宏观点评报告 物价继续回升 2025 年 12 月通胀数据点评 核心结论 CPI 同比增速回升。12 月 CPI 同比增长 0.8%，创 2023 年 3 月以来新高； 环比上涨 0.2%，好于去年同期。 PPI 环比增速扩大，同比跌幅收窄。12 月份，PPI 环比增长 0.2%，涨幅较 上月扩大；同比下降 1.9%，跌幅较上月收窄。12 月有色金属和燃料动力价 格涨幅扩大，黑色金属跌幅略有扩大。过去几个月，PPI 继续延续回升态势。 4 季度通胀继续回升，名义 GDP 增速有望加快。4 季度 CPI 同比增长 0.6%， 较 3 季度同比下跌 0.2%明显回升；PPI 同比下降 2.1%，较 3 季度同比跌幅 2.9% 明显收窄。CPI 和 PPI 增速回升预示 4 季度 GDP 平减指数跌幅收窄，有利于 名义 GDP 增速回升。我们预计 2026 年通胀和名义 GDP 增速回升趋势有望延 续。 风险提示：房地产需求下滑，外部不确定性加大。 证券研究报告 2026 年 01 月 09 日 | 分析师 | | | --- | --- | | 边泉水 S0800522070002 | | | 139118261 ...

Core Viewpoint - The key issue in resolving the contradiction between strong supply and weak demand during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period lies in distribution, necessitating significant breakthroughs in optimizing the distribution structure [2] Group 1: Distribution and Economic Growth - The supply structure is a function of the demand structure, which in turn is a function of the income structure; a low proportion of resident income in national income leads to low consumption rates [2] - Optimizing the distribution structure is crucial for comprehensive development and common prosperity, as well as for increasing the resident consumption rate and maintaining economic growth within a reasonable range [2] - The "14th Five-Year Plan" suggests implementing a plan to increase income for urban and rural residents, effectively raising the income of low-income groups and steadily expanding the middle-income group [3] Group 2: Policy Recommendations - Policies should gradually shift from stimulating consumption to adjusting income distribution, including raising minimum wage standards and increasing ordinary employees' wages [3] - The focus of redistribution should be on enhancing the income of low-income groups through increased taxation, social security, and transfer payments, aiming for a faster growth rate of per capita disposable income than economic growth [3] Group 3: Economic Growth Targets - Economic growth should maintain an average annual growth rate of 4.17% from 2025 to 2035, with a target of achieving per capita GDP at the level of moderately developed countries by 2035 [3] - The expected growth rate for the "14th Five-Year Plan" period is around 4.5%, while the "15th Five-Year Plan" period is projected at 4%, leading to an average of approximately 4.2% over the decade [4] Group 4: Challenges and Considerations - The nominal growth rate must remain above 4.5%, as nominal growth has been lower than actual growth since 2023, with a negative GDP deflator index [4] - The growth of urban resident income, corporate profits, and fiscal revenue has been lower than economic growth, exacerbating the issue of insufficient domestic demand [4] - The macroeconomic regulation during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period must prioritize promoting price recovery as a key objective [4]

Group 1 - The core viewpoint emphasizes that resolving the supply-demand imbalance during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period hinges on optimizing the distribution structure, which is crucial for enhancing residents' disposable income and sustaining economic growth within a reasonable range [2][4] - The "14th Five-Year Plan" suggests implementing a rural and urban resident income increase plan aimed at effectively raising the income of low-income groups and steadily expanding the middle-income group, while also addressing excessive incomes and illegal earnings to promote an olive-shaped distribution pattern [2][4] - The article highlights that policies should not only focus on expanding demand and optimizing supply but also on improving distribution, creating a cohesive system of supply, demand, and distribution policies to foster a consumption-driven economic development model [2][3] Group 2 - It is proposed that consumption-stimulating policies should gradually shift towards income distribution adjustment policies, including raising minimum wage standards and enhancing ordinary employees' wages, while increasing the intensity of tax, social security, and transfer payments to boost low-income groups' income [3][4] - Economic growth is expected to maintain an average annual growth rate of 4.17% from 2025 to 2035, with a target of 4.5% during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period and 4% during the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, leading to an average of approximately 4.2% over the decade [5][6] - The article stresses the importance of nominal growth remaining above 4.5%, as since 2023, nominal growth in China has been lower than actual growth, which has exacerbated the imbalance between supply and demand and contributed to insufficient domestic demand [5][6]

12月10日至11日，中央经济工作会议在北京举行。广发证券首席经济学家郭磊在接受采访时指出：2026 年政策的"跨周期"特征将更明显，降息降准仍是政策工具选项。 会议指出，要继续实施适度宽松的货币政策。把促进经济稳定增长、物价合理回升作为货币政策的重要 考量，灵活高效运用降准降息等多种政策工具，保持流动性充裕，畅通货币政策传导机制，引导金融机 构加力支持扩大内需、科技创新、中小微企业等重点领域。保持人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上的基本稳 定。 郭磊表示"把促进经济稳定增长、物价合理回升作为货币政策的重要考量"，这表明政策依然重视物价和 名义GDP，2026年GDP平减指数的回升斜率是一个重要观测线索。从具体手段来说，"灵活高效运用降 准降息等多种政策工具"略超预期，意味着降息降准仍是政策工具选项；"引导金融机构加力支持扩大内 需、科技创新、中小微企业等重点领域"把扩内需处于金融政策第一顺位，呼应形势分析"国内供强需弱 矛盾突出"的定调。 （文章来源：中国基金报） 会议提出，通过实践，我们对做好新形势下经济工作又有了新的认识和体会：必须充分挖掘经济潜能， 必须坚持政策支持和改革创新并举，必须做到既"放得活"又"管得 ...

12月10日至11日，中央经济工作会议在北京举行。广发证券首席经济学家郭磊在接受采访时指出：2026 年政策的"跨周期"特征将更明显，降息降准仍是政策工具选项。 郭磊指出，2026年政策的"跨周期"特征将更明显。2024年底中央经济工作会议曾提出五个"必须"，其 中"必须统筹好总供给和总需求的关系""必须统筹好提升质量和做大总量的关系"等对2025年的宏观政策 框架影响深远。此次中央经济工作会议提出五个新"必须"，"必须充分挖掘经济潜能"对应要弥补有效需 求不足，释放内需空间；"必须坚持政策支持和改革创新并举"对应短期政策和中长期结构性改革相结 合，激发要素活力；"必须做到既'放得活'又'管得好'"对应要激发市场活力，又要完善监管框架；"必须 坚持投资于物和投资于人紧密结合"对应在硬投资之外，更要加大人口、教育、医疗、社保、技能等人 力资本领域投入，深化增长函数；"必须以苦练内功来应对外部挑战"对应聚焦内需扩张、科技自立自 强、产业链安全、绿色转型等核心能力建设，增强经济内生韧性来应对外部不确定性。 会议指出，要继续实施适度宽松的货币政策。把促进经济稳定增长、物价合理回升作为货币政策的重要 考量，灵活高效运用 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the improvement in inflation data for November, highlighting the trends in CPI and PPI, and outlines key macroeconomic price clues for the upcoming year [2][4][9]. Group 1: November Inflation Data - CPI year-on-year increased from 0.2% to 0.7%, meeting expectations, while core CPI remained stable at 1.2%, maintaining a high level since 2022 [2][9]. - PPI year-on-year decreased from -2.1% to -2.2%, with expectations of -2%, indicating a continued decline influenced by high base effects [2][9]. - The GDP deflator for November is estimated at around -0.4%, slightly better than the previous month's estimate of -0.5% [2][9]. Group 2: Key Factors Influencing CPI - The significant rise in CPI is primarily driven by food prices, which increased by 0.5% month-on-month, contrasting with a decline of -2.7% in the same month last year [2][9]. - Seasonal factors have positively impacted fresh vegetable prices, which rose by 7.2% due to adverse weather conditions affecting production and transportation [2][9]. - Core CPI's stability is attributed to the continuous rise in medical service prices, which have increased for eight consecutive months, and the impact of rising gold prices [2][9]. Group 3: PPI Trends - PPI increased by 0.1% month-on-month for two consecutive months, driven by seasonal demand in coal and gas industries [3][30]. - The input factors have led to a decline in domestic oil-related industry prices while prices in the non-ferrous sector have risen [3][30]. - The equipment manufacturing sector shows signs of marginal improvement, with computer and communication electronics prices rising by 0.1% [3][30]. Group 4: Macroeconomic Price Clues for Next Year - CPI is expected to show a confirmed upward trend next year, with projections indicating a year-on-year increase of approximately 0.7% [4][10]. - PPI is also anticipated to recover, although the timing for a positive shift remains uncertain, with a projected year-on-year average of -1.4% [4][10]. - The improvement in the supply-demand relationship in the midstream equipment manufacturing sector is crucial for stabilizing PPI [4][15]. Group 5: Potential Risks and Opportunities - The potential upward risk for CPI includes improvements in service sector price increases, particularly if consumer subsidy policies expand to service consumption [5][12]. - The midstream equipment manufacturing sector's supply-demand dynamics are critical, as historical patterns suggest a lag of 6-7 quarters before PPI prices stabilize after supply growth falls below demand growth [4][15].

Group 1 - The October Consumer Price Index (CPI) increased by 0.2% year-on-year, reversing a 0.3% decline in September and exceeding market expectations of a 0.1% decrease [1][3] - The rise in CPI is attributed to the consumption boost during the Golden Week holiday, with significant increases in service consumption and prices, particularly in travel, dining, and transportation [3][5] - Core CPI, excluding food and energy, maintained a steady growth of 1.2%, indicating a stable domestic consumption base supported by essential services like healthcare and education [5][7] Group 2 - The Producer Price Index (PPI) and GDP deflator indicate deeper economic issues, with the PPI showing a 2.9% year-on-year decline, marking 37 consecutive months in negative territory [5][7] - The GDP deflator has been declining for over two years, suggesting that nominal GDP growth is lagging behind actual GDP growth, raising concerns about economic quality and sustainability [7][9] - Policy measures are being implemented to curb price wars in sectors like electric vehicles and food delivery, aiming to stabilize growth while preventing deflation [9][10] Group 3 - The central bank aims to promote a reasonable recovery in prices, with potential measures including lowering reserve requirements and interest rates to boost liquidity and demand [10][12] - Consumers are advised to adopt rational consumption behaviors, focusing on essential purchases and avoiding excessive stockpiling, while investors are encouraged to steer clear of weak cyclical industries and focus on healthcare, education, and emerging sectors [12]

Economic Overview - In Q3, the actual GDP growth rate slowed to 4.8%, with a cumulative growth rate of 5.2%[3] - Nominal GDP growth rate was 3.7%, with a cumulative growth rate of 4.1%, indicating a "volume increase and price drop" pattern[3] - The GDP deflator narrowed to -1.1%, reflecting a decrease in price levels[3] Production Insights - In September, industrial added value grew by 6.5% year-on-year, exceeding market expectations and increasing by 1.3 percentage points from the previous month[4] - The service production index maintained stability with a year-on-year growth rate of 5.6%[4] - Mining and manufacturing sectors saw growth rates of 6.4% and 7.3%, respectively, while the electric heat and water industry dropped to 0.6%[4] Investment Trends - Fixed asset investment showed a negative growth of -7.1% in September, with a cumulative growth rate of -0.5%[5] - Infrastructure investment slowed significantly, with broad and narrow infrastructure cumulative growth rates at 3.3% and 1.1%, respectively[5] - Real estate investment fell sharply by -21.3% in September, with cumulative growth at -13.9%[20] Consumption Patterns - Retail sales growth slowed to 3.0% year-on-year in September, down 0.4 percentage points from the previous month[31] - Restaurant consumption growth was only 0.9%, a decline of 1.2 percentage points from the previous month[31] - Consumer electronics, particularly home appliances, saw a significant drop in growth to 3.3%, down 11.0 percentage points[31] Future Outlook - The implementation of 500 billion yuan in policy financial tools is expected to effectively stimulate infrastructure investment and alleviate current downward pressure on investment[7] - Close attention is needed on the progress of policy implementation and its transmission effects on the real economy[7]

Core Insights - The overall price trend shows marginal improvement in September, with CPI year-on-year rising from -0.4% to -0.3%, while core CPI increased to 1% [2][12] - The GDP deflator index for Q3 is expected to improve from -1.2% to -0.9%, supporting nominal growth stabilization [2][9] - Core CPI's rise is primarily driven by core goods, which saw a significant year-on-year increase of 1.8% in September, the highest since 2021 [4][13] CPI Analysis - The CPI year-on-year decline of 0.3% is influenced by food prices, which worsened from -4.3% to -4.4%, while energy prices improved from -3.1% to -2.7% [19][22] - Core CPI rose to 1.0%, marking five consecutive months of increase, with core goods contributing significantly to this rise [19][20] - Key contributors to core CPI include household appliances (up 5.5%), gold jewelry (up 42.1%), and communication tools (up 1.5%) [19][20] PPI Analysis - PPI remained flat month-on-month after eight months of decline, with a year-on-year decrease narrowing from -2.9% to -2.3% [28][31] - The stabilization in PPI is attributed to improved supply-demand dynamics in certain sectors, particularly coal, steel, and photovoltaic industries [28][32] - Input factors have led to price declines in oil-related sectors, while midstream manufacturing sectors like computer communication and automotive manufacturing continue to show weakness [31][32] Implications and Insights - The consumer goods replacement policy has positively impacted retail consumption and price recovery, although recent funding for this policy is depleting [5][16] - Broader consumer price trends indicate that the CPI may not fully reflect the underlying strength in various sectors, suggesting ongoing economic recovery [5][16] - The recovery of rental prices is crucial for the mid-term upward adjustment of core CPI, given its significant weight in the index [6][16]

Group 1: Inflation Data Overview - In September, the CPI year-on-year improved from -0.4% to -0.3%, while the core CPI rose to 1%[2] - The PPI remained flat month-on-month, with a year-on-year decline narrowing from -2.9% to -2.3%[2] - The GDP deflator index is expected to improve from -1.2% to -0.9% in Q3, aiding nominal growth stabilization[2] Group 2: Core CPI Analysis - The core CPI has been rising monthly, reaching 1% in September, the first time since March of the previous year[3] - Core goods prices increased significantly, with a year-on-year rise of 1.8% in September, the highest since 2021[4] - The contribution to the core CPI increase from core goods, rent, and core services is estimated at 0.61, 0.05, and 0.11 percentage points respectively[4] Group 3: Price Trends and Influences - Household appliance prices surged from -3.4% to 5.5%, marking a record high since 2002, driven by consumption policies[4] - Gold jewelry prices increased by 42.1%, contributing approximately 0.2 percentage points to the core CPI[4] - The prices of medical services rose by 1.9%, reflecting ongoing reforms in the healthcare sector[21] Group 4: Risks and Future Outlook - The effectiveness of consumption policies is expected to continue influencing price trends, with potential fluctuations as funding phases out[5] - The recovery of rent prices is crucial for the mid-term upward adjustment of the core CPI[5] - Uncertainties regarding the implementation of unified market policies pose risks to the inflation outlook[5]