restrict production in December. The growth rate of industrial production in 2025 is expected to be about 5.8%, the growth rate of manufacturing investment is expected to be about 2.0%, the infrastructure investment is expected to show a recovery trend with a growth rate of about 1.0% in 2025, and the growth rate of total retail sales of consumer goods in 2025 is expected to be around 3.7% [9]. 3.1.3 Fiscal Data - From January to November 2025, the national general public budget revenue increased by 0.8% year - on - year, and the expenditure increased by 1.4% year - on - year; the national government - funded budget revenue decreased by 4.9% year - on - year, and the expenditure increased by 13.7% year - on - year. In terms of public finance revenue, the year - on - year increase in tax revenue was slightly expanded. In terms of public finance expenditure, the year - on - year growth rate of expenditure declined, mainly due to the earlier expenditure rhythm this year. In terms of the expenditure structure, the three focuses of public finance expenditure from January to November were people's livelihood, science and technology, and green, and efforts were further increased in the science and technology field in November. In terms of government - funded revenue and expenditure, the revenue side was still dragged down by the land market [10]. - Looking ahead to 2026, the Central Economic Work Conference continued to describe fiscal policy as "more proactive", emphasizing the guarantee of necessary expenditures. In terms of rhythm, it will "actively act ahead" and "reasonably speed up the allocation and disbursement of funds". In terms of structure, attention can be paid to strengthening the financial guarantee for major national strategies, accelerating debt resolution, and tax system reform [10]. 3.2 Funding Prices: Central Bank's Injection of Cross - Year Funds - During the period from December 12th to December 18th, the central bank's net injection of funds in the open market was 134 billion yuan. The central bank over - renewed 200 billion yuan of 6 - month repurchase agreements and conducted 100 billion yuan of 14 - day reverse repurchase operations to support the cross - year funding situation. On December 18th, DR014 and R014 increased by 10bp and 6bp respectively, while DR001 and DR007 remained stable. The yield of inter - bank certificates of deposit declined slightly, which is in line with the seasonal characteristic of the decline in CD yields at the end of the year [11][12]. 3.3 Primary Market: Decrease in Supply Scale - From December 12th to December 18th, a total of 46 interest - rate bonds were issued in the primary market. There was no end - of - year surge in the issuance of special bonds. Since December, the issuance frequency of the China Development Bank and the Export - Import Bank of China has also decreased, and the supply pressure of interest - rate bonds is limited [14]. 3.4 Secondary Market: Steeper Yield Curve - During the period from December 12th to December 18th, the yields of Treasury bonds with different maturities showed differentiation. The yields of medium - and short - term Treasury bonds mostly declined, while the yields of ultra - long - term Treasury bonds increased slightly, showing a steeper yield curve. The decline in medium - and short - term interest rates may be related to the loose funding situation. The winning bid rate of the 14 - day reverse repurchase operation may have decreased compared with that in September, driving up the short - term bullish sentiment. The long - term interest rate has a strong gaming sentiment, with a larger single - day fluctuation range. The 10 - year Treasury bond yield has a psychological support level of 1.85%, while the 30 - year Treasury bond yield has less upward resistance and greater fluctuation [16]. 3.5 Market Outlook 3.5.1 Fundamental Aspect It's difficult to say that the bond market has returned to fundamental pricing currently. Policy expectations, asset price - to - ratio, and institutional behavior are still the main influencing factors. In 2026, the influence of fundamentals on bond market pricing is expected to increase, and price signals are the key [1][22]. 3.5.2 Policy Aspect - In 2026, fiscal policy will "actively act ahead" and "reasonably speed up the allocation and disbursement of funds", with a similar rhythm to 2025. In terms of expenditure structure, it will "strengthen the financial guarantee for major national strategies and promote more funds and resources to be invested in people", and supporting people's livelihood remains an important direction [1][22]. - Monetary policy emphasizes "striving to achieve economic growth and price recovery" and supplements the original statement of "matching the growth of social financing scale and money supply with economic growth and price level expectations". Reserve requirement ratio cuts, interest rate cuts, and liquidity injection tools of various maturities will be used flexibly [1][22]. 3.5.3 Funding Aspect As the cross - year period approaches, funding prices may rise slightly, but with the central bank's open - market operations, the possibility of a significant tightening of funds is limited [1][22].

Economic Indicators - As of November, M0 balance reached 13.74 trillion yuan, increasing by approximately 0.19 trillion yuan month-on-month, with a year-on-year growth of 10.6%[2] - M1 balance stood at 112.89 trillion yuan, up by 0.89 trillion yuan from the previous month, with a year-on-year growth of 4.9%, a slowdown of 1.3 percentage points compared to last month[2] - M2 balance was 336.99 trillion yuan, increasing by 1.86 trillion yuan month-on-month, with a year-on-year growth of 8%, a decrease of 0.2 percentage points from the previous month[2] Financing Trends - The total social financing stock was 440.07 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 8.5%, maintaining the same growth rate as the previous month[2] - New RMB loans in November amounted to 405.3 billion yuan, while new foreign currency loans were -22.2 billion yuan, totaling 383.1 billion yuan in new loans, which is 90.1 billion yuan less than the previous year[2] - New corporate bond financing reached 416.9 billion yuan, and new corporate stock financing was 34.2 billion yuan, totaling 451.1 billion yuan in corporate direct financing, an increase of 168.3 billion yuan year-on-year[2] Deposit Growth - Corporate deposit growth slowed to 3.63% in November, down from 3.79% the previous month, with a total corporate deposit balance of 79.34 trillion yuan, increasing by 0.65 trillion yuan[2] - Resident deposit growth decreased to 9.56%, down 0.13 percentage points from the previous month, with a total resident deposit balance of 163.31 trillion yuan, increasing by 0.67 trillion yuan[2] - Non-bank financial institutions' deposits grew by 0.08 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth rate of 16.09%, a decrease of 0.58 percentage points from the previous month[2]

Group 1: Financing Trends - In November, social financing (社融) increased by nearly 160 billion yuan year-on-year, driven by significant growth in corporate direct financing and off-balance-sheet financing[3] - Corporate direct financing rose by over 100 billion yuan, primarily due to the expansion of the sci-tech bond market, which saw net financing of 182.3 billion yuan in November, an increase of 100 billion yuan year-on-year[15] - Off-balance-sheet financing also increased by over 100 billion yuan, largely attributed to the upcoming implementation of revised trust company regulations[15] Group 2: Loan and Deposit Dynamics - In November, RMB loans decreased by 190 billion yuan year-on-year, reflecting weak demand for loans and a supply-side contraction due to financial institutions' "anti-involution" measures[4] - Short-term loans for enterprises increased by 100 billion yuan, indicating a rise in short-term operational funding needs, while medium and long-term loans decreased by 40 billion yuan year-on-year[22] - Resident deposits showed a significant reduction, with both household and corporate deposits declining year-on-year, indicating a trend of deleveraging among residents[26] Group 3: Monetary Supply Metrics - M2 growth rate fell to 8% in November, down 0.2 percentage points from October, while M1 growth rate decreased to 4.9%, down 1.3 percentage points[26] - The decline in M1 and M2 growth rates is attributed to reduced "loan creation deposits" and limited fiscal fund injections, with non-bank financial institution deposits also showing a year-on-year decrease[26] Group 4: Future Outlook and Risks - The overall financial data for November indicates persistent weakness in private sector financing demand, with potential positive impacts from new policy financial tools expected to gradually materialize[6] - The high base effect from government bond financing is likely to continue to weigh on social financing growth, which may stabilize or slightly decline in the near term[6] - Risks include unexpected changes in the economic environment and policy adjustments that could significantly impact market financing demand and liquidity conditions[7]

Group 1 - The macro liquidity environment is overall balanced and slightly loose, with the central bank conducting a net injection of 6047 billion yuan through open market operations, including a 47 billion yuan net injection from 7-day reverse repos and a 6000 billion yuan 6-month buyout reverse repo [3][9][10] - The social financing scale increased significantly in November, reaching 24885 billion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 8.5%, maintaining the same growth rate as the previous month. The main contributors were government bonds and corporate bonds, while non-standard financing turned positive [10][11][14] - The money supply indicators M1 and M2 continued to decline year-on-year, with M1 growing by 4.9% and M2 by 8% in November, both showing a decrease in growth rate compared to the previous month [10][11][14] Group 2 - The supply side of the stock market shows structural differentiation, with a decline in equity fund issuance and a slight recovery in financing balance, indicating an increase in leveraged funds' participation. The net inflow of financing was concentrated in sectors like electronics and defense, while sectors like computers and automobiles experienced net outflows [4][19][30] - The stock market's demand side pressure has eased, with a decrease in equity financing scale and a drop in the scale of locked-up shares released, amounting to 414.42 billion yuan, down from 786.35 billion yuan the previous week [30][35][39] - The number of new A-share accounts opened in November was 238.1 million, an increase from 230.9 million in the previous month, indicating a slight uptick in market participation [19][27]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article emphasizes that while the liquidity in the real economy is improving, the pace of this improvement has significantly slowed down, and the liquidity in the financial market is facing challenges [2][11][12] - The analysis indicates that the enterprise-resident deposit scissors difference, which serves as a leading indicator for profits, shows a trend of improvement but at a slower rate compared to earlier months [2][12] - The article forecasts that the growth rate of M2 will continue to decline due to weak effective financing demand in the real economy, and the trend of residents moving deposits will persist but may slow down marginally in 2026 [2][7][20] Group 2 - The article discusses the impact of M2 growth on liquidity, noting that the current effective financing demand is weak, which affects the ability of banks to expand their balance sheets [21][22] - It highlights that the trend of residents moving deposits is influenced by the comparison of financial asset returns to deposit returns, with a noted decline in new deposits since the third quarter [23][26] - The report indicates that the social financing scale has shown improvement, particularly in corporate bond financing, while the overall M2 growth has decreased, reflecting a complex liquidity environment [32][34] Group 3 - The financial data for November shows that RMB loans increased by 390 billion, with a notable decrease in resident loans, indicating a weak demand for credit [30] - The social financing scale increased by 24,885 billion, with corporate bond financing continuing to improve, suggesting a positive trend in corporate financing despite challenges in other areas [32] - The M2 growth rate for November was 8%, reflecting a 0.2% decline from the previous month, indicating a continued downward trend in money supply growth [34]