文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人： 李星宇（18810112501） 核心观点 1、重要数据回顾 ：①美国3月核心耐用品订单零增长，4月Markit服务业PMI大幅下滑，3月新屋销量超预期增长，4月密歇根大学消费者信心指 数创2022年7月以来新低。②欧元区4月服务业意外收缩。③日本4月服务业PMI反弹，东京4月核心CPI同比增速自2023年7月以来首次高于3%。 2、美国基本面高频 ：①景气上行的有：WEI指数（经济景气上行）、消费（红皮书商业零售同比边际回升）、就业（美国续请失业金人数回 落）、物价（大宗价格回升）。②景气下行的有：地产（房贷申请数量回落）、就业（美国初请失业金人数回升）、物价（汽油零售价回 落）。 3、美国流动性高频 ：①美国和欧元区金融条件放松。②离岸美元流动性：日元对美元3个月掉期基差回升，欧元兑美元3个月掉期基差 回落。 报告摘要 一、过去一周重要数据回顾 1、美国3月核心耐用品订单零增长，4月Markit服务业PMI下滑，3月新屋销量超预期增长，4月密歇根大学消费者信心指数创2022年7月以来新 低 。 2、欧 ...

（原标题：2025年3月CPI、PPI数据点评——春节错位CPI上行，输入性因素PPI下行） 要点： ●春节错位CPI降幅收窄，内生动力有待进一步修复 ●输入性因素影响PPI降幅扩大，政策刺激叠加调结构PPI降幅缓慢收窄 ●需求不足问题仍需重视，未来价格表现或有改善 内容提要 2025年3月，CPI同比增长-0.1%，较2025年2月份上涨0.6个百分点；环比增长-0.4%，较2025年2月下降 0.2个百分点，受春节错位影响，本月CPI同比增速上涨明显；一季度CPI同比增长-0.1%，较2024年同期 下滑0.1个百分点，反映出当前有效需求依然相对不足，政策有待进一步发力。 2025年3月，PPI同比下跌2.5%，降幅较2月份扩张0.3个百分点；环比下跌0.4%，降幅较1月份扩张0.3个 百分点，这主要受国际大宗商品价格下降的输入性传导影响，反映出当前有效需求依然不足，经济压力 依然存在，叠加经济结构调整继续，PPI增速依然底部徘徊，经济仍需进一步刺激。 正文 春节错位CPI降幅收窄，内生动力有待进一步修复 输入性因素影响PPI降幅扩大，政策刺激叠加调结构PPI降幅缓慢收窄 2025年3月，CPI同比增长- ...

Economic Growth Indicators - The Guosen High-frequency Macro Diffusion Index A remains negative, while Index B continues to decline, indicating weak economic momentum[1] - Index B standardized shows a decrease of 0.43, significantly weaker than the historical average increase of 0.17 per week after the Spring Festival[1] - Investment and consumption sectors show a decline in prosperity, while the real estate sector remains stable[1] Price Trends - Food and non-food prices both decreased this week, with April CPI food prices expected to rise by approximately 0.5% month-on-month, and non-food prices by about 0.1%[2] - Overall CPI is projected to increase by 0.2% month-on-month, with a year-on-year CPI expected to rise to zero[2] - The Producer Price Index (PPI) is anticipated to decline by about 0.5% month-on-month, with a year-on-year drop to -2.8%[2] Asset Price Predictions - Current domestic interest rates are low, while the Shanghai Composite Index is high, suggesting a potential rise in the ten-year government bond yield and a decline in the Shanghai Composite Index next week[1] - The predicted ten-year government bond yield for the week of April 25, 2025, is 2.60%, compared to the current average of 1.65%[19] - The Shanghai Composite Index is expected to decrease to 3,141.29 from the current average of 3,272.71[19]

Investment Rating - The industry investment rating is "Market Weight" indicating that the industry index is expected to perform within -10% to +10% relative to the CSI 300 index over the next six months [57]. Core Insights - In March 2025, the total retail sales of consumer goods reached 40,940 billion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 5.9%, exceeding the consensus expectation of 4.36% [6][11]. - Urban market growth has surpassed rural market growth for the first time in nearly 20 months, with urban retail sales increasing by 6% year-on-year [13]. - Online consumption continues to show strong growth, with online retail sales of goods and services increasing by 7.9% and 5.7% year-on-year, respectively [15]. - The consumer price index (CPI) decreased by 0.1% year-on-year, while the core CPI, excluding food and energy, increased by 0.5% [31]. - The unemployment rate in March 2025 was 5.2%, a slight decrease of 0.2 percentage points from the previous month [44]. Summary by Sections Overall Retail Sales - The retail sales of consumer goods in March 2025 grew by 5.9% year-on-year, reaching 40,940 billion yuan, which is higher than the expected growth rate [11]. By Category - The share of goods retail has increased, with food and beverage categories showing stable growth. In March, the total retail sales of goods reached 36,705 billion yuan, also growing by 5.9% year-on-year [22][24]. - Essential goods showed robust growth, with food, beverages, and daily necessities increasing by 13.8%, 4.4%, and 8.8% year-on-year, respectively [29]. Price Performance - The CPI and PPI both decreased year-on-year, with the PPI declining by 2.5% due to weak upstream energy prices. The PPI-CPI gap widened to -2.4% [31][38]. Employment Situation - The urban unemployment rate in March 2025 was 5.2%, which is consistent with the levels seen in 2019 and the previous year [44][47]. Investment Recommendations - The report suggests focusing on the high-end liquor and regional leading brands in the liquor sector, as the valuation is currently at a low point and policies are expected to boost demand [54]. - The cosmetics sector is also highlighted for stable growth, with domestic brands likely to increase their market share amid rising uncertainties in international relations [54].

加拿大3月CPI同比增长2.3%，预期2.6%；3月CPI环比增长0.3%，预期0.6%。 ...

Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry or Company Involved - The discussion focuses on the price differences between China and the United States, particularly in relation to Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Producer Price Index (PPI) trends post-pandemic [2][3][4]. Core Insights and Arguments - **CPI Trends**: Since the end of 2020, China's CPI has consistently been lower than that of the U.S., with no significant convergence observed [2]. - **PPI Growth Divergence**: As of late 2024, U.S. PPI growth has bottomed out and is recovering, while China's remains weak, primarily due to differences in supply chain sensitivity, post-pandemic policy choices, and labor cost disparities [3][4]. - **Structural Differences**: The CPI structure in the U.S. is heavily weighted towards housing, while in China, food, tobacco, and alcohol dominate. This structural difference amplifies price variations across industries [3][5]. - **Key Sectors Influencing Price Differences**: Energy, real estate, and food are identified as the main sectors causing price discrepancies. The U.S. relies more on natural gas, while China is coal-dependent, leading to contrasting price trends [6]. - **Food Consumption Patterns**: The U.S. has a higher consumption of poultry, which has seen price increases due to avian influenza, while China's pork supply is robust, keeping prices low [6]. - **Contribution to Price Index Differences**: Energy factors account for approximately 40% of the PPI growth difference, while food and real estate together explain over 65% of the divergence [7][8]. - **Potential for Price Convergence**: As supply-demand imbalances are addressed, there is a possibility for gradual convergence of prices between the two countries [9]. Other Important but Possibly Overlooked Content - **Underestimation of Price Data**: Current CPI and PPI data in China may be underestimated due to the base year being set in 2020, which was influenced by the pandemic. Changes in economic conditions and consumption patterns could further affect this [10]. - **New vs. Old Energy Industries**: New energy industries, characterized by lower resource dependency and higher R&D investment, are expected to show more stable price trends compared to traditional industries, which are more volatile due to their resource-intensive nature [11]. - **Impact of Policy Choices**: The U.S. has implemented significant fiscal stimulus and quantitative easing, which contrasts with China's more restrained approach, affecting overall economic recovery and price stability [4]. This summary encapsulates the key points discussed in the conference call, highlighting the significant differences in price trends between China and the U.S. and the underlying factors contributing to these disparities.

Group 1: CPI Analysis - In March 2025, the CPI year-on-year decline narrowed to 0.1%, compared to a previous decline of 0.7%[14] - Food prices were the main drag, with a month-on-month decrease of 1.4%, contributing approximately 0.24 percentage points to the CPI decline[17] - The most significant decreases in food prices included fresh vegetables at 5.1%, pork at 4.4%, and eggs at 3.1%[17] Group 2: PPI Analysis - The PPI year-on-year decline expanded to 2.5% in March 2025, compared to a previous decline of 2.2%[14] - Domestic pricing for production materials showed weakness, with coal prices decreasing by 4.3% due to seasonal demand reduction[30] - Equipment manufacturing prices fell, particularly in the computer and automotive sectors, with declines of 0.7% and 0.4% respectively, likely due to reduced export demand[31] Group 3: Future Outlook - For April 2025, the CPI month-on-month growth is expected to hover around zero, with a potential for positive year-on-year growth due to stable pork supply and seasonal vegetable price declines[21] - The PPI is anticipated to continue negative growth, influenced by external inflationary pressures and weak domestic demand in certain sectors[33] - Government fund expenditure growth is expected to rebound, supporting price stabilization in the black and non-metal industries[5]

Inflation Data Summary - In March 2025, the CPI decreased by 0.1% year-on-year, an improvement from the previous value of -0.7%[1] - The month-on-month CPI fell by 0.4%, compared to a prior decrease of 0.2%[1] - The PPI showed a year-on-year decline of 2.5%, slightly worse than the previous decline of 2.2%[1] Food and Core CPI Insights - Food item CPI year-on-year decline narrowed to 1.4%, with a month-on-month decline of 1.4%, compared to previous values of -3.3% and -0.5% respectively[5] - Core CPI year-on-year growth improved to 0.5%, up from -0.1% in the previous month[5] - Service CPI year-on-year growth rose to 0.3%, a significant recovery from -0.4%[5] PPI Sector Analysis - The mining and raw materials sectors saw PPI declines of 8.3% and 2.4% respectively, with energy sector PPI continuing to decline[5] - The PPI for durable consumer goods showed a notable increase, with household appliances PPI improving to -0.3% from -3.3%[5] - Consumer goods PPI trends varied, with essential goods generally seeing an increase while discretionary items showed mixed results[5] Risk Factors - There are risks associated with policy effectiveness not meeting expectations and potential geopolitical conflicts affecting commodity prices[2]

| ] [Table_A 解运亮 uthor宏观首席 分析师 | | --- | | 执业编号：S1500521040002 | | 联系电话：010-83326858 | | 邮 箱： xieyunliang@cindasc.com | 证券研究报告 宏观研究 [Table_ReportType] 专题报告 麦麟玥 宏观分析师 执业编号：S1500524070002 邮 箱： mailinyue@cindasc.com 信达证券股份有限公司 CINDA SECURITIES CO.,LTD 北京市西城区宣武门西大街甲127 号金隅 大厦B 座 邮编：100031 [Table_Title] 中美通胀的相似与分化 [Table_ReportDate] 2025 年 4 月 11 日 ➢ 风险因素：地缘政治风险，国际油价上涨超预期等。 请阅读最后一页免责声明及信息披露 http://www.cindasc.com 1 [➢Table_Summary] 中国 CPI 暂未能实现转正的两个压制。中国 3 月 CPI 降幅收窄至 0.1%， 但暂未能实现转正，我们认为这主要有两方面的压制。压制 1：消费品价 格整体仍 ...

智通财经4月11日电，西班牙3月CPI同比增长2.3%，预期2.3%；3月CPI环比增长0.1%，预期0.1%。 ...