Group 1: Urea Price and Market Data - The mainstream market prices of urea in different regions on March 24, 2026: Hebei is 1870 yuan/ton, Henan is 1860 yuan/ton, Shandong is 1880 yuan/ton, Shanxi is 1750 yuan/ton, Jiangsu is 1880 yuan/ton, Anhui is 1870 yuan/ton, Heilongjiang is 1880 yuan/ton, and Inner Mongolia is 1910 yuan/ton [2] - The factory prices of some urea manufacturers on March 24, 2026: Hebei Dongguang is 1830 yuan/ton, Shandong Hualu is 1840 yuan/ton, Jiangsu Linggu is 1870 yuan/ton, and Anhui Haoyuan is 1800 yuan/ton [2] - The changes in urea prices: Shandong and Jiangsu increased by 10 yuan/ton compared with the previous value, while other regions remained unchanged [2] Group 2: Urea Basis and Spread Data - The basis data on March 24, 2026: Shandong 05 basis is 29 yuan/ton (up 8 yuan/ton), Shandong 01 basis is -24 yuan/ton (up 5 yuan/ton), Hebei 05 basis is 29 yuan/ton (up 18 yuan/ton), and Hebei 01 basis is -24 yuan/ton (up 15 yuan/ton) [2] - The spread data on March 24, 2026: 1 - 5 spread is -29 yuan/ton (down 4 yuan/ton), 5 - 9 spread is -53 yuan/ton (down 3 yuan/ton) [2] Group 3: Urea Warehouse Receipt and International Price Data - The total warehouse receipt quantity on March 24, 2026, is 8712, unchanged from the previous value [2] - The international FOB and CFR prices of urea on March 24, 2026: Middle East FOB is 679.5 dollars/ton, US Gulf FOB is 659 dollars/ton, Egypt FOB (large - particle) is 725 dollars/ton, Baltic FOB is 665 dollars/ton, and Brazil CFR is 700 dollars/ton, all unchanged from the previous value [2]

Group 1: Report Industry Investment Rating - No relevant content Group 2: Core Viewpoints of the Report - Due to the escalation of the Middle East situation, attacks on gas fields in Iran and Qatar, and a compressor leak, the PG futures price has risen significantly. The domestic PG market is in a contradiction between weak reality and strong expectations. The current basis is weak, and there is sufficient refinery gas in the short - term in China. The 4 - 5 month spread of the domestic market is in a delivery game and is expected to fluctuate greatly. In the future, it is likely that there will be a shortage of goods in the second half of April in China. If the Strait is interrupted for a longer time, the international market will face a more serious shortage problem, and the civil gas demand gap will be difficult to make up, so the overseas market will still be strong [1] Group 3: Summary by Related Catalogs 1. Daily Data - On March 23, 2026, the PG2605 contract closed at 7244 (+717) at 3 pm, with a 5 - 6 month spread of 195 (+3) and 3100 (+0) warehouse receipts. The night - session closed at 6986 (-258), with a 5 - 6 month spread of 246 (+51). On Monday, the civil LPG price in Shandong was 6550 (+20), the post - ether price in Shandong was 6540 (+50), the propane price in Shandong was 6923 (+625), and the propane price at Longkou Port was 7500 (+300) [1] 2. Weekly Data - The latest basis is - 1057 (-736), the 4 - 5 month spread is 64 (-68), and there are 3100 (+8) warehouse receipts. The cheapest deliverable is Shandong post - ether at 5950 (+520). The civil LPG price in Shandong is 5990 (+440), in East China is 6189 (+30), and in South China is 6300 (+150). The FEI month spread is 112 US dollars (+28), and the oil - gas price ratio has declined. The PG - FEI c1 is 35 (-15.5). The CIF propane premium in South China is 501 (+108), and the FOB premiums of AFEI, US Gulf, and Middle East propane are 50 (-54.75), 273.5 (+72.9), and 0 (+0) respectively. The FEI - MOPJ spread is - 76 (+52). The spot profit of domestic PDH to propylene has weakened slightly, and the paper profit of PDH to PP in East and South China has declined. The port inventory ratio is 35.84% (+0.79 pct), the enterprise storage capacity ratio is 26.05% (+1.11 pct), and the PDH operating rate is 65.63% (+2.4 pct) [1]

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. 2. Core Views of the Report - Sugar: Brazil's new sugar - cane crushing season has an increased cane input, but sugar mills tend to produce ethanol, leading to a downward - adjusted sugar production forecast. With the tense geopolitical situation in the Middle East and cautious market sentiment, and an increase in domestic syrup imports and normal spot trading, the sugar market has a stable supply - demand pattern. Short - term sugar prices are affected by geopolitics and foreign production forecasts, showing a volatile trend [3]. - Cotton: Geopolitical conflicts cause oil price fluctuations and increase macro risks. The release of domestic import quotas boosts short - term supply, leading to a short - term decline in Zhengzhou cotton prices. However, the downstream spinning mills' operating rates are rising, inventory is being depleted quickly, and there is a rigid procurement demand. The narrowing gap between domestic and foreign cotton prices indicates resilient downstream demand in the medium - to - long - term. The expected planting area in the new season will affect long - term trends, and there is strong support at the bottom [14]. - Apple: The Qingming Festival stocking is ongoing. The trading of high - quality apples in the production areas is active, showing a polarized market with strong prices for good - quality apples and weak prices for ordinary ones. The cold - storage inventory is being depleted faster, and the shortage of delivery products for the 05 contract is prominent. Supported by both fundamental and delivery logics, the apple market maintains a strong and volatile pattern [20]. - Jujube: The new planting season has not arrived yet, and the market focus is on the demand side. Currently, downstream sales are slow, and restocking is weak. With geopolitical conflicts, market funds are flowing, but the driving force for jujube prices is limited. Given the overall loose domestic supply - demand situation, jujube prices face upward pressure and may continue to fluctuate at a low level [28]. 3. Summary According to Relevant Catalogs Sugar - **Futures Prices and Spreads**: On March 23, 2026, SR01 closed at 5620, up 0.43% daily and down 0.11% weekly; SR03 closed at 5624, up 0.54% daily and down 0.04% weekly; SR05 closed at 5453, up 0.26% daily and down 0.35% weekly; SR07 closed at 5479, up 0.31% daily and down 0.3% weekly; SR09 closed at 5482, up 0.24% daily and down 0.35% weekly; SR11 closed at 5501, up 0.31% daily and down 0.29% weekly. SB closed at 15.63, up 1.36% daily and 10.23% weekly; W closed at 450.6, down 0.38% daily and up 9.10% weekly [4]. - **Basis**: On March 23, 2026, the basis of Nanning - SR01 was - 156, unchanged daily and up 10 weekly; the basis of Kunming - SR01 was - 281, unchanged daily and up 10 weekly, etc. [9]. - **Import Price Changes**: On March 23, 2026, the in - quota price of Brazilian sugar imports was 4292, up 116 daily and 209 weekly; the out - of - quota price was 5446, up 151 daily and 272 weekly. For Thai sugar, the in - quota price was 4228, up 124 daily and 217 weekly; the out - of - quota price was 5363, up 162 daily and 283 weekly [12]. Cotton - **Futures Prices and Spreads**: On March 23, 2026, cotton 01 closed at 15800, up 90 (0.57%); cotton 05 closed at 15280, up 65 (0.43%); cotton 09 closed at 15400, up 80 (0.52%);棉纱 05 closed at 21535, up 60 (0.28%);棉纱 09 closed at 21410, down 10 (- 0.05%). The cotton basis was 1434, unchanged; the cotton 01 - 05 spread was 495, unchanged; the cotton 05 - 09 spread was - 105, unchanged; the cotton 09 - 01 spread was - 390, unchanged; the flower - yarn spread was 6325, unchanged; the domestic - foreign cotton spread was 3531, up 96; the domestic - foreign yarn spread was 85, up 50 [15]. Apple - **Futures and Spot Prices**: On March 23, 2026, AP01 closed at 8532, down 1.33% daily and 0.76% weekly; AP03 closed at 8460, down 1.55% daily and 1.0% weekly; AP04 closed at 8898, down 5.48% daily and 3.50% weekly; AP05 closed at 10144, down 5.38% daily and up 0.79% weekly; AP10 closed at 8639, down 2.16% daily and 1.08% weekly; AP11 closed at 8477, down 1.83% daily and 0.95% weekly; AP12 closed at 8496, down 1.75% daily and 0.97% weekly. The price of Qixia first - and second - grade 80 apples was 4, unchanged; the price of Luochuan semi - commercial 70 apples was 4.35, up 2% weekly [21]. - **Spreads and Other Indicators**: The AP01 - 05 spread was - 2074, up 41.38% weekly; the AP05 - 10 spread was 1891, up 42.07% weekly; the AP10 - 01 spread was 183, up 34.56% weekly. The main contract basis was - 586, down 31.22% daily and up 198.98% weekly [21][22]. Jujube - **Futures Spreads**: The report shows the historical trends of jujube futures spreads such as 01 - 05, 05 - 09, and 09 - 01 from 2022 - 2026 [29][31]. - **Warehouse Receipts**: The report presents the total number of jujube warehouse receipts and effective forecasts from 2023 - 2026 [31]. - **Price Trends**: It shows the price trends of Xinjiang jujube main production areas (Aksu, Alar, Kashgar) and main sales areas (Hebei, Henan) from 2022 - 2025 [32].

Report Investment Rating - No investment rating information is provided in the report. Core View - Due to the escalating situation in the Middle East, attacks on gas fields in Iran and Qatar, and a compressor leak at Targe, the PG futures market has risen significantly. The current situation of domestic PG is a contradiction between weak reality and strong expectations. The current basis is weak, and there is sufficient refinery gas in the short - term in China. The 4 - 5 month spread of the domestic market is in a delivery game and is expected to fluctuate greatly. In the future, it is likely that there will be a shortage of goods in the second half of April in China. If the Strait is blocked for a longer time, the international market will face a more serious shortage problem, and the civil gas demand gap will be difficult to make up, so the overseas market will remain strong [1]. Summary by Relevant Catalog Price Data - From March 16 to March 20, 2026, the prices of South China LPG, East China LPG, and Shandong LPG showed different degrees of change. For example, South China LPG increased from 6215 to 6300, East China LPG from 6122 to 6189, and Shandong LPG from 5530 to 5990. The propane CFR South China price first rose and then fell, from 980 to 1093. The CP forecast contract price increased from 582 to 600. The price of Shandong alkylated oil remained at 9200, while the paper import profit changed from - 1420 to - 2207, and the main basis changed from - 154 to - 545 [1]. Market Indicators - The basis is - 1057 (- 736), and the 4 - 5 month spread is 64 (- 68). The number of warehouse receipts is 3100 lots (+8), with Wanhua increasing by 1300, Jingbo decreasing by 428, and Yunda decreasing by 880. The cheapest deliverable is Shandong ether - after carbon four at 5950 (+520). Shandong civil LPG is 5990 (+440), East China civil LPG is 6189 (+30), and South China civil LPG is 6300 (+150). The FEI month spread is 112 US dollars (+28), and the oil - gas price ratio has declined. The PG - FEI c1 is 35 (- 15.5). The South China CP propane landing discount is 501 (+108), and the FOB discounts of AFEI, US Gulf, and Middle East propane are 50 (- 54.75), 273.5 (+72.9), and 0 (+0) respectively. The FEI - MOPJ spread is - 76 (+52) [1]. Profit and Inventory - The spot profit of domestic PDH to propylene has weakened slightly, and the paper profit of PDH to PP in East and South China has declined. The port inventory ratio is 35.84% (+0.79 pct), the enterprise storage capacity ratio is 26.05% (+1.11 pct), and the PDH operating rate is 65.63% (+2.4 pct) [1].

Group 1: Report Information - Report Name: Asphalt Morning Report [2] - Report Date: March 20, 2026 [5] - Research Team: Research Center Energy and Chemicals Team [5] Group 2: Industry Investment Rating - Not provided Group 3: Core View - Not provided Group 4: Summary by Directory 1. Basis and Spread - On March 19, the basis in Shandong (non-Jingbo, +80) was -195, with a daily change of 45; the basis in East China (Zhenjiang Warehouse) was -75, with a daily change of -75; the basis in South China (Foshan Warehouse) was -75, with a daily change of 25 [3]. - The 04 - 05 spread was -1, with a daily change of -5; the 04 - 06 spread was 10, with a daily change of -6; the 06 - 09 spread was 308, with a daily change of 4 [3]. 2. Futures Contract Information - The price of the BU main contract on March 19 was 4625, with a daily change of 225. The trading volume was 1,452,703, with a daily change of 75,165, and the open interest was 400,963, with a daily change of -5,718. The warehouse receipts remained at 36,100 [3]. 3. Crude Oil and Asphalt Prices - The price of Brent crude oil on March 19 was 109.5, with a daily change of 5.8. The price of Jingbo asphalt was 4200, with a daily change of 100; the price of Shandong (non-Jingbo) asphalt was 4350, with a daily change of 270; the price of Zhenjiang Warehouse asphalt was 4550, with a daily change of 150; the price of Foshan Warehouse asphalt was 4550, with a daily change of 250 [3]. 4. Asphalt Profit - The asphalt - Marey crude oil profit on March 19 was -668, with a daily change of -174 [3].

Group 1 - The investment rating of the report is not provided [1] Group 2 - The report's core view is that the LPG market had significant fluctuations and a rising center last week, mainly following oil prices. The basis fluctuated sharply, and the 4 - 5 month spread was positive. The key factor for the future is when the Strait of Hormuz will resume traffic, and short - term spot quotes depend on international oil prices. A shortage of LPG is likely in April in China, more severe in East and South China than in Shandong. The short - term futures price may continue to follow oil prices, and the month spread will be strong [1] Group 3 Daily Quotes - On March 19, the PG2604 contract closed at 6392 (+626) at 3 pm, with a 4 - 5 month spread of 109 (+13) and 1800 (+0) warehouse receipts. The night session closed at 6660 (+449), with a 4 - 5 month spread of 8 (-101). Shandong's civil LPG continued to rise, with a mainstream transaction of 5600 - 5850 yuan/ton. Shandong's ether - post LPG was 5810 (+300). Longkou Port's propane price was 7200 (+0), and Shandong's propane - propylene price was 8525 (+480). The East China market was stable with some individual increases, with a mainstream transaction of 5760 - 6340 yuan/ton [1] Weekly Viewpoints - Last week, the futures price fluctuated greatly and the center rose, mainly following oil prices. The basis rose and fell sharply, with the latest at - 321 (+346), and the 4 - 5 month spread at 132 (+5). There were 3108 (-1544) warehouse receipts. The cheapest deliverable was Shandong's ether - post LPG at 5430 (+280). Shandong's civil LPG was 5550 (+610), and East China's civil LPG was 6159 (+1178). The FEI month spread was 84 US dollars (+27), and the oil - gas price ratio fluctuated downward. The PG - FEI c1 spread was 52.4 (-45). The CIF discount for South China's CP propane was 402 (+30). The FOB discounts for AFEI, US Gulf, and Middle East propane were 104.75 (+12.75), 200.6 (+41.7), and 0 (+0) respectively. The FEI - MOPJ spread was - 126 (-59). The spot profit of PDH strengthened significantly. The port inventory ratio was 35.05% (-5.5pct). The external supply of LPG sample enterprises was 54.4 (-1.8) million tons. The PDH operating rate was 63.23 (-1.7pct) [1]

Report Overview - The report is an LPG morning report from the Energy and Chemicals Team of the Research Center on March 19, 2026, providing daily and weekly market data and analysis of LPG [4] Daily Market Data - **Price Data**: On March 18, 2026, the prices of South China LPG, East China LPG, and Shandong LPG were 6220, 6049, and 5630 respectively; the CFR South China price of propane was 1023; the CP forecast contract price was 589; the price of Shandong ether - post carbon four was 5510; the price of Shandong alkylated oil was 8700; the paper import profit was -1737; the main basis was 64. The daily changes were 20, 5, 100, 45, 2, 90, 200, -324, 183 respectively [4] - **Contract Data**: On March 18, the PG2604 contract closed at 5766 (-61) at 3 pm, with a 4 - 5 month spread of 96 (-27) and 1800 (+0) warrants. The night - session closed at 6268 (+509), with a 4 - 5 month spread of 73 (-23). The price of Shandong civil LPG was 5600 (+80) [4] Weekly Viewpoint - **Market Trends**: Last week, the futures market fluctuated greatly with the center moving up, mainly following the oil price. The basis fluctuated sharply, and the latest was -321 (+346), the 4 - 5 month spread was 132 (+5). The number of warrants was 3108 lots (-1544). The cheapest deliverable was Shandong ether - post carbon four at 5430 (+280). The price of Shandong civil LPG was 5550 (+610), and that of East China civil LPG was 6159 (+1178) [4] - **Related Spreads and Ratios**: The FEI month spread was 84 US dollars (+27), the oil - gas price ratio oscillated and declined. The internal and external PG - FEI c1 was 52.4 (-45). The South China CP propane arrival discount was 402 (+30), and the FOB discounts of AFEI, US Gulf, and Middle East propane were 104.75 (+12.75), 200.6 (+41.7), and 0 (+0) respectively. The FEI - MOPJ spread was -126 (-59) [4] - **Profit and Inventory**: The PDH spot profit strengthened significantly. The port inventory ratio was 35.05% (-5.5 pct), the external release of LPG sample enterprises was 54.4 tons (-1.8), and the PDH operating rate was 63.23 (-1.7 pct) [4] - **Future Outlook**: The key lies in when the Strait of Hormuz will resume traffic. Short - term spot quotes mainly depend on the international oil price. There will probably be a shortage of goods in China in April, which is expected to be more serious in East and South China than in Shandong. The short - term futures market may still follow the oil price, and the month spread will run strongly [4]

Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the content Core Viewpoints - Last week, the futures price fluctuated greatly and the center moved up, mainly following the oil price. The basis fluctuated sharply, the 4 - 5 month spread was 132 (+5), and the number of warehouse receipts decreased by 1544 to 3108 lots. The cheapest deliverable was Shandong ether - post 5430 (+280). PDH spot profit strengthened significantly, port inventory ratio decreased by 5.5 pct to 35.05%, and the external supply of liquefied gas sample enterprises decreased by 1.8 to 54.4 tons. PDH operating rate decreased by 1.7 pct to 63.23. The subsequent core lies in when the Strait of Hormuz will resume passage, and short - term spot quotes mainly depend on international oil prices. There will probably be a shortage of goods in China in April, more serious in East and South China than in Shandong. The short - term futures price may still follow the oil price, and the month spread will run strongly [1] Summary by Relevant Catalogs Daily Quotes - On March 17, the PG2604 contract closed at 5849 (+10) at 3 pm, the 4 - 5 month spread was 113 (-27), and the number of warehouse receipts was 1800 (+0). The night session closed at 5848 (+21), and the 4 - 5 month spread was 83 (-30). Shandong civil gas was 5520 (+0), with a fair trading atmosphere. Shandong ether - post was 5450 (+30). Longkou Port propane was 7200 (+0), and Shandong propylene price was 8025 (+0). The East China market declined steadily, with the mainstream transaction price ranging from 5900 - 6280 yuan/ton, and the demand was average, with high - price refineries having difficulty in selling goods [1] Weekly Quotes - Last week, the futures price fluctuated greatly and the center moved up, mainly following the oil price. The basis was - 321 (+346), the 4 - 5 month spread was 132 (+5), and the number of warehouse receipts was 3108 (-1544). The cheapest deliverable was Shandong ether - post 5430 (+280). Shandong civil gas was 5550 (+610), and East China civil gas was 6159 (+1178). The FEI month spread was 84 US dollars (+27), the oil - gas price ratio declined oscillatingly. The internal and external PG - FEI c1 was 52.4 (-45). The CIF discount of South China CP propane was 402 (+30), and the FOB discounts of AFEI, US Gulf, and Middle East propane were 104.75 (+12.75), 200.6 (+41.7), and 0 (+0) respectively. The FEI - MOPJ spread was - 126 (-59). PDH spot profit strengthened significantly. The port inventory ratio was 35.05% (-5.5 pct), and the external supply of liquefied gas sample enterprises was 54.4 tons (-1.8). The PDH operating rate was 63.23 (-1.7 pct) [1]

Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided Core View of the Report - Last week, the futures market fluctuated significantly with an upward central tendency, mainly following the oil price. The basis fluctuated sharply, and the latest value was -321 (+346). The spread between April and May was 132 (+5). The number of warehouse receipts was 3108 lots (-1544). The cheapest deliverable was Shandong ether post-5430 (+280). The domestic shortage problem in April is likely inevitable, and it is expected to be more severe in East and South China than in Shandong. In the short term, the futures market may still follow the oil price, and the spread between months will be strong [3]. Summary by Relevant Catalogs Daily Quotes - On March 16, the PG2604 contract closed at 5884 (+172) at 3 pm, with a spread of 140 (+8) between April and May. The number of warehouse receipts was 1800 (-1308). The night session closed at 5810 (-29), with a spread of 116 (-24) between April and May. Shandong civil gas was at 5520 (+190), and the overall trading atmosphere was fair. Shandong ether post was at 5420 (+0), with controllable shipments and inventory at mainstream manufacturers, but the downstream showed signs of weakness in following the price increase. Longkou Port propane was at 7200 (+0), and the Shandong propylene price was 8025 (-25). The East China market declined steadily, with mainstream transactions at 5900 - 6340 yuan/ton, and demand was average, with high-price refineries having difficulty in shipping. As of 11 pm, FEI was at 792 (+21), with a spread of 87 (+5) between April and May. The FEI - MOPJ was -128 (-8) [3]. Weekly View - The futures market fluctuated significantly last week with an upward central tendency, mainly following the oil price. The basis fluctuated sharply, and the latest value was -321 (+346). The spread between April and May was 132 (+5). The number of warehouse receipts was 3108 lots (-1544). The cheapest deliverable was Shandong ether post-5430 (+280). Shandong civil gas was at 5550 (+610), and East China civil gas was at 6159 (+1178). The FEI spread was 84 US dollars (+27), and the oil - gas price ratio fluctuated and declined. The internal and external PG - FEI c1 was 52.4 (-45). The CIF discount for South China CP propane was 402 (+30), and the FOB discounts for AFEI, US Gulf, and Middle East propane were 104.75 (+12.75), 200.6 (+41.7), and 0 (+0) respectively. The FEI - MOPJ spread was -126 (-59). The PDH spot profit strengthened significantly. The port inventory ratio was 35.05% (-5.5 pct). The external release of liquefied gas sample enterprises was 54.4 tons (-1.8). The PDH operating rate was 63.23 (-1.7 pct). The core issue in the future is when the Strait of Hormuz will resume traffic, and short - term spot quotes mainly depend on the international oil price. The domestic shortage problem in April is likely inevitable, and it is expected to be more severe in East and South China than in Shandong. In the short term, the futures market may still follow the oil price, and the spread between months will be strong [3].

Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the given content Core Viewpoints - Last week, the LPG futures market fluctuated significantly with a rising central value, mainly following the oil price. The basis fluctuated sharply, and the latest basis was -321 (+346), with the April - May spread at 132 (+5). The number of warehouse receipts decreased to 108 (-1544). The cheapest deliverable was Shandong ether - after carbon four at 430 (+280). The PDH spot profit strengthened significantly. The port inventory ratio was 35.05% (-5.5pct), and the LPG sample enterprises' external supply was 64.4 tons (-1.8). The PDH operating rate was 63.23 (-1.7pct). The subsequent core lies in the temporary passage of the Strait of Hormuz, and short - term spot quotes mainly depend on the international oil price. There will likely be a shortage of LPG in China in April, more severe in East and South China than in Shandong. The short - term futures market may still follow the oil price, and the spread will be strong [1]. Summary by Related Catalogs Market Price Data - From March 9 - 13, 2026, the market prices of LPG in South China, East China, and Shandong showed fluctuations. For example, on March 9, the South China LPG price was 5920, and on March 13, it was 5550. The daily changes in prices, basis, and other indicators were also presented, such as a - 105 change in South China LPG price on March 13 compared to the previous day [1]. Market Indicators - The FEI monthly spread was 84 US dollars (+27), and the oil - gas price ratio fluctuated downward. The internal and external PG - FEI c1 was 52.4 (-45). The South China 2P propane arrival discount was 402 (+30), and the FOB discounts of AFEI, US Gulf, and Middle East propane were 104.75 (+12.75), 200.6 (+41.7), and 0 (+0) respectively. The FEI - MOP spread was - 126 (-59) [1]. Supply and Demand - The port inventory ratio decreased by 5.5 percentage points to 35.05%, and the LPG sample enterprises' external supply decreased by 1.8 tons to 64.4 tons. The PDH operating rate decreased by 1.7 percentage points to 63.23 [1].