04 流动性 基金销售费率新规落地 国债月报 2025/01/04 蒋文斌（宏观金融组） 0755-23375128 jiangwb@wkqh.cn 从业资格号：F3048844 交易咨询号：Z0017196 程靖茹（联系人） chengjr@wkqh.cn 从业资格号：F03133937 CONTENTS 目录 01 月度评估及策略推荐 02 期现市场 05 利率及汇率 03 主要经济数据 01 月度评估及策略推荐 月度评估及策略推荐 ◆ 经济及政策：12月PMI数据显示，供需两端均有所回暖，制造业重回扩张区间。分项上，需求端释放以及政策预期向好带动制造业企业生产 活动较好扩张，内外需均有回升，但内需修复持续性有赖居民收入，需求端仍需政策支持。出口方面，11月出口数据强于预期，对美出口回 落而非美地区出口增速维持韧性。中央经济工作会议强调继续实施适度宽松的货币政策，明年降准降息预期仍存。海外方面，12月美联储降 息落地且开始购买短债，流动性紧张现象有望缓解。 1、中国12月官方制造业PMI为50.1，预期49.2，前值49.2，9个月以来首次重返荣枯线上方；非制造业PMI为50.2，预期49.6，前值49. ...

Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the report Core Viewpoints - Policy paradigm uncertainty is rising, and trading sentiment in the US Treasury market remains cautious. The focus has shifted to the Fed's path and fiscal outlook [2][13] - The US manufacturing sector is in a slow - growth period with both resilience and pressure, and the employment market shows certain resilience under macro - pressure [3][4] - Global major asset classes show different trends, with German bonds weakening slightly, Japanese bonds rising, Asian equity markets performing strongly, Bitcoin and industrial metals strengthening, and global major foreign exchanges generally under pressure [9][22][24][25][26] Summary by Directory 1. US Treasury Yield Review This Week - Yield changes from December 26, 2025, to January 2, 2026: 1 - month (+2bp, 3.72%), 1 - year (-2bp, 3.47%), 2 - year (+1bp, 3.47%), 5 - year (+6bp, 3.74%), 10 - year (+5bp, 4.19%), 30 - year (+5bp, 4.86%). The long - end yields rose slightly overall [2][13] - The Fed's December FOMC meeting minutes made the market's expectation of a rate cut in the April 2026 meeting decline. The prospect of Trump nominating a new Fed chair also disturbs the market's outlook on the future monetary policy path, creating a more cautious trading atmosphere [2][13] 2. US Macroeconomic Indicator Review 2.1 Business Index - The US Markit manufacturing PMI in December was 51.8, in line with expectations but lower than the previous value of 52.2. The manufacturing expansion speed dropped to the lowest in nearly five months, and the growth momentum of the industrial sector slowed down moderately [3][20] - New orders decreased for the first time in a year, and exports declined for seven consecutive months due to tariff frictions. Input cost inflation slowed to an 11 - month low, but prices remained at a historical high, disturbing business confidence [3][20] 2.2 Employment - The number of initial jobless claims in the week of December 27, 2026, decreased by 16,000 to 199,000, lower than the forecast of 219,000 and the previous value of 215,000, enhancing the market's confidence in the economic "soft landing" [4][21] - However, considering the Christmas holiday, the data may be distorted by seasonal factors. Still, it alleviates public concerns about the labor market and provides a reference for the 2026 monetary policy [4][21] 3. Major Asset Review 3.1 Bonds - German bonds weakened slightly. Yield changes: 2 - year (-2bp, 2.12%), 5 - year (-1bp, 2.45%), 7 - year (-1bp, 2.65%), 10 - year (0bp, 2.87%), 15 - year (-1bp, 3.25%), 30 - year (+1bp, 3.50%). Weak economic data and policy uncertainty may lead the market to bet on a more dovish ECB stance [22] - Japanese bonds continued to rise. Yield changes: 1 - year (+2.1bp, 0.93%), 2 - year (+1.2bp, 1.17%), 3 - year (+2.6bp, 1.34%), 5 - year (+2.3bp, 1.55%), 7 - year (+3.5bp, 1.87%), 10 - year (+3.2bp, 2.07%), 15 - year (+1.6bp, 3.05%), 20 - year (+1.8bp, 2.98%). Expectations of the BoJ's policy normalization, inflation pressure, and rising fiscal risk premiums pushed up yields [23] 3.2 Equities - Global equity markets showed significant differentiation. Asian markets performed strongly. The top three gainers were the South Korean Composite Index (+4.36%), the Vietnam VN30 (+3.29%), and the Hang Seng Index (+2.01%). The US Nasdaq fell 1.52%, and the Nikkei 225 fell 0.81% [24] 3.3 Commodities - Bitcoin and industrial metals strengthened. The top three gainers were Bitcoin (+3.00%), London Silver (+2.82%), and LME Copper (+2.60%). Precious metals and agricultural products were under pressure. The top three losers were London Gold (-2.85%), CBOT Corn (-2.78%), and CBOT Soybeans (-2.49%) [25] 3.4 Foreign Exchange - Global major foreign exchanges (against the RMB) were generally under pressure. The top three losers were the Russian Ruble (-1.22%), the Swiss Franc (-0.94%), and the Euro (-0.66%) [26] 4. Market Tracking - The report provides multiple charts, including the weekly changes in government bond yields of major global economies, the weekly changes in major global stock indices, the weekly changes in major commodities, the weekly changes in major global foreign exchanges (against the RMB), and the latest economic data panels of the US, Japan, and the Eurozone [27][31][33][37][39]

Core Viewpoint - The 2025 Chinese government bond market has undergone deep calibration amid frequent macro narratives and intense long-short logic battles, characterized by record supply and a proactive issuance pace in the primary market, effectively supporting active fiscal policies while the secondary market experienced a narrow range of fluctuations in the 10-year bond yield, which gradually shifted downward throughout the year [1][13]. Group 1: Primary Market Dynamics - In 2025, the primary market for government bonds achieved a historic leap under the theme of "active fiscal policy moderately strengthened, quality improved," with notable features including increased supply scale, scientifically advanced issuance pace, and continuous optimization of maturity structure [2][15]. - The total issuance of government bonds reached a historic high of 16,014.02 billion yuan, a significant increase of 28.37% compared to 12,474.83 billion yuan in 2024, with 206 bonds issued throughout the year [2][15]. - The issuance of special bonds focused on long-term funding for national strategic security areas and key projects, with the issuance of ultra-long special bonds reaching 1.3 trillion yuan, expected to significantly boost annual GDP growth [5][19]. Group 2: Interest Rate Trends - The overall issuance interest rates of government bonds declined, effectively guiding the financing costs across society. The short-term interest rates (1-3 years) ranged from 1.16% to 1.79%, while the 10-year bond issuance rate stabilized around 1.78% [6][19]. - The systematic decline in issuance costs of government bonds, as a risk-free rate anchor, directly contributed to the reduction of comprehensive financing costs in the bond market and the real economy, achieving efficient unity between fiscal sustainability and financial benefits to the real sector [6][19]. Group 3: Secondary Market Developments - The secondary market for government bonds in 2025 was characterized by complex dynamics, with the 10-year bond yield fluctuating between approximately 1.6% and 1.9%, undergoing a "four-round game" of expectations that ultimately established a new oscillating equilibrium [7][21]. - The first round saw a rapid correction of overly optimistic expectations regarding monetary easing, with yields rebounding nearly 40 basis points by mid-March [9][21]. - The fourth round featured a key institutional benefit with the central bank's announcement to restart government bond trading operations, which was interpreted as a significant step in enhancing liquidity management tools and stabilizing long-term expectations [10][22]. Group 4: Strategic Role of Government Bonds - The evolution of the government bond market in 2025 transcended mere financing and trading, extending its functions to monetary policy operations, financial openness, and the construction of the national credit system [11][23]. - The "stabilizer" and "attractiveness" roles of RMB assets have strengthened, with foreign investors steadily increasing their holdings, leading to broader inclusion of government bonds in major global bond indices [11][23]. - The modernization of government bond management, including the incorporation of bond trading into the central bank's regular monetary policy toolbox, marks a significant milestone in establishing a modern central banking system [11][23]. Group 5: Future Outlook - The government bond market is expected to continue evolving under the overarching theme of "high-quality development," balancing necessary government financing, reducing debt costs, and maintaining financial system stability [12][24]. - As market depth, product innovation, and institutional openness progress, the yield curve of government bonds will increasingly serve as a benchmark for asset pricing across society [12][24]. - Market participants will need to shift from merely chasing interest rate trends to developing a deeper understanding of macro logic, seizing structural opportunities, and effectively managing interest rate risks to succeed in the new balanced market [12][24].

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Core Viewpoint - The RMB exchange rate is expected to trend back to the "6" range in 2026, which could significantly impact the economy, policies, and market logic, marking a shift from 2025 when the exchange rate expectations began to change [1][44]. Group 1: RMB Exchange Rate Assessment - Evaluating whether the RMB is overvalued or undervalued is complex and can yield different conclusions based on various dimensions [3][46]. - The financial market and asset price dimensions suggest that the current appreciation of the RMB may be reasonable, as the US dollar index has dropped over 10% since its peak in January 2025 [3][46]. - The narrowing of the 2-year China-US interest rate differential by approximately 110 basis points since the beginning of the year indicates a decrease in the attractiveness of the RMB as a financing currency [4][47]. Group 2: Trade Dimension - The trade perspective supports the argument for RMB undervaluation, especially given China's strong export performance in recent years [7][51]. - The RMB exchange rate index remains at a relatively low level compared to recent years, despite its appreciation against the US dollar [7][51]. - There is a positive correlation between RMB depreciation and the expansion of bilateral surplus shares, indicating that trade dynamics are closely linked to exchange rate movements [7][51]. Group 3: Inflation Impact - The significant gap between the nominal effective exchange rate and the real effective exchange rate since 2022 reflects lower domestic inflation compared to global levels [11][54]. - The real exchange rate is a crucial indicator of a country's export price competitiveness, with lower real exchange rates generally favoring exports [15][58]. - Maintaining a stable real effective exchange rate while allowing for slight nominal depreciation could help avoid unnecessary trade frictions and manage surpluses effectively [15][58]. Group 4: Central Bank's Role in Exchange Rate Management - Historical patterns suggest that the RMB may experience significant appreciation during periods of US dollar depreciation, with the central bank likely to intervene to maintain stability [17][25]. - The central bank's approach to managing the exchange rate involves a balance of maintaining stability while allowing for necessary adjustments based on market conditions [17][27]. - The central bank has been gradually increasing its efforts to manage the RMB's appreciation, particularly in response to rapid increases in the exchange rate [25][27]. Group 5: Market Impact of Exchange Rate Changes - The market has adapted to the constraints imposed by RMB depreciation on monetary policy and liquidity, with expectations of a shift in sentiment during periods of appreciation [31][33]. - Generally, a normal appreciation of the RMB is associated with economic growth, positively impacting the stock market while potentially putting pressure on the bond market [35][36]. - In contrast, during periods of excessive appreciation, the stock market may underperform due to negative economic impacts, while the bond market could benefit [36][37].

二 五 2026 年 1 月 4 日 二 〇 国债期货周报 年 度 报告导读： 摘要： 本周国债期货市场呈现震荡下行的格局，收益率曲线形态转陡峭，TL 合约下破支撑平台。 中期因央行货币政策相对克制、通胀预期转变、中长期资金入市导向、十五五政策预期无法证伪 等原因，维持大方向看震荡偏空的观点。 风险提示： 唐立 投资咨询从业资格号：Z0021100 Tangli2@gtht.com 虞堪 投资咨询从业资格号：Z0002804 yukan@gtht.com 国 泰 君 安 期 货 研 究 所 货币政策力度不及预期、权益市场情绪超预期、固收产品赎回超预期 （正文） 请务必阅读正文之后的免责条款部分 1 期货研究 期货研究 1. 周度聚焦与行情跟踪 本周国债期货市场呈现震荡下行的格局，收益率曲线形态转陡峭，TL 合约下破支撑平台。 中期因央行货币政策相对克制、通胀预期转变、中长期资金入市导向、十五五政策预期无法证伪等原 因，维持大方向看震荡偏空的观点。 图 1：活跃合约走势 图 2：活跃合约周度涨跌幅 资料来源：Wind，国泰君安期货研究 资料来源：Wind，国泰君安期货研究 市场特征方面，本周国债期货市场呈现短端 ...

转自：新华财经 新华财经上海1月4日电（葛佳明） 2025年，受美国经济转弱、关税政策冲击、美联储降息等因素影响，美元指数呈现上半年迅速走软、下半年双边震荡的 态势，全年累计跌幅为9.41%，创下2017年以来的最深年度跌幅。随着美国联邦储备委员会持续推进降息，分析师普遍预测，美元指数2026年将进一步走 弱。 在美元走弱的推动下，多数非美货币走势强劲，欧元2025年对美元汇率飙升超13.4%，至1欧元兑1.17美元上方，达到2021年以来最高水平；瑞郎兑美元涨幅 达到12.67%，涨幅居前；人民币在2025年末呈现加速升值态势，离岸汇率突破7.0，全年累计涨幅逼近5%；日元走势则相对疲软，日本经济形势仍面临不确 定性，日本央行货币政策将转向何处也有待进一步观察，日元兑美元汇率仅小幅上涨0.33%。 分析师均表示，促使2026年美元指数中枢下降的一大原因是美联储预计将继续降息，而包括欧洲央行在内的其他主要央行将保持利率水平不变，甚至加息。 荷兰国际集团（ING）首席国际经济学家奈特利（James Knightley）表示，"就全球央行而言，美联储正在逆势而行 ，它仍处于宽松状态。货币政策前景分 化，将推动美元 ...

作为2026年联邦公开市场委员会（FOMC）具有投票权的委员，保尔森的表态被视为判断年内货币政策 路径的重要风向标。她明确表示，当前货币政策立场"略显紧缩"，这一状态有助于巩固通胀下行趋势， 并推动通胀率向美联储2%的长期目标靠拢。 保尔森指出，若通胀持续缓和、劳动力市场趋于稳定，且全年经济增长维持在约2%的水平，"今年晚些 时候对联邦基金利率进行一些小幅调整可能是合适的"。但她强调，这一前景高度依赖于经济基本面的 实际走向。 新华财经北京1月4日电费城联邦储备银行行长安娜·保尔森（Anna Paulson）当地时间1月3日在美国经济 学会年会前夕发表的演讲中表示，美联储在评估2025年三次降息后的经济表现时，应保持耐心，进一步 货币政策调整可能需等待更长时间的数据"沉淀"。 在劳动力市场方面，保尔森承认风险依然较高。她指出，劳动力需求放缓的速度已超过因移民政策收紧 导致的供给收缩。不过，她同时提到，近期失业保险申请人数趋于稳定，表明"劳动力市场显然正在经 历一段波动期，但并没有崩溃"。值得注意的是，其经济展望并未纳入2025年11月公布的4.6%失业率数 据——该数值为四年新高。保尔森解释称，近期联邦政府停 ...

新华财经北京1月4日电（刘润榕）回望2025年，我国货币政策重归"适度宽松"基调，注重预期引导与传 导疏通，操作更趋精准审慎。这一年，流动性操作透明度显著提升， 短中长期工具协同配合，形成了 立体化多层次的流动性管理体系；这一年，夯实7天期逆回购政策利率的核心地位，淡化MLF利率的锚 定作用，并完善14天逆回购招标规则，着力畅通利率传导路径；这一年，持续发挥结构性货币政策工具 的精准滴灌和杠杆撬动作用，促进金融资源向重点领域倾斜。 2026年，作为"十五五"开局之年，我国经济正处于新旧动能转换的关键阶段。业内预计，在财政、货币 政策协同发力与经济内生动能增强的双重支撑下，2026年货币市场将延续稳健运行态势。"数量"上通过 不同期限流动性工具搭配呵护市场，"价格"上政策利率或有1-2次"降息"空间，"结构"上"五篇大文章"继 续加力，科技创新等领域是重点支持方向。 2025年货币市场回顾：延续短中长期多层次流动性调节体系政策利率调整更趋审慎 从总量看，流动性合理充裕格局稳固，延续"逆回购+中期借贷便利+国债买卖"的多层次流动性调节体 系。逆回购作为日常流动性调节的核心工具，操作趋于更加精细化，时而"天量"，时 ...

降准可以增加金融机构的资金来源。人民银行有关负责人表示，在此次全面降准中，仅在省级行政 区域内经营的城市商业银行、服务县域的农村商业银行、农村合作银行、农村信用合作社和村镇银行等 中小银行获得长期资金1200多亿元，有利于增强立足当地、回归本源的中小银行服务小微、民营企业的 资金实力。同时，此次降准降低银行资金成本每年约150亿元，通过银行传导可降低社会融资实际成 本，特别是降低小微、民营企业融资成本。 为支持实体经济发展，降低社会融资实际成本，中国人民银行1日对外宣布，决定于2020年1月6日 下调金融机构存款准备金率0.5个百分点（不含财务公司、金融租赁公司和汽车金融公司）。 人民银行有关负责人表示，此次降准是全面降准，体现了逆周期调节，释放长期资金8000多亿元， 有效增加金融机构支持实体经济的稳定资金来源，降低金融机构支持实体经济的资金成本，直接支持实 体经济。 业内人士表示，此次降准保持流动性合理充裕，有利于实现货币信贷、社会融资规模增长同经济发 展相适应，为高质量发展和供给侧结构性改革营造适宜的货币金融环境，并且用市场化改革办法疏通货 币政策传导，有利于激发市场主体活力，进一步发挥市场在资源配置中 ...