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烧碱产业风险管理日报-20250701
Nan Hua Qi Huo· 2025-07-01 11:02
Report Summary 1. Industry Investment Rating No industry investment rating information is provided in the report. 2. Core View - The spot price of caustic soda is in a downward channel but the decline has slowed, with a possible stabilization expectation. The short - term basis has been repaired. In the medium term, the weak expectation persists due to the concentrated resumption of maintenance and the gradual launch of new production capacity, which will significantly increase the supply - side pressure. Even if there is an increase in demand, it is difficult to reverse the oversupply situation [6]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Caustic Soda Price Forecast and Volatility - The monthly price range forecast for caustic soda is 2200 - 2400. The current 20 - day rolling volatility is 15.20%, and the historical percentile of the current volatility over 3 years is 5.1% [3]. 3.2 Risk Management Strategies - **Inventory Management**: For enterprises with high finished - product inventory worried about price drops, they can short caustic soda futures (SH2509) with a 50% hedging ratio in the 2400 - 2450 range to lock in profits and cover production costs. They can also sell call options (SH509C2400) with a 50% ratio in the 30 - 40 range to collect premiums and reduce costs, and lock in the spot selling price if the price rises [3]. - **Procurement Management**: For enterprises with low regular inventory hoping to purchase based on orders, they can buy caustic soda futures (SH2509) with a 50% hedging ratio in the 2200 - 2250 range to lock in procurement costs in advance. They can also sell put options (SH509P2200) with a 50% ratio in the 50 - 60 range to collect premiums and reduce procurement costs, and lock in the spot buying price if the price drops [3]. 3.3 Core Contradictions - Short - term contradictions are limited; in the medium - to - long term, there is production capacity launch pressure, and the overall expectation is weak [4]. 3.4利多解读 - The decline in spot prices has slowed, with a possible stabilization expectation; the near - end inventory is not high, and there are limited substantial contradictions [5]. 3.5利空解读 - In the medium - to - long term, there is an oversupply pressure. The supply side has a concentrated production capacity launch expectation, and the demand increment is insufficient to support a market reversal, which limits the upside [6]. 3.6 Caustic Soda Futures Prices and Spreads - **Futures Prices**: On July 1, 2025, the price of the caustic soda 05 contract was 2410 (up 27 or 1.13% from the previous day), the 09 contract was 2358 (up 39 or 1.68%), and the 01 contract was 2354 (up 30 or 1.29%) [7]. - **Spreads**: The 5 - 9 spread was 52 (down 12 from the previous day), the 9 - 1 spread was 4 (up 9), and the 1 - 5 spread was - 56 (up 3) [7]. - **Basis**: The 05 contract basis (Shandong Jinling) was - 66 (down 58 from the previous day), and the 09 contract basis (Shandong Jinling) was - 14 (down 70) [7]. 3.7 Caustic Soda Factory Prices and Market Prices - **32% Caustic Soda Factory Prices**: On July 1, 2025, the prices of some brands in different regions changed. For example, Shandong Jinling's price was 2344 (down 31.25 or - 1.3% from the previous day), and Shandong Hengtong's was 2563 (down 63 or - 2.4%) [8]. - **50% Caustic Soda Factory Prices**: Jinling's price was 2380 (down 60 or - 2.5% from the previous day) [8]. - **Flake Caustic Soda Market Prices**: Prices in various regions remained unchanged on July 1, 2025, such as 3150 in Shandong, 3311 in North China, etc. [9]. 3.8 Caustic Soda Grade/Regional Spreads - On July 1, 2025, some spreads changed. For example, the spread between Shandong 50% caustic soda and 32% caustic soda was 36 (down 28.75 from the previous day), and the spread between 50% caustic soda in Jiangsu and Shandong was 255 (down 103) [9]. 3.9 Caustic Soda Futures Spread Seasonality - Seasonal charts of caustic soda futures spreads (07 - 09, 09 - 11, 11 - 01, 09 - 01) and basis (09, 01 contracts in Shandong) are provided [10][11][12][13].
铁合金产业风险管理日报-20250701
Nan Hua Qi Huo· 2025-07-01 11:02
铁合金产业风险管理日报 2025/7/1 周甫翰(Z0020173)陈敏涛(F03118345 ) 投资咨询业务资格:证监许可【2011】1290号 铁合金价格区间预测 | | 价格区间预测(月度) | 当前波动率(20日滚动) | 当前波动率历史百分位(3年) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 硅铁 | 5300-6000 | 14.32% | 28.1% | | 硅锰 | 5300-6000 | 14.62% | 23.4% | source: 南华研究,同花顺 铁合金套保 | 行为导 | 情景分析 | | 现货敞 | 策略推荐 | 套保工具 | 买卖方 | 套保比例(%) | 建议入场区间 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 向 | | | 口 | | | 向 | | | | 库存管 | 产成品库存偏高,担心铁合金下 | | | 为了防止存货跌价损失,可以根据企业的库存情况,做空铁合金 | SF2509、SM | | | SF:6200-6250、SM:6 | | 理 | | 跌 | 多 | 期 ...
全国做期货的人哪里最多?
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-07-01 06:16
根据行业调研,上海陆家嘴金融城的期货公司密度堪称"全国之最",北京金融街的机构交易室彻夜亮 灯,深圳福田区的期货私募数量每年增长30%。但更让人意外的是,杭州、成都等新一线城市的散户交 易量正在迅猛追赶——原来期货市场的"地理密码"早已被改写! 01 上海 上海期货交易所、上海国际能源交易中心等重要期货交易场所坐落于此,交易品种丰富,涵盖有色金 属、能源化工、贵金属等领域。数据显示,全国40%的期货公司总部设在上海,上期所铜期货单月3000 万手的成交量,与伦敦、纽约形成全球三大定价中心。外滩那些看似低调的写字楼里,可能就藏着掌管 百亿资金的交易团队。上海期货大厦的电梯每天要运送超过2000名交易员,这个数字相当于某些省份全 省的期货从业人数。陆家嘴的星巴克被戏称为"非官方交易厅",在这里能听到最前沿的跨境套利策 略。 02 杭州 杭州被称为期货界的 "热土",从这里走出了叶庆均、徐王冠等众多期货大佬。杭州的期货圈藏着两 个"世界级秘密":一是阿里系员工用期权思维玩转期货套利,二是顶级游资大佬偏爱在西湖边的茶室 谈交易。150家期货机构在此扎堆。永安期货场外期权规模突破1000亿元。杭州期货私募圈的影响力持 ...
地缘冲突降温,黄金短期调整周期或尚未结束
Sou Hu Cai Jing· 2025-07-01 03:16
Core Viewpoint - The gold market is experiencing fluctuations influenced by geopolitical tensions, trade negotiations, and changes in U.S. monetary policy, leading to a mixed outlook for gold prices and related investment vehicles [3][4][5]. Group 1: Market Performance - On July 1, the gold ETF fund (159937) rose by 0.47% with a transaction volume of 238 million yuan and a turnover rate of 0.85% [1]. - International spot gold prices have rebounded above $3,300 per ounce, with the latest quote at $3,314.68 per ounce, marking a 0.38% increase [2]. - COMEX gold futures are quoted at $3,327 per ounce, reflecting a 0.59% increase [2]. Group 2: Economic and Geopolitical Influences - The gold market has been under pressure due to easing geopolitical conflicts and rising U.S. stock markets, which have increased risk appetite among investors [3]. - The U.S. Treasury Secretary indicated that trade agreements with multiple countries are expected to be completed by September 1, which may influence market sentiment [3]. - Speculation about the potential appointment of a more dovish Federal Reserve Chair by President Trump could impact monetary policy and, consequently, gold prices [3][4]. Group 3: Investment Strategies and Outlook - Analysts suggest a mixed to bullish long-term outlook for gold, despite short-term technical weaknesses and market adjustments [5]. - The gold ETF fund (159937) and its linked funds offer low-cost, diversified investment opportunities in gold, aligning closely with domestic gold prices [5]. - The long-term value of gold as a hedge against economic downturns and inflation remains significant, with recommendations for investors to consider regular investments in gold ETFs [5].
南华贵金属日报:止跌反弹-20250701
Nan Hua Qi Huo· 2025-07-01 02:21
Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the given content Core Viewpoints - The medium to long - term trend of precious metals may be bullish. Since late April, London gold has been in a range - bound oscillation. Short - term technical patterns show weakness and pressure, but the daily line has regained the $3300 level. Attention should be paid to the effectiveness of this support. The next support is at $3250, and if it breaks, it may further decline to the previous low of $3120. The resistance is in the $3330 - 3350 area. London silver should focus on the support around $35.3, with strong support in the $34.5 - 35 area, and resistances at $36.2 and $36.8. The operation strategy is to buy on dips [6]. Summary by Directory Market Review - On Monday, the precious metals market rebounded after a decline. Among surrounding assets, the US stock market rose, the US Treasury yield declined, the US dollar index dropped, and Bitcoin fluctuated. COMEX gold 2508 contract closed at $3315 per ounce, up 0.83%; COMEX silver 2509 contract closed at $36.33 per ounce, down 0.11%. SHFE gold 2508 main contract closed at 767.58 yuan per gram, down 0.62%; SHFE silver 2508 contract closed at 8762 yuan per kilogram, down 0.54% [2]. - In terms of trade tariffs, Trump said there was no need to extend the July 9 deadline and would set tariffs for each country, threatening to impose a 25% tariff on Japanese cars. The EU was willing to accept the US "benchmark tariff" but sought exemptions for key industries. Canada made concessions and cancelled the digital service tax, and the US and Canada would resume trade negotiations to reach an agreement by July 21. South Korea's top priority was to obtain a tariff extension [2]. Interest Rate Cut Expectations and Fund Holdings - According to CME "FedWatch" data, the probability of the Fed keeping interest rates unchanged in July is 79.8%, and the probability of a 25 - basis - point rate cut is 20.2%. In September, the probability of unchanged rates is 5.3%, the probability of a cumulative 25 - basis - point cut is 75.9%, and the probability of a cumulative 50 - basis - point cut is 18.8%. In October, the probability of unchanged rates is 1.5%, the probability of a cumulative 25 - basis - point cut is 24.6%, the probability of a cumulative 50 - basis - point cut is 60.3%, and the probability of a cumulative 75 - basis - point cut is 13.7% [3]. - In terms of long - term funds, SPDR Gold ETF holdings decreased by 2.29 tons to 952.53 tons, and iShares Silver ETF holdings decreased by 39.58 tons to 14826.61 tons. SHFE silver inventory increased by 4.1 tons to 1299.8 tons, and SGX silver inventory decreased by 21 tons to 1357.8 tons as of the week ending June 20 [3]. This Week's Focus - This week, focus on the US non - farm payrolls report on Thursday night. The US Senate is preparing to vote on the Trump administration's "Great Beauty" bill, aiming to pass it before July 4. On Tuesday at 21:30, central bank governors from major economies will have a panel discussion. On Friday, due to the US Independence Day holiday, COMEX precious metals trading will end at 01:00 Beijing time on the 5th [4]. Precious Metals Spot and Futures Price Table - SHFE gold main - continuous contract is at 767.58 yuan per gram, up 1.18 yuan or 0.15%; SGX gold TD is at 764.15 yuan per gram, up 1.07 yuan or 0.14%; CME gold main contract is at $3315 per ounce, up $28.9 or 0.88%. SHFE silver main - continuous contract is at 8762 yuan per kilogram, down 30 yuan or 0.34%; SGX silver TD is at 8728 yuan per kilogram, down 20 yuan or 0.23%; CME silver main contract is at $36.33 per ounce, up $0.165 or 0.46%. SHFE - TD gold is at 3.43 yuan per gram, up 0.11 yuan or 3.31%; SHFE - TD silver is at 34 yuan per kilogram, down 10 yuan or 91.3%. The CME gold - silver ratio is 91.2469, up 0.3828 or 0.42% [7]. Inventory and Position Table - SHFE gold inventory is 18237 kilograms, unchanged; CME gold inventory is 1152.3287 tons, down 0.0042 tons. SHFE gold position is 155821 lots, up 25999 lots or 20.03%; SPDR gold position is 952.53 tons, down 2.29 tons or - 0.24%. SHFE silver inventory is 1299.756 tons, up 4.093 tons or 0.32%; CME silver inventory is 15542.2557 tons, up 18.7987 tons or 0.12%; SGX silver inventory is 1357.845 tons, down 21.03 tons or - 1.53%. SHFE silver position is 277702 lots, down 37746 lots or - 11.97%; SLV silver position is 14826.612625 tons, down 39.5722 tons or - 0.27% [16]. Stock, Bond, and Commodity Summary - The US dollar index is at 96.8103, down 0.4513 or - 0.46%; the US dollar against the Chinese yuan is at 7.16, down 0.0043 or - 0.06%. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is at 44094.77 points, up 275.5 points or 0.63%. WTI crude oil spot is at $65.11 per barrel, down $0.41 or - 0.63%. LmeS copper 03 is at $9878 per ton, down $1 or - 0.01%. The 10 - year US Treasury yield is at 4.24%, down 0.05 or - 1.17%. The 10 - year US real interest rate is at 1.95, down 0.05 or - 2.5%. The 10 - 2 - year US Treasury yield spread is at 0.52, down 0.04 or - 7.14% [21][23].
南华期货锡风险管理日报-20250701
Nan Hua Qi Huo· 2025-07-01 02:18
Report Summary 1. Report Industry Investment Rating No information provided regarding the industry investment rating. 2. Core Viewpoints - The fundamentals of tin remain stable. There are both positive and negative factors affecting the tin market. Positive factors include the easing of Sino - US tariff policies, the semiconductor sector being in an expansion cycle, and Myanmar's production resumption falling short of expectations. Negative factors are the volatility of tariff policies, Myanmar's production resumption, and the semiconductor sector's slowdown in expansion and transition to a contraction cycle [3][4][5]. 3. Summary by Related Catalogs 3.1 Price and Volatility - The latest closing price of tin is 268,110 yuan/ton, with a monthly price range forecast of 245,000 - 263,000 yuan/ton. The current volatility is 15.18%, and the historical percentile of the current volatility is 28.8% [2]. 3.2 Risk Management Suggestions - **Inventory Management**: For those with high finished - product inventory and worried about price drops, it is recommended to short the main Shanghai tin futures contract at around 290,000 yuan/ton with a 100% hedging ratio and sell call options (SN2508C275000) at a suitable volatility with a 25% hedging ratio [2]. - **Raw Material Management**: For those with low raw - material inventory and worried about price increases, it is recommended to long the main Shanghai tin futures contract at around 230,000 yuan/ton with a 50% hedging ratio and sell put options (SN2508P245000) at a suitable volatility with a 25% hedging ratio [2]. 3.3 Futures and Spot Data - **Futures Data**: The latest prices of Shanghai tin futures (main, continuous 1, and continuous 3) are 268,110 yuan/ton, 268,110 yuan/ton, and 267,880 yuan/ton respectively, with no daily change. The LME tin 3M price is 33,565 US dollars/ton, down 245 US dollars (- 0.72%), and the Shanghai - London ratio is 8.01, up 0.15 (1.91%) [6]. - **Spot Data (Weekly)**: The price of Shanghai Non - ferrous tin ingots is 267,200 yuan/ton, up 5,400 yuan (2.06%); 1 tin premium is 600 yuan/ton, down 100 yuan (- 14.29%); 40% tin concentrate is 255,200 yuan/ton, up 5,400 yuan (2.16%); 60% tin concentrate is 259,200 yuan/ton, up 5,400 yuan (2.13%); the price of solder bar (60A) in Shanghai Non - ferrous is 173,750 yuan/ton, up 3,500 yuan (2.06%); the price of solder bar (63A) in Shanghai Non - ferrous is 181,250 yuan/ton, up 3,500 yuan (1.97%); the price of lead - free solder is 273,250 yuan/ton, up 5,000 yuan (1.86%) [10][13]. 3.4 Import and Processing Data - The latest tin import profit and loss is - 17,212.76 yuan/ton, down 2,572.25 yuan (17.57%); 40% tin ore processing fee is 12,200 yuan/ton with no change; 60% tin ore processing fee is 10,550 yuan/ton with no change [15]. 3.5 Inventory Data - **Shanghai Futures Exchange Inventory (Daily)**: The total tin warehouse receipt quantity is 6,750 tons, up 199 tons (3.04%); the warehouse receipt quantity in Guangdong is 4,214 tons, up 24 tons (0.57%); the warehouse receipt quantity in Shanghai is 1,611 tons, up 175 tons (12.19%); the total LME tin inventory is 2,175 tons with no change [17].
南华商品指数:所有板块均下跌,能化板块领跌
Nan Hua Qi Huo· 2025-07-01 01:05
南华商品指数:所有板块均下跌,能化板块领跌 王怡琳 2025-07-01 08:10:53 摘要:依照相邻交易日的收盘价计算,今日南华综合指数下跌-0.21%。板块指数中,所有板块均有所下跌,其中跌 幅最大的板块是南华能化指数,跌幅为-0.5%;跌幅最小的板块是南华有色金属指数,跌幅为-0.05%。 主题指数 中,只有经济作物指数,上涨0.01%,其余主题指数均是下跌,跌幅最大的主题指数是能源指数,跌幅为-0.56%, 跌幅最小的主题指数是石油化工指数,跌幅为-0.08%。 商品期货单品种指数中,涨幅最大的单品种指数是鸡蛋,上 涨0.65%,跌幅最大的商品期货单品种指数是焦煤,跌幅为-2.65%。 > 南华期货 | 股票代码 | 603093 南华商品指数日报 2025年6月30日 南华指数小组 曹扬慧 (Z0000505) 赵 搏 (F03103098) 投资咨询业务资格:证监许可【 2011 】1290号 棕榈油 −0.55% 0.02% 菜籽油 −0.54% -0.22% -0.22% 論菜籽 −2.07% - D.S1% - 生猪 —0.96% 系材 相 0.51% -0.25% - 在: (1) 文 ...
国债期货日报:2025年6月30日下跌的核心逻辑是什么?-20250630
Nan Hua Qi Huo· 2025-06-30 13:41
日内消息: 1.财政部:境外投资者以中国境内居民企业分配的利润,在2025年1月1日至2028年12月31日期间用于境内直 接投资符合条件的,可按照投资额的10%抵免境外投资者当年的应纳税额,当年不足抵免的准予向以后结 转。中华人民共和国政府同外国政府订立的税收协定中关于股息、红利等权益性投资收益适用税率低于10% 的,按照协定税率执行。 行情研判: 国债期货日报 2025年6月30日 下跌的核心逻辑是什么? 观点:等待右侧进场 南华研究院 高翔(Z0016413) 投资咨询业务资格:证监许可【2011】1290号 盘面点评: 国债期货全天震荡下行,午后A股涨幅扩大,期债跌幅进一步深化。公开市场方面,到期逆回购2205亿,央 行新做3315亿,当日净投放1110亿,但早盘隔夜资金价格上行至3%以上,资金面情绪指数超过60,资金面 压力明显。 6月制造业PMI符合预期,非制造业小幅超预期,但仍在荣枯线下方的并不能给债市如此大的压力。其他方 面,上周五货币政策例会措辞的修改一定程度会压制预期,但无法改变支持性的政策立场和基本面环境。此 外包括邀请特朗普参加阅兵等略显小众的股市"疑似利多"对债市的影响就更加虚无缥缈 ...
瑞达期货国债期货日报-20250630
Rui Da Qi Huo· 2025-06-30 11:34
| 重点关注 | 7月01日 16:00 欧元区6月制造业PMI终值 7月01日 22:00 美国6月ISM制造业PMI 7月02日 20:15 美国6月ADP就业人数(万人) | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 数据来源第三方,观点仅供参考。市场有风险,投资需谨慎! 备注:T为10年期国债期货,TF为5年期国债期货,TS为2年期国债期货 | | | | | 研究员: | | 廖宏斌 期货从业资格号F30825507 | 期货投资咨询从业证书号Z0020723 | 免责声明 本报告中的信息均来源于公开可获得资料,瑞达期货股份有限公司力求准确可靠,但对这些信息的准确性及完 整性不做任何保证,据此投资,责任自负。本报告不构成个人投资建议,客户应考虑本报告中的任何意见或建议是否 符合其特定状况。本报告版权仅为我公司所有,未经书面许可,任何机构和个人不得以任何形式翻版、复制和发布。 如引用、刊发,需注明出处为瑞达期货股份有限公司研究院,且不得对本报告进行有悖原意的引用、删节和修改。 | 项目类别 | 数据指标 最新 | 最新 | 环比 项目 | | 环比 | | --- | --- | ...
瑞达期货沪铅产业日报-20250630
Rui Da Qi Huo· 2025-06-30 10:06
1. Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the given content 2. Core Viewpoint of the Report - The overall supply of Shanghai lead is expected to increase slightly, but the price of Shanghai lead continues to decline under the influence of weakening demand. Affected by the diminishing marginal effect of national subsidies on consumption, domestic inventories increase slightly while overseas inventories start to accumulate again, putting significant pressure on lead prices. With the weakening of the overseas economic situation, it is recommended to go short on rallies [2] 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Futures Market - The closing price of the Shanghai lead main contract is 17,200 yuan/ton, up 75 yuan; the 3 - month lead quote on LME is 2,041.5 dollars/ton, up 3 dollars. The spread between the 08 - 09 month contracts of Shanghai lead is - 20 yuan/ton, down 15 yuan. The trading volume of Shanghai lead is 82,414 lots, down 753 lots. The net position of the top 20 in Shanghai lead is 1,141 lots, down 198 lots. The warehouse receipts of Shanghai lead are 46,288 tons, up 403 tons. The inventory of the Shanghai Futures Exchange is 51,929 tons, up 638 tons; the LME lead inventory is 271,925 tons, down 1,500 tons [2] 3.2 Spot Market - The spot price of 1 lead on the Shanghai Non - ferrous Metals Network is 16,950 yuan/ton, down 50 yuan; the spot price of 1 lead in the Yangtze River Non - ferrous Metals Market is 17,180 yuan/ton, down 80 yuan. The basis of the lead main contract is - 250 yuan/ton, down 125 yuan; the LME lead premium (0 - 3) is - 22.14 dollars/ton, down 0.74 dollars. The price of lead concentrate (50% - 60%) in Jiyuan is 16,303 yuan, up 274 yuan; the price of domestic recycled lead (≥98.5%) is 16,860 yuan/ton, down 90 yuan [2] 3.3 Upstream Situation - The WBMS supply - demand balance of lead is - 18,700 tons, an increase of 7,100 tons. The number of recycled lead production enterprises is 68, unchanged. The capacity utilization rate of recycled lead is 34.95%, down 16.33 percentage points; the monthly output of recycled lead is 224,200 tons, down 67,500 tons. The average weekly operating rate of primary lead is 73.83%, up 4 percentage points; the weekly output of primary lead is 35,700 tons, up 900 tons. The processing fee of lead concentrate (60%) at major ports is - 40 dollars/kiloton, unchanged. The ILZSG lead supply - demand balance is 16,400 tons, an increase of 48,800 tons. The global lead ore output is 399,700 tons, down 3,700 tons. The monthly import volume of lead ore is 119,700 tons, an increase of 24,800 tons [2] 3.4 Industry Situation - The monthly import volume of refined lead is 815.37 tons, down 1,021.76 tons; the domestic average processing fee of lead concentrate to the factory is 640 yuan/ton, unchanged. The monthly export volume of refined lead is 2,109.62 tons, an increase of 223.33 tons. The average market price of waste batteries is 10,178.57 yuan/ton, up 1.78 yuan [2] 3.5 Downstream Situation - The monthly export volume of batteries is 41.45 million units, down 425,000 units. The average price of lead - antimony alloy (for batteries, containing 2% antimony) is 20,500 yuan/ton, down 3,800 yuan. The monthly output of automobiles is 2.642 million vehicles, down 50,000 vehicles; the monthly output of new energy vehicles is 1.647 million vehicles, an increase of 73,000 vehicles [2] 3.6 Market Outlook - On the supply side, primary lead smelters increase their operating rates and output due to rising lead prices. Although the price of lead warms up slightly, reducing the loss pressure of recycled lead, the recycled lead supply has limited incremental space as the second - quarter traditional off - season reduces battery replacement demand and increases the difficulty of subsequent production improvement. On the demand side, market transactions are generally weak, and the support for lead prices is limited. The demand for charging piles and automobiles shows a slowdown. In terms of inventory, overseas inventories decline again; domestic inventories decline slightly while warehouse receipts increase, mainly due to the obvious price difference between domestic and overseas markets, creating arbitrage space. The lead concentrate processing fee starts to decline, which has a negative impact on the subsequent production of recycled lead and primary lead [2]