证 券 研 究 报 告 【债券周报】 关税超预期：经济、政策、债市影响几何？ ——债券周报 20250406 一、关税超预期：经济、政策、债市影响几何？ 北京时间 4 月 3 日凌晨美国宣布对等关税征收方案，其中对华对等关税加征 34%，叠加 2 月、3 月落地两次报复性加征关税"10%+10%"，对华累计加征关 税 54%，高于市场此前预期。 1、关税影响测算：或拖累名义 GDP 约 1.5~2.2pct。参考市场和学术主流观点， 中国对美出口金额的弹性系数约为-1.0 至-1.5。54%关税加征或对总出口拖累 7.9%-11.9%、下拉名义 GDP 约 1.5pct-2.2pct。由于暂未考虑部分出口需求或转 向非美经济体带来的抵消效应，实际冲击可能低于上述测算结果。 2、国内政策应对：经济下行压力加大，"稳增长"诉求回归。 （1）财政需要多少规模对冲？结合测算，54%关税对应下拉名义 GDP 约 1.5- 2.2pct、拖累经济总量 2.0-3.0 万亿。参考财政乘数 1.0-1.5，则对应需要 1.3 万 亿-3.0 万亿财政资金进行对冲，均值约为 2.18 万亿。 （2）国内政策组合如何演绎？节奏上 ...

Group 1: Federal Reserve and Economic Outlook - The Federal Reserve has decided to maintain the federal funds rate target range at 4.25% to 4.5%, marking the second consecutive meeting without a rate cut [1] - The Fed plans to slow down the reduction of its balance sheet, having already reduced it by nearly $2 trillion since June 2022 [1] - Fed Chairman Powell indicated that the risk of recession is low and the U.S. economy remains strong, with a stable job market [1][2] Group 2: Real Estate Policy in Changsha - Changsha County has introduced a policy allowing homebuyers to cancel their purchase within seven days without reason, addressing the confusion between "deposit" and "down payment" [3][4] - This policy aims to alleviate buyers' concerns about financial security and enhance trust between buyers and developers, potentially stabilizing market expectations [3][4] Group 3: Public Transport Subsidies - The Ministry of Transport and other agencies have issued guidelines for subsidies on the purchase of new energy city buses, with an average subsidy of 80,000 yuan per vehicle and 42,000 yuan for battery replacements [5][6] - The funding for these subsidies will be shared between central and local governments at a ratio of 90:10 [6] Group 4: Tencent's Financial Performance - Tencent reported a 68% year-on-year increase in net profit for 2024, reaching 194.07 billion yuan, with a 30% increase in operating profit [7] - The company plans to increase capital expenditure further in 2025, with a significant portion allocated to AI-related research and development [7][8] Group 5: Regulatory Changes in Stock Market - New guidelines have been issued to tighten regulations on stockholders' share reductions through agreement transfers, aiming to prevent circumvention of reduction restrictions [14][15] - The guidelines will help maintain market order and protect the interests of small investors by scrutinizing the legitimacy of share transfer agreements [14][15]

重要提示：本材料不构成任何形式的要约、承诺或其他法律文件，亦非任何投资、法律或财务等方面的专业建议。过往业绩不预示 未来表现。投资须谨慎。 注：表中红字为《政府工作报告》公布的目标，其他为实际值，"-"表示未披露。 01 实际增长目标持平，财政赤字隐含名义增长改善 摘 要 1、中国2025年经济增长目标5%左右，高于年初大部分机构预测，财政赤字隐含名义增长4.9%， 显示官方认为广义物价将得到明显改善。 2、CPI目标从3%下调至2%，是政策目标从过往防通胀到提升物价水平的转变，具有积极意义。 3、财政支出力度与2020年应对新冠疫情冲击时相近，结构更优，可实现性更强。货币政策基调保 持宽松，但对降息偏谨慎，现阶段对汇率稳定和宏观审慎管理更加重视。 3月5日，李强总理在全国人大会议上做《政府工作报告》，提出中国政府对2025年经济社会发展的总体 要求和政策取向，主要指标目标如下表。《政府工作报告》是对中央经济工作会议所作部署的细化和落 地实施计划，此次公布的经济发展目标整体符合市场预期，具体来看有以下几点值得关注： 中国经济发展主要目标一览 | 科目(单位:亿元) | 2025年 | 2024年 | 2023 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Chinese government has set a GDP growth target of around 5% for 2025, which is higher than most domestic and international forecasts, indicating a commitment to stabilize economic growth and boost market expectations [3][6]. Economic Growth Targets - The actual GDP target for 2025 is set at 141.5 trillion yuan, with a nominal GDP growth rate of 4.9%, which is an improvement compared to the previous year's nominal GDP growth of 4.23% [3][6]. - The consumer price index (CPI) target has been lowered from 3% to 2%, signaling a shift in policy focus from preventing inflation to promoting price stability [3][8]. Fiscal Policy - The total fiscal deficit for 2025 is projected at 5.66 trillion yuan, with a broad deficit rate of 8.4%, similar to the levels seen in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic response [3][9]. - The structure of fiscal spending is optimized, focusing on four key areas: investment construction, land reserve, acquisition of existing housing, and settling local government debts to enterprises [3][9]. Revenue and Budget - The target growth rate for general public budget revenue is set at 0.1%, indicating a more cautious approach compared to the previous year's 2.9% [3][10]. - The government expects improved realizability of budget revenues this year, particularly due to anticipated recovery in real estate sales [3][10]. Monetary Policy - The monetary policy remains moderately accommodative, with an emphasis on reducing social financing costs, although there is caution regarding broad interest rate cuts [3][12]. - The central bank has maintained a tight monetary market condition, focusing on the stability of the RMB exchange rate and the risks associated with low long-term interest rates [3][12].

Core Viewpoint - The article utilizes AI to analyze the "Government Work Report" and quantify the incremental information from the "Two Sessions" compared to the Central Economic Work Conference, aiming to identify policy signals and asset trends [2][3]. Group 1: AI Methodology and Analysis - The conventional method of policy interpretation involves identifying key phrases in policy texts and comparing them with previous years to assess policy direction and intensity. AI enhances this by extracting comprehensive information from historical policy documents, overcoming human memory and subjective judgment limitations [3][4]. - AI can convert policy expressions into traceable numerical time series, making it easier to track and understand policy texts. The collaboration between AI and human analysts is essential for nuanced policy interpretation [3][4]. - The analysis of the "Government Work Report" from 2013 to 2025 using AI has yielded quantitative emotional indices for various themes, reflecting the changing focus of policies in response to economic conditions [11][12]. Group 2: Policy Themes and Emotional Indices - The "Government Work Report" can be categorized into 13 themes, including "macroeconomic policy," "structural reform," and "expanding domestic demand," with the thematic focus closely linked to economic conditions and policy guidance [9][10]. - The emotional index for key themes indicates the degree of policy positivity, with higher scores reflecting a more proactive policy stance. For instance, the emphasis on "macroeconomic policy" has increased significantly since 2019, indicating a sustained focus on "stabilizing growth" [5][11]. - The 2025 "Government Work Report" highlights the prioritization of expanding domestic demand and emphasizes specific measures for risk prevention, particularly in the real estate sector [11][12]. Group 3: Market Reactions and Asset Performance - The article finds a correlation between the incremental emotional sentiment in the "Government Work Report" and short-term A-share market performance, with a stronger sentiment on "stabilizing growth" leading to higher stock market gains [16][17]. - Historical analysis from 2010 onwards shows that the market typically experiences a pattern of initial declines followed by rebounds after the "Two Sessions," with the A-share market performing better than historical averages post-2024 [22][23]. - The report suggests a strategic overweight in Chinese stocks and gold, indicating a potential revaluation of Chinese assets driven by recent policy shifts and global economic conditions [24].

Economic Growth - The industrial added value is expected to grow by 5.6% year-on-year in January-February 2025, a decrease of 0.6 percentage points from December 2024[8] - Fixed asset investment is projected to increase by 4.9% year-on-year in January-February 2025, up by 1.7 percentage points from the previous period[9] - Social retail sales are anticipated to rise by 5.3% year-on-year in January-February 2025, an increase of 1.6 percentage points compared to earlier[9] Trade and Inflation - Exports are expected to grow by 4.3% year-on-year in January-February 2025, down by 6.4 percentage points from the previous period[12] - Imports are projected to increase by 2.7% year-on-year in January-February 2025, up by 1.7 percentage points from October 2024[37] - The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is forecasted to decline by 0.5% year-on-year in February 2025, a drop of 1.0 percentage point from the previous period[41] Monetary Policy - New RMB loans are expected to reach 14,800 billion yuan in February 2025, an increase of 300 billion yuan year-on-year[46] - M2 money supply is projected to grow by 7.0% year-on-year by the end of February 2025, remaining stable compared to the previous period[51] - The RMB exchange rate is anticipated to fluctuate between 7.1 and 7.3 in March 2025 due to various external factors[58]

Core Viewpoint - The upcoming National Two Sessions are expected to focus on "stabilizing growth" and emphasize macro policy support to boost domestic demand, with a particular focus on enhancing consumer spending [2][3]. Economic Policy Focus - UBS's chief economist Wang Tao predicts increased fiscal spending on consumption and households, including doubling the scale of trade-in subsidies, establishing childbirth and childcare subsidies, raising basic pension payments, and enhancing government support for basic social security [2]. - Nomura's chief economist Lu Ting highlights the government's potential focus on four areas: transfer payments to local governments, funding for large-scale equipment upgrades and trade-in programs, financial support for the real estate sector, and fiscal assistance for low-income families [3]. - The macroeconomic policy is expected to maintain a "moderately loose" stance, with measures to lower financing costs for enterprises and households, reduce reserve requirements and policy interest rates, and promote reasonable inflation rebound [2]. Industry Trends - The emergence of AI applications, particularly driven by DeepSeek, is expected to stimulate investment in emerging sectors like AI and cloud computing, with the AI core industry projected to exceed 17.3 trillion yuan by 2035, accounting for over 30% of the global market [3]. - The focus on innovation, technology, and modernization is evident in the frequency of related terms in government work reports, indicating a strong emphasis on sectors like AI, quality consumption, new urbanization, infrastructure expansion, and food security [3][4]. Consumption and Market Dynamics - The stock market's recovery has shown a certain wealth effect, and the real estate sector has performed slightly better than expected, indicating a potential shift in consumer sentiment and spending [2]. - The National Two Sessions are anticipated to maintain a GDP growth target of around 5%, with a strong emphasis on boosting consumption as a key priority [4].