证券研究报告 2025 年 03 月 13 日 [Table_Title] 政策研究报告 扩内需兴科创 稳发展惠民生 ——2025 年两会系列报告之一：政策总量篇 报告要点： 事件：2025 年 3 月 5 日，第十四届全国人大三次会议于北京召开，国务 院总理李强作政府工作报告（以下将上述会议与同期召开的全国政协十四届 三次会议合称为"两会"）。我们对政府工作报告及多个关键部委参与的经济 主题记者会中的重要政策表述进行梳理及分析。 政策思路有稳有进，客观务实稳定预期 今年的两会政府工作报告中关于宏观经济调控的政策取向仍然与去年 12 月 中央经济工作会议的精神保持一致，延续了"稳中求进"总基调，但同时在具体 政策安排上，突破了传统范式，展现出创新与探索。一系列增长预期目标更多 基于当下的国内外局势，综合统筹考虑了可实现性和可持续性。在宏观政策取 向上，除了"更加积极的财政政策"与"适度宽松的货币政策"以外，工作报 告首次提出要"强化宏观政策民生导向"，"推动更多资金资源'投资于人'"。 我们认为，这体现了中央今年逐步转向更加注重扩大就业、促进居民增收减 负、加强消费激励，以推动经济发展与民生改善的良性循环。从 ...

Fiscal Policy Overview - In 2025, China will implement a more proactive fiscal policy, increasing the fiscal deficit rate to 4.0%, up by 1 percentage point from the previous year[7] - The total fiscal deficit for 2025 is projected at 5.66 trillion yuan, an increase of 1.6 trillion yuan compared to 2024[7] Budgetary Performance in 2024 - The national general public budget revenue for 2024 was 21,970.21 billion yuan, achieving 98.1% of the budget, with a 1.3% increase from 2023[2] - Tax revenue decreased by 3.4% to 17,497.20 billion yuan, while non-tax revenue surged by 25.4% to 4,473.01 billion yuan[2] - General public budget expenditure reached 28,461.23 billion yuan, completing 99.7% of the budget, with a growth of 3.6%[3] Government Fund Budget Insights - Government fund budget revenue fell by 12.2% to 62,090.40 billion yuan, primarily due to a decline in land transfer income[4] - Total government fund budget expenditure was 101,477.82 billion yuan, completing 84.4% of the budget, with a slight increase of 0.2%[4] State-Owned Capital Management - State-owned capital operating budget revenue exceeded expectations at 6,782.88 billion yuan, achieving 114.5% of the budget, with a modest growth of 0.6%[5] - Expenditure in this budget decreased by 6.5% to 3,128.86 billion yuan[5] Social Insurance Fund Stability - Social insurance fund budget revenue was 118,944.70 billion yuan, surpassing the budget by 1.2%, with a growth of 5.2%[6] - Expenditure in this fund was 106,061.28 billion yuan, completing 99.3% of the budget, reflecting a 7% increase[6]

Group 1: Human-like Robots - Human-like robots are ideal carriers of embodied intelligence due to their high similarity to human form and behavior, enabling collaboration in complex environments [1] - The trend of domestic substitution is becoming increasingly evident, with cost and supply chain advantages expected to manifest, allowing domestic brands to capture a larger share of the global market [1] - The diversification of task requirements will make technologies like dexterous hands and flexible skin key components of robots, enhancing precision and safety in end-user interactions [1] - Continuous upgrades and mass production of domestic robot hardware are leading to rapid cost reductions, giving domestic brands a competitive edge and accelerating the trend of domestic substitution [1] - Currently, vision technology for robots is dominated by American and Japanese manufacturers, but Chinese firms are expected to emerge in this field due to significant cost advantages [1] Group 2: Lithography Machines - Lithography machines, the largest segment of semiconductor equipment, are expected to maintain strong demand, with global spending on 300mm wafer fab equipment projected to reach $123.2 billion, $136.2 billion, and $140.8 billion from 2025 to 2027 [3] - Shanghai Microelectronics is the only domestic company producing high-end front-end lithography machines, having achieved mass production of 90nm lithography machines, with future potential to break through advanced processes and accelerate domestic production [3] - The technology of lithography machines is continuously advancing, particularly in EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) lithography, with increasing demand and application as chip processes shrink [3] Group 3: Sensor Industry - MEMS sensors integrate micro-mechanical systems, circuits, and controllers, offering advantages such as high sensitivity, fast response, small size, and low cost [3] - The overall trend in the sensor industry is towards multi-dimensional, high-precision, high-integration, and high-extendability developments, with a focus on high-dimensional force and tactile sensors [3] - The sensor industry is characterized by a wide variety of products and low individual sensor value, necessitating a focus on integration and fusion to meet market demands [3] - The global humanoid robot market is projected to reach $1.017 billion in 2024 and grow to $15 billion by 2030, with a CAGR exceeding 56% [3] - The global smart sensor market is expected to reach $52.04 billion in 2024, with China's smart sensor market projected to reach 155.12 billion yuan [3] - China's MEMS sensor industry is entering a critical phase of "scale expansion" to "quality upgrade," with the market expected to reach 259.376 billion yuan by 2031 [3]

Investment Rating - The report indicates a positive outlook for the chemical and steel industries, with specific recommendations for companies like Wanhua and Hualu in the chemical sector, and Hualin Steel in the steel sector [3][18][23]. Core Insights - The fiscal policy has shifted to a more aggressive stance, with special government bonds increasing from 1 trillion to 1.3 trillion and local special bonds rising from 3.9 trillion to 4.4 trillion, which is expected to stimulate economic growth [3][4]. - The chemical industry is anticipated to see a recovery in demand due to supportive policies for equipment upgrades and consumer goods replacement, particularly benefiting sectors like automotive and home appliances [3][5]. - The steel industry is transitioning from a growth stabilization focus to supply-side reforms, with a projected reduction in crude steel production of approximately 50 million tons in 2025 [18][20]. Summary by Sections Chemical Industry - Capital expenditures in the chemical sector have begun to decline, with a year-on-year decrease of 18% reported in 2024, indicating a potential end to rapid capacity expansion by the second half of 2025 [7]. - Current valuations for leading chemical companies are low, with the CSI Chemical Index's price-to-book ratio at a 20% low since 2012, suggesting potential for significant performance recovery as market conditions improve [9]. - The refrigerant market is experiencing price increases due to supply constraints, with prices for certain products reaching 45,000 yuan per ton, supported by government policies promoting demand [10]. Steel Industry - The steel sector is expected to undergo significant production cuts, with a focus on reducing crude steel output by about 50 million tons in 2025, which is crucial for improving profitability in a currently low-margin environment [19][20]. - The report highlights that the steel industry is at a low point in terms of profitability and inventory levels, suggesting a high potential for recovery as production cuts are implemented [21]. - Recommended companies in the steel sector include Hualin Steel, Maanshan Steel, and Baosteel, which are positioned to benefit from the anticipated supply-side reforms [18][23]. Logistics and Transportation - The government aims to reduce logistics costs through structural adjustments, promoting rail and water transport over road transport, which is expected to benefit companies in the logistics sector such as China Logistics and China Railway Special Cargo [24]. - The report emphasizes the importance of developing multi-modal transport systems to enhance efficiency and reduce costs, which will positively impact logistics companies [24]. Consumer and Tourism Sectors - The government's initiatives to boost consumer spending, particularly in tourism, are expected to benefit airlines and travel-related companies, with projected growth in passenger volumes for rail and air travel [25][26]. - Companies involved in the tourism and travel sectors, such as China Southern Airlines and Hainan Airport, are likely to see increased demand as consumer confidence improves [26].

Core Viewpoint - The financial data forecast indicates that the increase in RMB loans in February is expected to exceed 1 trillion yuan, with a slight improvement in social financing growth to around 8.2% [1][8]. Group 1: Monetary Policy and Liquidity - In February 2025, the central bank maintained a tight liquidity environment, with a net liquidity injection of 322.7 billion yuan through various monetary policy tools [3]. - The policy interest rates remained unchanged, but a "moderately loose" monetary policy stance is expected to continue, with potential for structural rate cuts depending on economic conditions [2]. - The government bond issuance in February reached a net issuance of 1.7 trillion yuan, significantly higher than the previous year's level, indicating a robust fiscal stance [3][4]. Group 2: Credit and Financing - Credit growth in February is anticipated to be relatively low due to the consumption of credit reserves from January's concentrated lending, with an expected loan increment of over 1 trillion yuan [4]. - Social financing growth is projected to improve slightly to around 8.2%, supported by increased government bond issuance [4]. - The credit environment in 2025 is expected to show a "two ends low, middle high" pattern, with a potential end to the downward trend in social financing growth [6]. Group 3: Market Outlook - The liquidity environment is expected to improve slightly in March, but the overall conditions may remain tight due to increased local government bond issuance [5]. - The investment strategy suggests that fiscal factors will support credit expansion, with a focus on bank stocks that offer stable returns and strong asset quality [8][9]. - The commercial model reassessment logic is seen as a core issue for bank valuation improvement, emphasizing the selection of stocks with stable performance and low valuation volatility [9].

重要提示：本材料不构成任何形式的要约、承诺或其他法律文件，亦非任何投资、法律或财务等方面的专业建议。过往业绩不预示 未来表现。投资须谨慎。 注：表中红字为《政府工作报告》公布的目标，其他为实际值，"-"表示未披露。 01 实际增长目标持平，财政赤字隐含名义增长改善 摘 要 1、中国2025年经济增长目标5%左右，高于年初大部分机构预测，财政赤字隐含名义增长4.9%， 显示官方认为广义物价将得到明显改善。 2、CPI目标从3%下调至2%，是政策目标从过往防通胀到提升物价水平的转变，具有积极意义。 3、财政支出力度与2020年应对新冠疫情冲击时相近，结构更优，可实现性更强。货币政策基调保 持宽松，但对降息偏谨慎，现阶段对汇率稳定和宏观审慎管理更加重视。 3月5日，李强总理在全国人大会议上做《政府工作报告》，提出中国政府对2025年经济社会发展的总体 要求和政策取向，主要指标目标如下表。《政府工作报告》是对中央经济工作会议所作部署的细化和落 地实施计划，此次公布的经济发展目标整体符合市场预期，具体来看有以下几点值得关注： 中国经济发展主要目标一览 | 科目(单位:亿元) | 2025年 | 2024年 | 2023 ...

Core Viewpoint - The Chinese government has set a GDP growth target of around 5% for 2025, which is higher than most domestic and international forecasts, indicating a commitment to stabilize economic growth and boost market expectations [3][6]. Economic Growth Targets - The actual GDP target for 2025 is set at 141.5 trillion yuan, with a nominal GDP growth rate of 4.9%, which is an improvement compared to the previous year's nominal GDP growth of 4.23% [3][6]. - The consumer price index (CPI) target has been lowered from 3% to 2%, signaling a shift in policy focus from preventing inflation to promoting price stability [3][8]. Fiscal Policy - The total fiscal deficit for 2025 is projected at 5.66 trillion yuan, with a broad deficit rate of 8.4%, similar to the levels seen in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic response [3][9]. - The structure of fiscal spending is optimized, focusing on four key areas: investment construction, land reserve, acquisition of existing housing, and settling local government debts to enterprises [3][9]. Revenue and Budget - The target growth rate for general public budget revenue is set at 0.1%, indicating a more cautious approach compared to the previous year's 2.9% [3][10]. - The government expects improved realizability of budget revenues this year, particularly due to anticipated recovery in real estate sales [3][10]. Monetary Policy - The monetary policy remains moderately accommodative, with an emphasis on reducing social financing costs, although there is caution regarding broad interest rate cuts [3][12]. - The central bank has maintained a tight monetary market condition, focusing on the stability of the RMB exchange rate and the risks associated with low long-term interest rates [3][12].

Core Viewpoint - The RMB exchange rate is expected to show a trend of gradual stabilization amidst fluctuations by 2025, influenced by both external and internal factors [1] External Factors - Increased uncertainty in the global economic environment, particularly due to the U.S. government's intensified measures against China, is likely to lead to greater volatility in the RMB exchange rate [1] - Recent market concerns regarding Trump's tariff threats have diminished, contributing to a weaker U.S. dollar index and declining U.S. Treasury yields, which may help stabilize the RMB [1] Internal Factors - Domestic issues such as insufficient demand and economic structural adjustments are also impacting the stability of the RMB exchange rate [1] - Continuous policy efforts are expected to improve the economic fundamentals in China, providing strong support for the RMB exchange rate [1] - Specific measures include the implementation of moderately loose monetary policy, potential reductions in reserve requirements and interest rates, and a fiscal deficit target of around 4% to boost consumption and investment efficiency [1] Central Bank Actions - In extraordinary circumstances, the central bank may take various measures, such as moderate intervention in the foreign exchange market and adjustments to foreign exchange reserves, to ensure the exchange rate remains stable at a reasonable equilibrium level [1]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the current economic conditions and forecasts, emphasizing the importance of understanding various economic indicators and their implications for investment strategies [3][4]. Domestic Fundamentals - The report highlights the pressure on enterprises that may be transmitted to the asset side, indicating a potential decline in industrial profits [3]. - It notes the dual mission of consumption, suggesting that consumer spending is crucial for economic recovery [3]. - The article analyzes the unexpected rise in the PMI data, attributing it to underlying economic resilience [3]. Financial Analysis - The report discusses the monetary policy execution report for Q3 2024, indicating a shift towards a "low-price" strategy [3]. - It provides insights into how financial indicators should be tracked following the implementation of this low-price strategy [3]. - The analysis of household debt reveals the ongoing deleveraging process and its implications for the economy [3]. Overseas Insights - The article examines the rise in U.S. Treasury yields, questioning whether it is driven by inflation narratives or deficit concerns [4]. - It evaluates the impact of Trump's new policies on the Federal Reserve's interest rate decisions [4]. - The report addresses the discrepancies in the U.S. non-farm payroll data and the stable unemployment rate, suggesting a complex labor market situation [4]. Policy Tracking - The report discusses fiscal support for the real estate sector, indicating hidden incremental policies that may affect market dynamics [4]. - It highlights the expansion of supervisory laws and their potential implications for various sectors [4]. - The article reviews the ongoing reforms and opening-up policies, suggesting a commitment to economic liberalization [4]. Annual and Semi-Annual Reports - The mid-year strategy report for 2024 emphasizes pricing strategies as a key determinant for market performance [3]. - The annual outlook for 2024 discusses the potential for growth and the need for strategic adjustments in investment approaches [3]. - The mid-year strategy report for 2023 focuses on identifying unseen growth opportunities in the current economic landscape [3].

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the article emphasizes the implementation of a more proactive fiscal policy by the government, with a GDP growth target of around 5% and a budget deficit rate planned at approximately 4% [1][5] - The government plans to issue special bonds totaling 1.3 trillion yuan and arrange local government special bonds of 4.4 trillion yuan to support economic growth [1][5] - The article highlights the U.S. President's announcement of tariffs and the potential impact on the markets, including rising U.S. stock prices and falling oil and bond prices [1][4] Group 2 - In the oil market, a decline of 1.8% was noted, with OPEC+ planning to increase oil production for the first time since 2022, which may affect oil demand outlook due to U.S. tariffs [2][9] - Copper prices showed a slight increase, supported by stable domestic demand driven by power investment and household appliance production, although real estate data remains weak [2][18] - The shipping index for the European route experienced a drop of 4.73%, with limited support for shipping rates due to seasonal demand and excess supply [3][37] Group 3 - The article discusses the U.S. President's focus on tax cuts and budget balancing, along with the intention to repeal the Chip Act, which may influence market sentiment [4][5] - The Chinese government aims to create over 12 million new urban jobs and maintain a consumer price index (CPI) increase of around 2% [5] - The article notes that the overall market sentiment is cautious due to the potential impact of U.S. tariffs on various sectors, including commodities and equities [7][17]