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瑞达期货工业硅产业日报-20251009
Rui Da Qi Huo· 2025-10-09 12:03
行,价格走平,但铝合金行业开工情况稳定,但需求表现较为一般,对工业硅拉动有限。整体而言,三大 免责声明 下游行业对工业硅总需求依旧呈现持平。当前行业库存仍处于高位,尽管标准仓单数量有所减少,但库存 本报告中的信息均来源于公开可获得资料,瑞达期货股份有限公司力求准确可靠,但对这些信息的准确性及完整性不做任 | 项目类别 | 数据指标 | 最新 | 环比 数据指标 | 最新 | 环比 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 期货市场 | 主力合约收盘价(日,元/吨) | 8640 | 0 主力合约持仓量(日,手) | 176563 | 2165 | | | 前20名净持仓(日,手) | -49386 | 2189 广期所仓单(日,手) | 50774 | -209 | | | 12月合约收盘价:工业硅(日,元/吨) | -385 | 5 11-12月合约工业硅 | -385 | 5 | | 现货市场 | 通氧553#硅平均价(日,元/吨) | 9450 | 0 421#硅平均价(日,元/吨) | 9700 | 0 | | | Si主力合约基差(日,元/吨) | 810 ...
薛鹤翔:降息预期驱动大宗上涨——国庆假期全球市场动态
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-10-09 03:45
薛鹤翔、汪洋(薛鹤翔系申银万国期货研究所所长、中国首席经济学家论坛成员) + 摘要 国内宏观:国内宏观经济在消费与产业政策领域呈现出鲜明特征。消费端,十一假期出行数据反映出旅游 市场复杂态势。出行节奏提前,但整体出行强度逊于五一假期,显示居民出行决策更趋理性,可能与假期 安排、天气等因素有关。在旅游结构上,传统景点热度部分回落,而特色旅游如"省际交界游""边境游"异 军突起,表明消费者对旅游体验的个性化需求增长,旅游市场正在向多元化、特色化转型。免签范围扩大 刺激出境游增长,也反映出国内居民对国际旅游需求的释放以及国家在旅游开放政策上的积极成效,这有 助于带动旅游消费及相关服务业发展。 国外宏观:国庆长假期间,美国9月ADP就业、服务业PMI弱于市场预期。9月ADP就业减少3.2万人,大幅 低于市场预期的新增5.1万人,年度基准调整对其构成了4.3万人的影响,但就业市场趋势仍为走弱;美国9 月ISM服务业PMI回落至50,其中商业活动、新订单指数分别回落至49.9、50.4。 贵金属:国庆期间黄金持续创历史新高并突破4000美元/盎司,整体上黄金正处于一个历史级别的长期牛之 中,核心驱动包括对美国债务可持续性 ...
《特殊商品》日报-20251009
Guang Fa Qi Huo· 2025-10-09 03:24
| 胶产业期现日报 | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 投资咨询业务资格:证监许可【2011】1292号 2025年10月9日 | | | | 寇帝斯 | Z0021810 | | 现货价格及基差 | | | | | | | 品中 | 9月30日 | 9月29日 | 涨跌 | 涨跌幅 | 单位 | | 云南国营全乳胶(SCRWF): 上海 | 14300 | 14550 | -250 | -1.72% | | | 全家 其关 | -730 | 14650 | -15380 | -104.98% | 元/吨 | | 泰标混合胶报价 | 14800 | 14850 | -50 | -0.34% | | | 非标价差 | -230 | -525 | 205 | 56.19% | | | 杯胶:国际市场:FOB中间价 | 20:22 | 0.00 | 50.55 | #DIV/0! | 泰铢/公斤 | | 胶水:国际市场:FOB中间价 | 54.80 | 0.00 | 54.80 | #DIV/0i | | | 天然橡胶:胶块:西双版纳州 | 130 ...
黑色建材日报-20251009
Wu Kuang Qi Huo· 2025-10-09 01:15
黑色建材日报 2025-10-09 黑色建材组 陈张滢 从业资格号:F03098415 交易咨询号:Z0020771 0755-23375161 chenzy@wkqh.cn 郎志杰 从业资格号:F3030112 0755-23375125 langzj@wkqh.cn 万林新 从业资格号:F03133967 0755-23375162 wanlx@wkqh.cn 赵 航 从业资格号:F03133652 0755-23375155 zhao3@wkqh.cn 【行情资讯】 节前螺纹钢主力合约下午收盘价为 3072 元/吨, 较上一交易日跌 25 元/吨(-0.80%)。当日注册仓单 285846 吨, 环比增加 15608 吨。主力合约持仓量为 187.3832 万手,环比减少 52807 手。现货市场方面, 螺纹钢 天津汇总价格为 3200 元/吨, 环比减少 20/吨; 上海汇总价格为 3230 元/吨, 环比减少 10 元/吨。 热轧板 卷主力合约收盘价为 3253 元/吨, 较上一交易日跌 36 元/吨(-1.09%)。 当日注册仓单 28314 吨, 环比 减少 0 吨。主力合约持仓量为 134.9 ...
工业硅大厂复产,多晶硅关注平台公司进展
Dong Zheng Qi Huo· 2025-10-08 09:41
周度报告—工业硅/多晶硅 工业硅大厂复产,多晶硅关注平台公司进展 | [T走ab势le_评R级an:k] | 工业硅:震荡/多晶硅:震荡 | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 报告日期: | 2025 8 | 年 | 10 | 月 | 日 | [★Ta工bl业e_硅Summary] 有 色 根据铁合金在线,截至 9 月底,新疆增开 9 台,其中新疆大厂 增开 7 台,四川减少 5 台,云南减少 1 台。南方或将在 10 月 底进入枯水期少量硅厂开始减产,云南开工或下降到 20 余 台,四川开工或下降至 35 台左右。新疆大厂或有继续开炉计 划。SMM 工业硅社会库存环比持平,样本工厂库存环比-1.24 万吨。国庆节前下游备货,但仍按刚需采购为主,适量多备一 周库存。从静态平衡表推测,以新疆大厂东部基地后续开炉 50 台计算,则 9-10 月工业硅或合计累库约 4 万吨,11-12 月枯水 期合计去库约 5 万吨。此累库和去库体量对于工业硅来说都并 不明显。若新疆大厂东部基地开至 60 台,则 11 月工业硅难以 去库、12 月微量去库。 ★多晶硅 ...
需求走弱,工业硅基本面转向宽松
Qi Huo Ri Bao· 2025-10-01 23:51
近期,工业硅期货维持震荡下跌态势。9月30日,工业硅期货主力2511合约收报8640元/吨,下跌 0.17%,重回9000元/吨下方。 中信期货分析师郑非凡认为,当前工业硅期货价格震荡下行,主要原因是成本支撑减弱。"此前,煤炭 价格上涨为工业硅价格带来有力的成本支撑,叠加西北产区复产节奏放缓限制了供应增长。临近国庆假 期,煤炭市场交易量减少,价格大幅回落,工业硅的成本支撑明显减弱,进而带动价格同步下行。"郑 非凡解释称,工业硅对煤炭的依赖,主要体现在碳质还原剂的直接消耗以及火电电价的间接传导。自去 年年底以来,煤炭价格与工业硅价格高度相关,煤价波动会对硅价形成显著影响。 库存方面,当前工业硅库存出现小幅增加态势。根据百川盈孚数据,截至9月26日当周,工业硅现货库 存为44.50万吨,环比增加0.54%。 展望后市,方富强认为,大厂持续增产或带动工业硅供应增长,而多晶硅短期仍有限产预期,或导致工 业硅需求走弱。整体来看,工业硅基本面偏弱,价格或维持偏弱震荡态势。 蔡定洲也认为,尽管当前工业硅行业供需双增,但去库周期基本结束,甚至存在累库迹象,反映出基本 面已转向宽松。考虑两大主产区供应增减不一,同时核心消费终端 ...
有色和贵金属每日早盘观察-20250930
Yin He Qi Huo· 2025-09-30 11:47
Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant content provided. Core View of the Report The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the precious metals, copper, aluminum, zinc, lead, nickel, stainless steel, industrial silicon, polysilicon, lithium carbonate, and tin markets. It takes into account factors such as market trends, supply and demand dynamics, policy impacts, and geopolitical risks, and offers corresponding trading strategies for each metal [3][4][6][8]. Summary by Related Catalogs Precious Metals - **Market Review**: London gold reached a new high of over $3,830 per ounce, closing up 1.97%. London silver hit a high of $47.174, closing up 1.9%. The Shanghai gold and silver futures also reached new highs [3]. - **Important Information**: The US government faces a shutdown crisis, which may affect economic data release and the Fed's October monetary policy decision. The probability of the Fed cutting interest rates in October is 89.8% [3][4]. - **Logic Analysis**: The US government shutdown risk and the expectation of interest rate cuts have increased market risk aversion, leading to a strong upward trend in precious metals. However, due to the approaching National Day holiday in China, it is advisable to reduce positions at high prices [4]. - **Trading Strategies**: Take profits at high prices before the holiday and hold light positions. Wait and see for arbitrage. Buy deep out - of - the - money call options or collar call options [4]. Copper - **Market Review**: The night - session of SHFE copper 2511 contract closed up 1.96%. LME copper closed down 2.19%. LME inventory decreased by 500 tons, while COMEX inventory increased by 923 tons [6]. - **Important Information**: The US government may shut down, and different Fed officials have different views on interest rates [6]. - **Logic Analysis**: The Grasberg accident has exacerbated the tightness of copper ore supply. Domestic production has declined, and consumption is weak. The long - term supply - demand structure has changed [8]. - **Trading Strategies**: Adopt a low - buying strategy for long positions. Hold off - market positive arbitrage positions. Wait and see for options [8]. Alumina - **Market Review**: The night - session of alumina 2601 contract fell. Spot prices in various regions declined [10]. - **Important Information**: Eight departments proposed to strengthen resource exploration and rationally layout alumina projects. The national alumina operating capacity increased, and the import price decreased [10][13]. - **Logic Analysis**: Policy impacts on capacity investment are limited. The import window is open, and the fundamentals are in surplus, so the price is expected to be weak [14]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect the price to trend weakly. Wait and see for arbitrage and options [14][16]. Cast Aluminum Alloy - **Market Review**: The night - session of cast aluminum alloy 2511 contract rose. Spot prices remained flat [16]. - **Important Information**: Policies affected the recycled aluminum industry. The exchange's aluminum alloy warehouse receipts increased, and downstream enterprises had different holiday arrangements [18]. - **Logic Analysis**: The tight supply of scrap aluminum restricts raw material stocking. Downstream holidays are extended, and the price is expected to fluctuate narrowly [18]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect the futures price to fluctuate with the aluminum price. Wait and see for arbitrage and options [19]. Electrolytic Aluminum - **Market Review**: The night - session of SHFE aluminum 2511 contract rose. Spot prices in various regions declined [21]. - **Important Information**: US economic data showed resilience. Chinese aluminum ingot inventory decreased, and photovoltaic installation declined. Downstream enterprises' holiday and procurement situations varied [22][23]. - **Logic Analysis**: US economic data affects interest rate cut expectations. Domestic inventory decreased, but consumption is not strong. The price is expected to fluctuate, and there may be inventory accumulation after the holiday [24]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect the price to fluctuate in the short term. Wait and see for arbitrage and options [25]. Zinc - **Market Review**: LME zinc rose, and SHFE zinc rose. Spot premiums increased [26]. - **Important Information**: Domestic zinc inventory decreased, and a mining company obtained a new mining license [27]. - **Logic Analysis**: In October, domestic zinc concentrate production may decrease, and imports are expected to decline. Refined zinc supply may increase, and consumption is not expected to improve significantly. Overseas inventory reduction supports the price, but there are risks of overseas delivery [27][28]. - **Trading Strategies**: Control positions before the holiday. Wait and see for arbitrage and options [30]. Lead - **Market Review**: LME lead fell, and SHFE lead fell slightly. Spot prices declined, and downstream procurement was okay [32]. - **Important Information**: Lead inventory decreased, lead battery enterprise production was mixed, and the holiday may lead to a decline in production [32][33][35]. - **Logic Analysis**: The lead concentrate market is in tight balance, and scrap lead prices are likely to rise. Primary lead production may be affected by losses, while secondary lead production may increase. Consumption in the peak season is not as expected [35]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect the price to fluctuate weakly. Wait and see for arbitrage and options [36]. Nickel - **Market Review**: LME nickel rose, and SHFE nickel rose. LME nickel inventory increased, and premiums of different brands changed [38]. - **Important Information**: Russian nickel entered the US market through Europe. Indonesia's actions affected the nickel price [38][40]. - **Logic Analysis**: Indonesia's actions drove a slight rebound in the nickel price. Downstream consumption is expected to be flat, and the supply is still in surplus. It is recommended to hold an empty position during the holiday [40]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect a wide - range fluctuation. Wait and see for arbitrage and options [41][42]. Stainless Steel - **Market Review**: The main contract of stainless steel rose, and index positions decreased. Spot prices were in a certain range [42]. - **Important Information**: A Korean and a Chinese company will jointly build a stainless steel plant in Indonesia [42]. - **Logic Analysis**: Stainless steel followed the nickel price to rebound slightly. Supply pressure remains, but inventory is lower than last year, and the price is expected to fluctuate at a high level. It is recommended to hold an empty position during the holiday [44]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect a wide - range fluctuation. Wait and see for arbitrage and options [44]. Industrial Silicon - **Market Review**: The industrial silicon futures fell, and some spot prices declined [46]. - **Important Information**: A silicon project started construction [46]. - **Logic Analysis**: The inventory structure is "low at both ends and high in the middle." The supply is not very sensitive to price changes. There are rumors of increased production, and the price may回调 in the short term and then can be bought [46]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect a short - term callback and then buy. Sell out - of - the - money put options to take profits. No arbitrage opportunity [47]. Polysilicon - **Market Review**: The polysilicon futures fluctuated narrowly and fell slightly. Spot prices were stable [49]. - **Important Information**: The State - owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission held a symposium [49]. - **Logic Analysis**: Spot prices are stable, but there are pressures on contract delivery and inventory accumulation. The price may回调 in the short term, and it is recommended to exit long positions and then re - enter after the holiday [49]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect a short - term callback, exit long positions and re - enter after the holiday. Conduct reverse arbitrage between 2511 and 2512 contracts. Sell out - of - the - money put options to take profits [50]. Lithium Carbonate - **Market Review**: The main contract of lithium carbonate rose, and positions and warehouse receipts increased. Spot prices declined [52][53]. - **Important Information**: A lithium mining company modified a supply agreement, Tesla entered the Indian market, and a lithium project was put into production [53]. - **Logic Analysis**: October demand is strong, supply growth is narrowing, and inventory is decreasing. The price is expected to fluctuate during the holiday, and the situation may change after the holiday. It is recommended to hold an empty position [52][53][54]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect a wide - range fluctuation. Wait and see for arbitrage. Sell out - of - the - money put options [55]. Tin - **Market Review**: SHFE tin rose, and spot prices declined. Consumption was weak [56]. - **Important Information**: The US government shutdown risk, Fed officials' views, and Indonesia's closure of illegal mining points affected the market [56][57]. - **Logic Analysis**: The US situation and Indonesia's actions affected the price. The tin concentrate supply is still tight, demand is weak, and inventory decreased. Attention should be paid to Myanmar's resumption of production and consumption recovery [57][59]. - **Trading Strategies**: Expect a short - term strong - side fluctuation, be cautious about Indonesia's event. Wait and see for options [59].
瑞达期货工业硅产业日报-20250930
Rui Da Qi Huo· 2025-09-30 09:00
工业硅产业日报 2025-09-30 | 项目类别 | 数据指标 | 最新 | 环比 数据指标 | 最新 | 环比 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 期货市场 | 主力合约收盘价(日,元/吨) | 8640 | 30 主力合约持仓量(日,手) | 206977 | -34235 | | | 前20名净持仓(日,手) | -51575 | 9359 广期所仓单(日,手) | 50983 | 781 | | | 12月合约收盘价:工业硅(日,元/吨) | -400 | -5 11-12月合约工业硅 | -400 | -5 | | 现货市场 | 通氧553#硅平均价(日,元/吨) | 9450 | 0 421#硅平均价(日,元/吨) | 9700 | 0 | | | Si主力合约基差(日,元/吨) | 810 | -30 DMC现货价(日,元/吨) | 11050 | 0 | | 上游情况 | 硅石平均价(日,元/吨) | 410 | 0 石油焦平均价(日,元/吨) | 1860 | 0 | | | 精煤平均价(日,元/吨) | 1850 | 0 木片平均价(日,元 ...
新能源及有色金属日报:节前避险情绪提升,工业硅盘面减仓下跌-20250930
Hua Tai Qi Huo· 2025-09-30 05:24
Report Summary 1. Industry Investment Ratings - No investment ratings were provided in the report. 2. Core Views - For industrial silicon, the current fundamentals have not changed significantly. The futures market is mainly affected by overall commodity sentiment and policy news. With low valuation, there may be room for the price to rise if relevant policies are introduced [2][3]. - For polysilicon, the supply - demand fundamentals are average, with high inventory pressure and weak short - term trading. The market is influenced by anti - involution policies and weak reality. In the long - term, it is suitable to layout long positions at low prices [4][5][6]. 3. Summary by Related Catalogs Industrial Silicon - **Market Analysis** - On September 29, 2025, the industrial silicon futures price decreased with reduced positions. The main contract 2511 opened at 8850 yuan/ton and closed at 8610 yuan/ton, a decrease of 390 yuan/ton (-4.33%) from the previous settlement. The open interest of the main contract was 206,977 lots, and the number of warehouse receipts was 50,202 lots, an increase of 69 lots from the previous day [2]. - On the supply side, the spot price of industrial silicon declined slightly. For example, the price of East China oxygen - passing 553 silicon was 9400 - 9500 (-50) yuan/ton [2]. - On the consumption side, the price of silicone DMC was stable at 10900 - 11200 yuan/ton. Last week, some domestic monomer enterprises slightly increased their DMC quotes by 100 - 200 yuan/ton, and this week the price remained stable, supported by cost, supply - demand, and expectations [2]. - **Strategy** - Short - term range trading is recommended, and long positions can be considered for dry - season contracts at low prices [3]. Polysilicon - **Market Analysis** - On September 29, 2025, the main contract 2511 of polysilicon futures fluctuated. It opened at 50,950 yuan/ton and closed at 51,280 yuan/ton, a decrease of 0.27% from the previous trading day. The open interest was 93,768 lots (101,486 lots the previous day), and the trading volume was 158,112 lots [4]. - The spot price of polysilicon remained stable. The price of N - type material was 50.10 - 55.00 (0.00) yuan/kg [4]. - Polysilicon manufacturers' inventory increased by 10.78% to 22.60, while silicon wafer inventory decreased by 3.80% to 16.23GW. The weekly output of polysilicon was 31,100.00 tons, a 0.30% increase, and the silicon wafer output was 13.78GW, a 1.00% decrease [4]. - The prices of silicon wafers, battery cells, and components remained mostly stable, with only minor price changes in some products [4][5]. - The overall market sentiment has cooled. Polysilicon faces high inventory pressure, and the production reduction in October may be less than expected. Downstream silicon wafer price increases also face resistance [5]. - **Strategy** - Short - term range trading is recommended, with the main contract expected to fluctuate between 48,000 - 54,000 yuan/ton. In the long - term, it is suitable to layout long positions at low prices [6].
中辉有色观点-20250930
Zhong Hui Qi Huo· 2025-09-30 02:26
1. Report Industry Investment Ratings - Gold: ★★ (Long - term holding) [1] - Silver: ★★ (Holding positions over the holiday) [1] - Copper: ★★ (Long - term holding) [1] - Zinc: ★ (Rebound) [1] - Lead: ★ (Weak) [1] - Tin: ★★ (Strong) [1] - Aluminum: ★ (Rebound under pressure) [1] - Nickel: ★ (Rebound under pressure) [1] - Industrial Silicon: ★ (Rebound) [1] - Polysilicon: ★ (Cautiously bullish) [1] - Lithium Carbonate: ★ (Wide - range oscillation) [1] 2. Core Views of the Report - The risks such as the Russia - Ukraine conflict and the US government shutdown, along with the dovish statements of Fed officials, support the long - term investment value of gold and silver. The long - term bullish logic for gold and silver remains unchanged, but short - term risks need to be noted [1][3][4]. - The copper market is affected by factors such as supply contraction expectations and strategic resource attributes. It is recommended to take different strategies for short - term and long - term investments [1][6][7]. - The zinc market shows a pattern of increasing supply and decreasing demand in the long - term. It is advisable to be cautious during the holiday and maintain the view of shorting on rebounds [1][10][11]. - The lead market is currently in a short - term weak trend due to factors such as the resumption of production of lead enterprises and weak downstream demand [1]. - The tin market has a strong upward trend due to supply disruptions and supported terminal consumption [1]. - The aluminum market faces challenges such as reduced overseas bauxite arrivals and unsmooth destocking, resulting in a rebound under pressure [1][14]. - The nickel market has a situation of over - supply in refined nickel and uncertain downstream consumption of stainless steel, so it is recommended to wait and see [1][18][19]. - The industrial silicon market has a situation of reduced supply and increased downstream stocking, with short - term cost support and high inventory coexisting [1]. - The polysilicon market has production uncertainties in October, but strong policy expectations support the price [1]. - The lithium carbonate market has increasing production and continuous destocking. It is expected to fluctuate widely, and attention should be paid to the support of the 60 - day moving average [1][22][23]. 3. Summaries According to Related Catalogs Gold and Silver - **Market Conditions**: Gold and silver have reached new highs, supported by risk events such as the US government shutdown and the Russia - Ukraine conflict [2][3]. - **Logic**: In the long - term, gold will benefit from global monetary easing, the decline of the US dollar's credit, and the reconstruction of the geopolitical pattern. Silver follows the trend of gold and is also supported by other metal sentiments and strong demand [3][1]. - **Strategy**: Long - term multi - orders can be held over the holiday, and short - term multi - orders should be held lightly. Pay attention to short - term sentiment fluctuations if the US fiscal bill is resolved [4]. Copper - **Market Conditions**: Shanghai copper has reached a new high this year, with an increase in the closing price of the main contract and changes in various indicators such as inventory and price differentials [5][6]. - **Logic**: The supply of copper concentrates is tight, and the supply contraction expectation of the copper smelting industry is increasing. High copper prices suppress demand, and the domestic social inventory has increased [6][7]. - **Strategy**: Short - term speculative multi - orders are recommended to take profit and prepare for empty or light positions during the holiday. Long - term strategic multi - orders can be held, and industrial selling hedging should be actively arranged [7]. Zinc - **Market Conditions**: Shanghai zinc has stopped falling and rebounded, with changes in price, trading volume, inventory, and other indicators [9][10]. - **Logic**: The supply of zinc concentrates is relatively loose in 2025. Domestic zinc ingot social inventory has decreased, and the risk of soft squeezing in LME zinc continues. However, in the long - term, supply will increase and demand will decrease [10][11]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to be empty or hold light positions during the holiday. In the long - term, maintain the view of shorting on rebounds [11]. Aluminum - **Market Conditions**: Aluminum prices have rebounded under pressure, and alumina has shown a relatively weak trend [13]. - **Logic**: Overseas bauxite arrivals are expected to decrease, domestic aluminum ingot destocking is not smooth, and downstream processing industry start - up rates have slightly increased [14]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to go long on dips in the short - term, paying attention to the changes in the start - up rate of downstream processing enterprises [15]. Nickel - **Market Conditions**: Nickel prices have rebounded, and stainless steel has slightly recovered [17]. - **Logic**: The impact of the political situation in Indonesia on nickel ore supply is limited. The supply of refined nickel is in excess, and the downstream consumption of stainless steel is uncertain [18]. - **Strategy**: It is recommended to wait and see for nickel and stainless steel, paying attention to the improvement of downstream consumption [19]. Lithium Carbonate - **Market Conditions**: The main contract LC2511 opened low and went high, with the late - session gains narrowing [21]. - **Logic**: Supply has not significantly contracted, demand has released positive signals, and the total inventory has been decreasing for 7 consecutive weeks [22]. - **Strategy**: Pay attention to the support of the 60 - day moving average in the range of [73500 - 75000] [23].