Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the resurgence of the US dollar and its implications for the Chinese economy, drawing parallels with Japan's past experiences and emphasizing the need for a strategic response from China in the face of potential economic challenges posed by the dollar's strength [2][3][5][7]. Group 1: Dollar Dynamics - The US dollar serves as both a global trade settlement currency and a reserve asset for central banks, playing a crucial role in maintaining global economic stability while also acting as a financial weapon that can extract wealth from other nations [2]. - The "dollar smile curve" illustrates the dollar's dual nature, with its strength peaking during global financial panic and periods of robust US economic growth, while it weakens during economic downturns [2][3]. Group 2: Historical Context - The 1985 Plaza Accord exemplifies the US's strategy of manipulating the dollar to address its trade deficits, which ultimately led to significant economic consequences for Japan, including a massive asset bubble and subsequent economic stagnation [3][5]. - Japan's reliance on US monetary policy and its failure to address underlying economic issues contributed to its prolonged economic malaise, known as the "lost two decades" [5]. Group 3: China's Strategic Response - China is adopting a proactive approach to manage its currency, utilizing a "managed floating exchange rate system" to allow for market-driven fluctuations while maintaining control to stabilize expectations and prevent panic [7]. - The strength of China's industrial system, which encompasses all 41 industrial categories recognized by the UN, provides a solid foundation for economic resilience against external shocks [8]. - China's strategy to attract foreign capital involves opening its bond and stock markets, creating a more appealing investment environment rather than isolating itself from global capital flows [8]. Group 4: Comparative Analysis - The nature of US-China relations differs significantly from that of US-Japan relations, with China maintaining greater sovereignty and bargaining power, which influences its strategic decisions in the face of US dollar dominance [8]. - The article suggests that while history may not repeat itself, the dynamics of the current US-China competition are more complex, with China possessing a broader strategic depth and a more robust policy toolkit compared to Japan in the 1980s [8][10].

Economic Indicators - In May, the U.S. non-farm payrolls increased by 139,000, exceeding the market expectation of 130,000[10] - The unemployment rate remained stable at 4.2%, while the labor force participation rate decreased by 0.2% to 62.4%[10] - Average hourly earnings rose by 0.4% month-on-month, surpassing the expected 0.3%[10] Labor Market Trends - The downward revision of non-farm payrolls for the previous two months totaled a decrease of 95,000[10] - The number of voluntary job leavers has significantly decreased, indicating potential labor market weakness[10] - Initial jobless claims in recent weeks suggest a possible rebound in the unemployment rate, although this is not reflected in the current non-farm report due to the declining labor participation rate[10] Macro Economic Outlook - The U.S. economy is showing signs of moderate weakening, with the possibility of a global economic slowdown increasing[3] - The U.S. dollar is currently positioned in the middle of the "smile curve," typically strengthening during periods of strong economic performance or severe recession, and weakening during moderate economic slowdowns[3] - A significant risk is posed by potential severe recession or strong economic growth, which could cause the dollar to move towards the extremes of the smile curve[4] Federal Reserve Insights - The Federal Reserve is expected to maintain a cautious stance in upcoming meetings, with market pricing indicating two potential rate cuts within the year[28] - Fed Chair Powell emphasized the need for data-driven adjustments to monetary policy, maintaining a focus on achieving full employment and price stability[24] - Concerns about trade barriers potentially increasing inflation risks were raised by Chicago Fed President Goolsbee[26]

周五公布的美国非农就业数据印证了美国经济仍处于温和走弱 的趋势中。虽然 5 月新增就业人数高于预期，失业率维持稳定，缓解 了此前 ADP 就业数据引发的衰退担忧。但这份就业报告也释放出一些 边际走软的信号：前两个月的非农就业人数再次出现下修；在失业人 口中，主动离职者的数量明显下降；同时近几周初请失业金人数也反 映了未来可能出现的失业率反弹，只是由于劳动参与率下降的关系， 并没有反映在本次非农报告上。 证券研究报告：宏观报告 发布时间：2025-06-10 研究所 分析师:李起 SAC 登记编号:S1340524110001 Email:liqi2@cnpsec.com 研究助理:高晓洁 SAC 登记编号:S1340124020001 Email:gaoxiaojie@cnpsec.com 近期研究报告 《美关税不确定下，日元资产的演化路 径》 - 2025.06.09 宏观观点 海外宏观周报：美元处于"微笑曲线"中间 ⚫ 核心观点： 关税虽然从此前极高的水平有所下降，但谈判过程仍然冗长且进 展缓慢，而对经济造成的负面影响已难以避免。美国乃至全球经济温 和走弱的可能性正在上升，美元目前正处于"微笑曲线"的中间 ...

Core Viewpoint - The recent rebound of the US dollar is driven by favorable sentiment, but concerns over policy uncertainty and debt sustainability are shaking investor confidence in dollar assets [1][2] Group 1: Dollar Dynamics - The "Dollar Smile Curve" theory, proposed by economist Stephen Jen in 2001, suggests that the dollar strengthens under two extreme conditions: when the US economy outperforms others or during significant global economic and political uncertainty [2] - Historical data shows that since 1980, the dollar index has risen during 4 out of 6 US recessions, indicating some validity to the "Dollar Smile Curve" theory [5] - Current conditions have shifted, with US tariff policies and fiscal sustainability becoming key factors influencing dollar movements, leading to a potential "Dollar Frown Curve" [5] Group 2: Fiscal Concerns - The US debt has reached $36.21 trillion, accounting for 124% of GDP, with interest payments projected to exceed $1 trillion in the 2024 fiscal year [7] - Rating agencies, including Moody's, warn that the US is facing a structural dilemma of long-term deficits and political dysfunction [7] Group 3: Economic Uncertainty - The resilience of the US economy, a prerequisite for the "Dollar Smile Curve," is under scrutiny, with concerns about extreme tariff levels and rising inflation risks [8] - Prominent figures, including JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon and hedge fund manager Ray Dalio, caution that the market may be underestimating the long-term risks associated with trade policies and US debt [8][9] - The Federal Reserve is cautious about balancing inflation pressures and recession risks, with officials indicating a preference for a wait-and-see approach regarding interest rate adjustments [9]

Core Viewpoint - The US dollar index has declined nearly 9% since Trump's return to the White House, potentially marking the worst performance in the first 100 days of a presidency since 1973, with Goldman Sachs warning of a long-term structural depreciation of the dollar [1][2][3]. Group 1: Economic Indicators - Goldman Sachs reports that while current "hard data" in the US remains strong, the negative impacts of tariff policies on the economy may not become apparent until mid-May or early June [1][3]. - The dollar index was reported at 99.68 points, having briefly fallen below 98, marking a three-year low [2]. Group 2: Investor Sentiment - Non-US investors currently hold $22 trillion in US assets, with half of that in unhedged stocks, indicating that a reduction in US exposure could lead to significant dollar depreciation [2][9]. - Shah emphasizes that the dollar's weakness is likely to be structural, as it serves as a natural adjustment mechanism to tariffs and economic uncertainties [3][5]. Group 3: Long-term Trends - Shah notes that the influx of private capital into US assets, which has historically supported a strong dollar, may be reversing, leading to a potential decline in demand for US assets [5][15]. - The dollar's actual value is currently above its historical average, suggesting a potential depreciation of 25% to 30% if non-US investors reduce their exposure [9]. Group 4: Policy Uncertainty - High levels of policy uncertainty and low consumer and business confidence contribute to market risk aversion, with Goldman Sachs estimating a 45% probability of a US recession in the next 12 months [16][19]. - Despite recent tariff pauses, many tariffs remain in place, and significant reductions are unlikely, which could prolong economic challenges [16][19].

当市场中的避险情绪上升，比如当美国总统特朗普忽然宣布对全球大部分国家征收关税时，股市整体都会下跌，绝大部分股票都会受其影响而被抛售。哪怕 一个公司的业绩和进出口贸易无关，其价格也会被大盘带动而下跌回撤。在这个时候，有些投资者会觉得他需要一些"避险资产"，或者"投资保险"，来保 护他的投资组合，维持他的理智，帮助他在价格暴跌时不至于被迫出售那些长期看好的股票。 那么问题来了：哪些资产可以帮助投资者达到"保险"的功能呢？ 第一个选项是 政府国债 。 这里的国债，主要指那些信用评级比较高的发达国家政府国债，比如美国、英国、澳大利亚、德国等。由于发行这些国债的国家政府信用评级比较高，市场 对他们比较信任，几乎不用担心他们像阿根廷政府那样违约，因此这些国家的政府国债是很多投资机构最青睐的"保险资产"之一。 前摩根士丹利策略师 Stephen Jen 曾提出过一个金融理论，叫做 美元微笑曲线 ，来解释美元在不同经济环境下为何能表现强势的现象。在全球风险上 升、经济衰退或金融市场动荡时，投资者寻求 " 避险资产 " 。美元因其全球储备货币地位以及美国国债市场的深度和流动性，被认为是最安全的资产。此 时，资本流入美国，美元升 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the importance of safe-haven assets during times of market volatility, highlighting government bonds, gold, and the US dollar as key options for investors seeking to protect their portfolios from downturns [1][2][6]. Group 1: Government Bonds - Government bonds, particularly from high-credit-rated developed countries like the US, UK, Australia, and Germany, are favored as safe-haven assets due to their reliability and low default risk [2][3]. - In economic downturns, central banks typically lower interest rates, which increases bond prices and provides investors with a protective function [2][3]. - The current yield on US 10-year government bonds is approximately 4.3%, offering decent returns while maintaining their role as a safe asset during market turmoil [3]. Group 2: Gold - Gold is highlighted as another significant safe-haven asset, especially during crises, as it is perceived to resist inflation due to its finite supply [4][5]. - Over the past year, gold prices have increased by around 50%, indicating its appeal during uncertain times [5]. - However, gold's price volatility poses risks, as it can spike during crises but may also decline sharply once the crisis subsides, necessitating careful timing by investors [5]. Group 3: US Dollar - The US dollar is recognized as a classic safe-haven asset, benefiting from its status as the global reserve currency and the depth of the US Treasury market [6][7]. - The "dollar smile" theory explains that the dollar appreciates during both economic downturns and periods of strong US economic performance, making it a reliable asset in various conditions [6][7]. - Concerns about the dollar's status as a safe-haven asset arise from geopolitical tensions and potential shifts in global economic dynamics, which could undermine its reserve currency status [7]. Group 4: Diversification Strategy - The article emphasizes that no single asset can guarantee protection against losses, advocating for a diversified investment approach to mitigate risks and achieve smoother returns [8]. - Investors are encouraged to maintain a long-term perspective and avoid being overly influenced by short-term market fluctuations [9].

Investment Rating - The report maintains a neutral investment rating for the industry, indicating that the industry is expected to perform in line with the benchmark [35]. Core Insights - The Federal Reserve's March FOMC meeting kept the federal funds rate target range at 4.25% to 4.5%, aligning with market expectations. The statement noted increased uncertainty in the economic outlook, with short-term inflation risks rising and employment risks declining [2][3]. - The Fed plans to reduce the scale of quantitative tightening (QT) starting in April, with a monthly reduction cap for Treasury securities set to $5 billion, down from $25 billion, while maintaining a $35 billion cap for agency bonds and mortgage-backed securities [2][8]. - Economic growth forecasts have been downgraded, with GDP growth expectations for 2025 and 2026 revised down to 1.7% and 1.8%, respectively, while unemployment rate expectations for 2025 have been raised to 4.4% [3][10]. Summary by Sections FOMC Meeting Insights - The FOMC meeting highlighted a cautious approach to monetary policy, with officials indicating a need for data-driven decisions due to heightened economic uncertainty [2][3]. - The dot plot revealed a narrowing of opinions regarding the number of rate cuts expected in 2025, with a total of two cuts anticipated, but with increased divergence on the magnitude of those cuts [3]. Market Reactions - Following the FOMC announcement, U.S. Treasury yields fell, and stock markets rebounded, with the S&P 500 rising by 1.08% and the Nasdaq by 1.41% [9][12]. - The market is pricing in a 66% chance of a rate cut in 2025, reflecting an increase in expectations following the FOMC meeting [9]. Future Policy Outlook - The report suggests that the U.S. economy may face a "stagflation-like" environment, complicating the Fed's decision-making between employment and inflation control [10]. - The Fed's decision to slow down the balance sheet reduction is seen as a precautionary measure, with potential for further adjustments depending on liquidity conditions [10][11]. Asset Allocation Insights - U.S. Treasuries are viewed as a high-probability investment, but the potential for significant rate cuts may be limited by inflation risks [11]. - The report advises a cautious stance on U.S. equities due to ongoing uncertainties related to tariffs and economic performance, suggesting a diversified asset allocation strategy [12][13].