Core Viewpoint - The resurgence of "America First" is prompting the EU to enter an era of "strategic awakening," with the negative impact of U.S. tariffs on the EU economy likely to manifest sooner than the positive effects of fiscal expansion, which may only begin to outweigh the negative impacts by Q4 of this year [1][4][13]. Group 1: Strategic Awakening in the EU - The unilateralism of the Trump administration is increasing anxiety among European nations, leading to a consensus on increasing defense spending within the EU [2][13]. - Germany's €1 trillion fiscal expansion plan has completed the legislative process and will be discussed after the new government is formed [2][13]. - The EU's €800 billion proposal for "rearming Europe" is actively progressing, with national exception clause applications approved in July [2][4]. Group 2: Impact of Tariffs on the EU Economy - The static assessment indicates that U.S. tariffs will raise the effective tariff rate on imports from the EU by 9.6 percentage points, potentially reducing EU exports by approximately 1.9% and impacting EU GDP by about 0.5% [4][12]. - The pharmaceutical and organic chemical sectors are particularly vulnerable to these tariffs, with countries like Ireland, Finland, Italy, and Germany being sensitive to U.S. tariff policies [4][10]. Group 3: Fiscal Expansion and Economic Growth - Increased fiscal spending on defense and infrastructure is expected to effectively boost economic growth in Europe, with France and Germany likely to be the primary beneficiaries [4][18]. - The positive impact of fiscal expansion may take longer to materialize compared to the immediate negative effects of tariffs, with expectations that the latter will begin to diminish by Q4 of this year [4][12]. Group 4: Investment Strategies and Market Sentiment - Investor sentiment is crucial for the EU economy to avoid recession, with many European companies focusing on equipment upgrades and product R&D rather than capacity expansion [18]. - Chinese companies are encouraged to leverage the EU's fiscal expansion to accelerate strategic transformations and seek potential opportunities in Europe, particularly in sectors like electrical and optical equipment [18].

文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人： 高拓（13705969808） 核心结论 关税不确定性使财政扩张的必要性增加，我们提示二季度或有几个边际变化： 1 、 二季度财政或加速发行既定债务 ，增量债务或随时接续（经验规律： 增量债务政策 多在 6 月底 ~10 月底 ）； 2 、财政扩张方向或 由一季度偏消费到二季度边际倾斜投资 ； 3 、 基于既定政策测算， 二季度广义财政支出增速或在 -0.6%~10.4% 附近 （ 今年一季度为 4.3% ， 2019~2024 年二季度均值为 1.8% ；均为不考虑中央金融机构注资特别国债、用于化债的特殊新增专项债 的同口径比较）， 若新增专项债极限提速 （如首个出台专项债"自审自发"方案的省份湖南要求"原则上 6 月底前完成全年专项债券发行工作"； 2018 年 8 月中美贸易争端升级后，财政部要求在两个月内发完全年 额度） 或增量债务接续，增速或更高。 一、财政扩张的规律：二季度或加速发行既定债务，增量债务或随时接续 债务是支持财政扩张的重要力量，每年可分为既定债务和增量债务。既定债务规模由预算确定 ...

海外经济："欧强美弱"遭遇挑战 海外经济"欧强美弱"叙事遭遇阶段性挑战。 关税对美国经济的冲击仍然停留在居民部门，企业部门及就业市场继续表现出较强韧性。 截至4月24日，亚特 兰大联储GDPNOW模型预测Q1消费增速为1.4%，投资增速为7.1%，表现为消费小幅转冷，投资逆势扩张。单 周首次申领失业金人数为22.2万，小幅强于季节性。 随着关税落地，美国经济仍可能进一步转冷。然而，基于当前形势判断，美国经济更可能陷入相对温和的技术 性衰退，不排除避免衰退的可能性。 一是相对强劲的企业部门将承接大部分关税冲击。大通胀期间美国企业部门积累大量利润，企业利润扩张逾八 成，而工人薪资仅增长约三成。根据相关研究，进口商将承担超80%关税成本，消费者仅承担不到20%。 二是就业市场受到供给侧支撑。随着非法移民逐步退出就业市场，美国"劳工荒"形势依然严峻。尽管经济转冷 可能带来雇佣需求的收缩，但移民劳工的退出将令供给同步收缩，最终失业率可能保持稳定。 三是特朗普团队已在面临"一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭"的窘境。马斯克政府效率部的工作近乎停滞，与美联储 的"降息之争"没有得到足够支持，与全球各国的贸易谈判普遍陷入僵局，对俄乌冲 ...

Group 1: Economic Trends and Market Reactions - The euro has surged nearly 10% against the dollar, surpassing the 1.15 mark on April 22, driven by Germany's fiscal expansion [1] - The simultaneous decline of U.S. stocks, bonds, and the dollar index indicates a broad willingness among investors to sell U.S. assets, reflecting a systemic rejection of U.S. economic strategies [1][3] - The U.S. stock market has experienced significant declines, with major indices dropping over 2% and the dollar index falling more than 10% from its mid-January peak [4] Group 2: Investment Shifts and Opportunities - Increased fiscal spending in Germany is expected to benefit European markets, particularly in value sectors, with European bank stocks outperforming U.S. tech giants since 2022 [2] - There is a growing interest in European bonds as U.S. Treasury bonds are being sold off, with expectations of multiple rate cuts by the European Central Bank (ECB) [2][6] - The strong performance of European assets is attributed to Germany's historic fiscal reforms and increased defense spending, which have boosted market confidence [5][6] Group 3: Central Bank Policies and Currency Dynamics - The ECB's recent rate cut to 2.25% reflects its commitment to support economic activity in the eurozone, with a high probability of further cuts in the near future [6][7] - Despite the typical negative impact of rate cuts on the euro, the market seems to have absorbed this effect, leading to a resilient euro against the dollar [7] - The potential for a 5% CPI in the U.S. by 2025 due to increased tariffs raises concerns about consumer and business confidence, further influencing investment decisions [4][8] Group 4: Trade Negotiations and Structural Challenges - Ongoing trade negotiations and structural issues within Europe pose significant uncertainties for the market, with varying attitudes towards U.S. trade policies among different countries [8][9] - The long and complex nature of trade agreements suggests that the current period of uncertainty may not be resolved quickly, impacting market stability [9]

中国财政部表示，2025年财政政策"更加积极"主要体现在四个方面。一是提高赤字率。财政总支出会进一步扩 大，逆周期调节力度也会加大，为经济持续回暖向好提供有力支撑；二是扩大债务规模。将安排更大规模的政府 债券，为稳增长、调结构提供更多支撑。扩大超长期特别国债规模，更大力度支持"两重"项目，加力扩围实施"两 新"政策。增加新增地方政府专项债券限额，扩大投向领域和用作项目资本金的范围，带动扩大有效投资，支持强 基础、补弱项、促发展。发行特别国债，支持国有大行补充核心一级资本，提升这些银行服务实体经济的信贷投 放能力，更可持续地支持有效需求扩大和经济结构调整；三是保障重点支出。大力优化财政支出结构，加强对重 点领域的保障，更加注重惠民生、促消费、增后劲。在惠民生方面，将适当提高退休人员基本养老金，提高城乡 居民基础养老金，提高城乡居民医保财政补助标准，推动增加居民收入。在促消费方面，将充分运用财税工具， 支持实施提振消费专项行动，加大消费品以旧换新力度，创新多元化消费场景，让消费更有温度、更加便利。在 增后劲方面，将支持加快发展新质生产力，加大对教育科技、乡村振兴、绿色低碳、区域重大战略等重点领域的 支持；四是提高 ...

德国财政政策迎重大转折。 当地时间3月22日，德国总统施泰因迈尔正式签署《基本法》修正案，为德国政府通过新增债务融资的庞大财政方案扫清了最后一道障碍。这项巨额财政计划 将为国防、基础设施和气候投资提供数千亿欧元资金。分析认为，今年屡创新高的德国股市，有望延续升势；而欧洲资产也有望继续受到投资者追捧。 STOXX50指数、德国DAX指数和法国CAC40指数走势（2025年） | 14 | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | 10 31 | 1 | 1 | 德国财政迎来重大转折 在德国联邦议院和联邦参议院先后于3月18日和3月21日批准后，施泰因迈尔于法案通过的第二天迅速完成了签署程序。根据总统府当天发布的声明，该法案 现在只需在《联邦法律公报》上公布，即可正式生效，进入执行阶段。 这一决定标志着德国财政政策迎来重大转折。 中信建投的报告认为，本轮财政将显著拉动德国GDP。在激进情形下，假设德国基础设施投资乘数1.5，国防支出投资乘数为0.6，州财政乘数为0.69。预计 2026年财政扩张对德国GDP拉动1.81%，德国进口增长5.14%。而在保守情形下，即财政支出乘数效应 ...

Investment Rating - The industry rating is "Outperform the Market" (maintained rating) [6] Core Insights - The construction sector saw a 1.6% increase last week, in line with the CSI 300, with emerging business-related stocks performing well, while traditional infrastructure state-owned enterprises showed weaker performance [1][4] - The fiscal expansion in February supported a rapid growth in social financing, which is expected to further drive fixed asset investment, particularly in infrastructure [2][16] - The inclusion of "deep-sea technology" in the government work report indicates that the deep-sea economy is poised to become a new engine for economic growth, with the marine economy expected to exceed 10 trillion yuan in 2024 [3][18] Summary by Sections 1. Fiscal Expansion and Social Financing - In February, new social financing reached 2.23 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 737.4 billion yuan, with government bond net financing accounting for 76% of the month's social financing increment [2][16] - The acceleration of government financing is expected to lay a better foundation for the improvement of infrastructure physical volume [2][16] 2. Market Review - The construction index rose by 1.62% from March 10 to March 14, with notable gains in the construction decoration and landscaping engineering sectors [4][22] - Key stocks that performed well include Matrix Co. (+24.58%) and Dongyi Risheng (+21.75%) [4][22] 3. Investment Recommendations - Focus on the conversion of infrastructure physical volume and cyclical upward elasticity, recommending high-growth local state-owned enterprises and undervalued blue-chip central enterprises [5][27] - Emphasize the transformation of the construction sector and the rising prosperity of emerging businesses, particularly in computing power and cleanroom sectors [5][29] - Pay attention to major hydropower projects, deep-sea economy, and low-altitude economy as thematic investment opportunities [5][30]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses a significant shift in Germany's fiscal policy, marked by a call from the incoming Chancellor Friedrich Merz for expansive economic and defense spending, which has led to unprecedented volatility in the German bond market and broader European financial markets [1][2][23]. Group 1: Market Reactions - On March 5, 2025, Germany's bond market experienced its largest upheaval in 35 years, with the 10-year bond yield rising by 30 basis points, the highest single-day increase since March 1990 [4][6]. - The DAX index surged over 3%, achieving a year-to-date increase of 15% [5]. - Following the announcement, bond yields in France, Italy, and Spain rose by more than 25 basis points, indicating a ripple effect across Europe [7]. Group 2: Implications for European Economy - Analysts view Germany's fiscal policy shift as a potential "game changer" for European defense and economic policy, with implications for other Eurozone countries [2][9]. - The euro's exchange rate strengthened significantly, with market sentiment reaching a five-year high regarding the euro's performance against the dollar [7][8]. - The market is reassessing the European Central Bank's monetary policy, reducing expectations for further interest rate cuts from 84 basis points to 67 basis points by year-end [8]. Group 3: Long-term Economic Outlook - The fiscal expansion plan is seen as a response to long-standing calls for loosening Germany's strict fiscal discipline, which has historically constrained economic growth [6][11]. - If domestic investment stimulates GDP by 1% annually, combined with 1%-1.5% foreign defense spending, Germany's economic growth could approach 1.5%-2% by 2027 [13]. - However, the short-term economic outlook remains uncertain, with challenges such as labor market decline and geopolitical uncertainties still looming [11][12]. Group 4: Risks and Concerns - High debt levels in Europe raise concerns about the sustainability of rising bond yields, which could lead to increased financing costs for already indebted countries [2][16]. - The disparity between German bond yields and swap rates has reached a record high, indicating market expectations of increased bond issuance by the German government [17][18]. - Potential scenarios include some countries struggling with high financing costs, Germany possibly needing to bail out other nations, or a return to market stability [19][20][21].

2025 年 03 月 02 日 宏观类●证券研究报告 PMI 节后反弹，投资好于消费 事件点评 PMI 点评（2025.2） 投资要点 分析师 秦泰 SAC 执业证书编号：S0910523080002 qintai@huajinsc.cn 报告联系人 周欣然 zhouxinran@huajinsc.cn 相关报告 LPR 四度持平，十债利率升至 1.7%，释放 何种信号？——华金宏观·双循环周报（第 95 期） 2025.2.21 信贷创纪录"开门红"，年初集中还是全年趋 高？——金融数据速评（2025.1）2025.2.14 内外形势有何变化，货币如何调整优化？— —《货币政策执行报告》（2024Q4）解读·周 报（第 94 期） 2025.2.14 核心通胀不降反升，美联储还能降息吗？— —美国 CPI 点评（2025.1） 2025.2.13 油价回升服务走高，CPI 稍好于预期—— CPI、PPI 点评（2025.1） 2025.2.9 http://www.huajinsc.cn/ 1 / 4 请务必阅读正文之后的免责条款部分 节后 PMI 如期明显反弹，投资回暖快于消费。由于 1 月跌幅较深，1 ...