Core Viewpoint - Despite the easing of tariffs between China and the U.S., the average tariff rate on Chinese goods remains high at around 42%, with significant portions of goods facing rates as high as 57% [2][3] Tariff Analysis - The average tariff rate on U.S. imports from China is approximately 42%, with 40% of goods facing a rate of about 39.5% and 32% facing around 57% [2] - The breakdown of tariffs includes: - Base tariff + Fentanyl tariff + Equalization tariff: 36,011,281 (7.78%) - Base tariff + Fentanyl tariff + Equalization tariff + 301 List (1-3): 146,373,663 (31.64%) - Base tariff + Fentanyl tariff + Equalization tariff + 301 List (4): 187,165,284 (40.46%) - Other categories account for 123,359,456 (26.66%) [3] Trade Dynamics - Following the tariff easing in May, there has been a recovery in direct trade between China and the U.S., with indices for the CCFI West and East routes increasing by 21% and 23% respectively [4] - However, the number of container ships from China to the U.S. showed weak performance in late May, indicating a time lag in the recovery process [4] Import Trends - The U.S. has been "rushing imports" since November last year, with approximately $220 billion worth of goods imported from November 2024 to March 2025, equivalent to one month’s import volume prior to this period [7] - As inventory levels rise and shipping costs increase, U.S. import demand has started to decline, with the growth rate of goods imports dropping from 31.1% in March to 2.2% in April [7] Export Orders - The PMI export order index for China in May and the number of container ships heading to the U.S. in early June suggest that the momentum for "rushing exports 2.0" may be starting to wane [7]

Trade Data Overview - In May, China's exports amounted to a year-on-year increase of 4.8%, below the expected 6.2% and previous value of 8.1%[3] - Imports decreased by 3.4% year-on-year, significantly lower than the expected increase of 0.3%[8] Trade Slowdown Signals - The slowdown in trade is indicated by three main factors: 1. Preceding demand from the U.S. led to a front-loading of imports, which has since declined significantly since May[4] 2. The weakening of demand from the U.S. has reduced the support from ASEAN and Latin America for Chinese exports, with a marginal decline of 2.4 percentage points in export growth to these regions[6] 3. The negative year-on-year change in imports reflects the need for domestic demand recovery, which remains insufficient[5] U.S.-China Trade Dynamics - China's exports to the U.S. saw a further decline of 34.5% year-on-year, contrasting sharply with rising container shipping rates, indicating a lag in the impact of tariff adjustments[5] - The tariff "de-escalation" effects on U.S.-China trade have not yet fully manifested in May's data, suggesting potential improvements in June[5] Sector-Specific Insights - The export growth of mechanical and high-tech products has been consistently slowing, with integrated circuits benefiting from tariff exemptions[6] - The overall structure of exports is becoming increasingly differentiated, with significant variations in performance across different product categories[18] Domestic Demand and Import Trends - Domestic demand remains weak, as reflected in the CPI data, which shows a further drag from consumer goods compared to April[21] - The decline in imports is indicative of the ongoing challenges in domestic consumption recovery, with May's import figures falling short of expectations[8]

Export Data Analysis - In May, China's export amount decreased by 4.8% year-on-year, below the expected 6.2% and previous value of 8.1%[4] - Exports to the United States saw a significant decline, with a year-on-year drop of 34.5%[5] - The combined export growth to ASEAN and Latin America was only 2.9%, a decrease of 2.4 percentage points from the previous month[5] Import Data Insights - Imports fell by 3.4% year-on-year, significantly lower than the market expectation of a 0.3% increase[7] - The decline in imports reflects ongoing challenges in domestic demand recovery, as indicated by the worsening impact on consumer prices[6] Market Dynamics - The slowdown in U.S. import demand has negatively affected China's export momentum, particularly to ASEAN and Latin America[5] - The global manufacturing new orders index dropped to 49.1%, indicating a contraction in manufacturing activity[5] Structural Changes in Exports - There is a noticeable structural differentiation in export categories, with mechanical and high-tech products experiencing a continuous slowdown in growth rates[6] - Specific categories like integrated circuits have temporarily benefited from tariff exemptions, showing resilience amidst broader declines[6]

Group 1 - The article discusses the recent judicial challenge to Trump's tariffs, where the U.S. International Trade Court ruled that the tariffs imposed under the IEEPA were illegal, infringing on Congress's trade legislative authority [31] - Following the ruling, Trump appealed to the Federal Circuit Court, which issued a stay on the lower court's decision, allowing the tariffs to remain in effect during the appeal process [31] - The article highlights the performance of major asset classes, noting that U.S. stock indices, including the Nasdaq and S&P 500, saw increases of 2.0% and 1.9% respectively, while the Nikkei 225 rose by 2.2% [2][3] Group 2 - The article reports that the U.S. 10-year Treasury yield fell by 10 basis points to 4.41%, indicating a decline in bond yields across developed markets [13] - The dollar index increased by 0.3% to 99.44, while the offshore yuan strengthened to 7.2065 against the dollar [17][24] - Commodity prices generally declined, with WTI crude oil down 1.2% to $60.8 per barrel and COMEX gold down 1.8% to $3289.4 per ounce [26][29] Group 3 - The article notes that the April PCE inflation in the U.S. was in line with market expectations, with a year-on-year increase of 2.1% and a month-on-month increase of 0.1% [37] - The meeting between Powell and Trump did not include discussions on interest rate cuts, emphasizing that the Fed's decisions are independent of presidential influence [33][55] - The article mentions that initial jobless claims in the U.S. were slightly below expectations, while continuing claims were higher than anticipated, indicating potential upward pressure on the unemployment rate [43]

核心观点 核心观点：特朗普对欧洲额外加征50%关税延期一度提振市场情绪，本周美债利率大幅回落，10年期美债利率降至4.402%，美股上涨，黄金收跌2.03%。 本周公布4月美国商品贸易数据显示进口环比大幅走弱，特朗普关税政策带来的"抢进口"或开始放缓；同时FOMC纪要显示美联储对降息依旧保持谨慎态 度。政治方面，虽然特朗普援引IEEPA征收对等关税的行为遭美国国际贸易法院（CIT）驳回，但未来特朗普仍可通过122条款和338条款等贸易法案内容 对其他贸易伙伴大范围加征关税，因此本次CIT的裁决并不意味着未来全球贸易局势的缓和，短期内特朗普的关税政策走向依旧面临较大的不确定性。 大类资产：特朗普对等关税征收依据遭贸易法院驳回，美股美债利率上涨，黄金大跌。本周一美股美债因阵亡将士纪念日休市，全周市场受贸易局势改善 整体上行。首先是上周日（5月25日）特朗普宣布同意欧盟请求并将对欧盟额外征收的50%关税延期至7月9日；随后美国国际贸易法院裁定特朗普引用 《国际紧急经济权利法》（IEEPA）征收对等关税的行为超出法律授权范围并要求其撤回相关指示，不过特朗普随后立刻上诉巡回法院，对等关税暂时得 以继续征收。整体来看，全 ...

文 | 赵伟、陈达飞、王茂宇 联系人 | 王茂宇 摘要 截止到5月中旬，美国进口商品的平均关税税率已经降至16%左右，但仍处历史高位。目前已进入数据验 证期，如何观察美国的"抢进口"动能和"滞胀"压力？本文提出了一个监测框架。 热点思考： 美国经济：关税冲击的监测框架 一、关税冲击进入数据"验证期"，如何监测其经济影响？三大维度：贸易、价格、风险偏好 关税冲突虽有缓和，但美国税率仍处历史高位。 5月12日以来，美国对华进口平均关税税率降至42%，总 体平均税率降至16%，但仍处于历史高位。耶鲁大学预算实验室的测算认为，该关税或使美国GDP下降 0.65个点，通胀上升1.7个点。所以，"滞胀"是基准假设。 关税对美国经济的传导，可从贸易（数量）、价格、风险偏好三个维度进行监测。 1）贸易方面，关税 冲击体现为美国进口先增后减（抢进口）、出口受抑，并影响国内需求；2）价格方面，关税将由进口价 格传导至生产和消费价格，抑制实际消费需求；3）风险偏好方面，关税推升政策不确定性，影响金融压 力、美元指数，进而降低居民消费意愿、企业投资意愿。 二、短期内，应该关注哪些核心经济指标？进口、库存和通胀压力 一季度，美国开始抢 ...

Group 1: Tariff Impact on the US Economy - As of mid-May, the average tariff rate on US imports has decreased to approximately 16%, yet remains at a historical high[15] - The average tariff on imports from China is now 42%, with the overall average tariff rate dropping from 27% to 16% following recent agreements[19] - The Yale Budget Lab estimates that these tariffs could reduce US GDP by 0.65 percentage points and increase inflation by 1.7 percentage points[23] Group 2: Monitoring Economic Indicators - The economic impact of tariffs can be monitored through three dimensions: trade, prices, and risk appetite[31] - In the short term, key economic indicators to watch include imports, inventory levels, and inflation pressures[2] - The first quarter saw a significant "import rush" in the US, with inventory levels rising, but the inventory-to-sales ratio remained stable[2] Group 3: Inflation and Consumer Behavior - The inflation effects of tariffs are becoming apparent, although the response of import prices has been insufficient so far[3] - Tariffs are expected to transmit increased costs from import prices to production and consumer prices, suppressing actual consumption demand[32] - There are signs that consumer purchasing power is weakening, with previous "panic buying" trends showing signs of exhaustion[3] Group 4: Economic Outlook - The US economy may follow a dynamic path from "stagflation" to "slowdown" or "recession," depending on how tariff conflicts evolve[3] - High-frequency indicators suggest that investment, consumption, and employment in the US may weaken in the near term[3] - The potential for a "recession panic" cannot be ruled out if inflationary pressures continue to rise while economic growth slows[3]

Group 1 - The article discusses the monitoring framework for assessing the economic impact of tariff shocks in the U.S., focusing on trade, prices, and risk preferences [3][27] - As of mid-May, the average tariff rate on U.S. imports has decreased to around 16%, but it remains at a historical high, with potential GDP decline of 0.65% and inflation increase of 1.7% due to tariffs [4][13][10] - The article emphasizes that the current economic condition is characterized by "stagflation," which is the baseline assumption for the short term [18][19] Group 2 - In the short term, key economic indicators to monitor include imports, inventory levels, and inflation pressures, with a notable increase in imports and stable inventory turnover ratios [4][39] - The article highlights that the inflation effects of tariffs may be delayed but are expected to manifest, impacting consumer demand [4][58] - The U.S. economy is likely to follow a dynamic path from "stagflation" to "slowdown" or "recession," depending on how tariff conflicts evolve [5][105] Group 3 - The article notes that the U.S. has experienced a significant "import rush" in the first quarter, with a stable inventory-to-sales ratio, indicating robust domestic demand despite tariff impacts [4][39] - Tariffs have led to a shift in U.S. import patterns, with increased imports from countries with lower tariff rates, such as Canada and Mexico, while imports from China have decreased significantly [36][30] - The article suggests that certain U.S. export sectors, particularly oil, coal, and basic metals, may face significant challenges due to retaliatory tariffs [47][5] Group 4 - The inflation effects of tariffs are becoming evident, with U.S. retail prices starting to reflect the impact of tariffs on imported goods [58][61] - The article indicates that the inflationary pressures may suppress consumer spending, as observed in the correlation between inflation and consumer behavior [69][61] - The financial market's volatility and increased financial pressure could further suppress investment and consumer sentiment in the U.S. economy [75][88]

Core Viewpoint - The article emphasizes that in April, economic indicators will reflect changes influenced by external demand, with a potential state of "stable volume and weak price" expected in the economy [2][4]. Group 1: Export and Import Trends - Export resilience is indicated by a 7.3% year-on-year increase in container throughput at monitored Chinese ports as of April 27, compared to 8.9% in March [4] - Container shipping capacity from China to the U.S. shows a year-on-year increase of approximately 5% in April, down from 19.1% in March, suggesting some downward pressure on direct exports to the U.S. [4] - U.S. imports are expected to rise, with a 5.3% year-on-year increase in overall import value as of April 24, compared to 0.1% at the end of March [4][11] - Vietnam's imports in early April increased by 16.1% year-on-year, reflecting a "import grabbing" effect [4][11] Group 2: Consumer Spending and Investment - Retail sales growth is projected at around 5.3% in April, supported by the "trade-in for new" policy, with specific growth rates of 5.0% for dining and automotive sectors [5][13] - Fixed asset investment growth is expected to be 4.0% for January to April, with real estate investment declining by 10.5% and manufacturing investment increasing by 9.0% [5][14] Group 3: Financial Indicators - New social financing in April is expected to be around 660 billion, an increase of 1 trillion compared to the same period last year, with a social financing stock growth rate of approximately 8.6% [6][17] - M2 money supply is projected to grow by 7.2% year-on-year, while new M1 is expected to grow by 2.1% [6][17] Group 4: Price Trends - The Producer Price Index (PPI) is anticipated to be around -3% year-on-year in April, influenced by declining prices of major commodities such as copper and crude oil [7][19] - Consumer Price Index (CPI) is expected to be around -0.2% year-on-year, with food prices projected to rise by 0.1% month-on-month [8][18]

"抢进口"：短期为美国经济提供缓冲 [Table_Authors] 王宇晴(分析师) ——海外经济政策跟踪 本报告导读： 一季度在"抢进口"影响下，美国 GDP 环比增速转负。抢进口行为或能一定程度延 缓关税对美国经济的冲击，短期内或不会立刻看到美国通胀与就业数据恶化。在就 业市场仍稳，通胀反弹风险尚不明晰的情况下，美联储短期内或难以降息。 周 报 证 券 研 究 报 告 请务必阅读正文之后的免责条款部分 宏 观 登记编号 S0880525040119 宏观研究 /[Table_Date] 2025.05.05 2025-05-06 宏 观 研 究 投资要点： 021-38676666 梁中华(分析师) 021-38676666 登记编号 S0880525040019 [Table_Summary] 全球大类资产表现。上周（2025.4.28-2025.5.2），全球大类资产价格 中，主要经济体股市多数上涨。日经 225 上涨 3.2%，标普 500 上涨 2.9%，恒生指数上涨 2.4%，发达市场股票指数上涨 2.9%，新兴市 场股票指数上涨 1.9%。大宗商品价格涨跌分化，其中，IPE 布油期 货上涨 1 ...