陆铭(上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院特聘教授) 当前，在外需受到国际政经环境影响的背景下，提振消费、扩大内需对于稳增长的作用进一步凸显。进 一步提振消费，需要两方面并重，一是让消费者"有钱花"，一是要解决"有钱没处花"。促进服务业发展 一方面有利于扩大就业，提升劳动收入占比，让人"有钱花"；另一方面，也通过提供多元的消费场景满 足人们潜在的消费需求，让人"有地方花钱"。消费为何是拉动经济增长的新动力 有学者认为，经济学理论尚不支持"消费拉动经济"这一认知。这种观点与中国实际有偏差，因为教科书 式的宏观理论不讨论经济运行中存在的摩擦，相关观点没有认识到中国经济在结构性方面的问题。 当前强调消费拉动经济增长，主要是有两个原因。原因之一在于，中国经济长期以来依赖于投资拉动和 出口导向，国内消费占比偏低，这样的增长方式对提升劳动收入占比以及居民福利贡献偏低。在外需受 到国际政经环境的影响情况下，启动国内消费需求作为新的增长动力，能够使得经济结构也更加优化， 经济增长和居民福利提升更加趋于一致。 从实际感受来说，当前中国也存在着大量潜在的居民消费需求，尤其是服务消费需求，例如教育、医 疗、养老、幼托、文化娱乐、旅游、体 ...

"消费品以旧换新政策的提振效应，激发了消费潜力。"国家统计局武汉调查队相关负责 人表示，3月至5月份，武汉CPI同比涨幅连续3个月稳步扩大，除了清明、"五一"、端午等假 日因素对消费的拉动外，促消费相关政策和各项提振消费专项行动持续显效起到了重要作 用。 5月份，八大类商品及服务价格环比、同比涨跌幅 数据显示，从同比看，5月份八大类商品及服务价格"七涨一降"。其中，其他用品及服 务价格上涨6.9%，衣着价格上涨3.5%，教育文化娱乐价格上涨2.4%，居住、医疗保健价格 均上涨0.6%，食品烟酒价格上涨0.5%，生活用品及服务价格上涨0.3%；交通通信价格下降 3.7%。 2024年5月—2025年5月武汉市CPI涨跌幅分月走势 | 大类 | 环比 | 同比 | | --- | --- | --- | | 食品烟酒 | +0.6% | +0.5% | | 衣着 | +0.8% | +3.5% | | 居住 | 持平 | +0.6% | | 生活用品及服务 | -0.8% | +0.3% | | 交通通信 | -1.2% | -3.7% | | 教育文化娱乐 | -0.1% | +2.4% | | 医疗健康 | ...

Group 1: Current State of Service Consumption in China - In 2023, service consumption accounted for 45.2% of total consumption in China, significantly lower than the US (67.5%), Japan (56.2%), and Germany (50.5%) [6] - China's per capita service consumption was approximately $2,317 in 2023, only 6% of the US level and about 20% of other major economies [8] - The total service consumption in China was about $3.3 trillion in 2023, which is only 26% of the US service consumption [7] Group 2: Factors Affecting Service Consumption Growth - Cultural factors lead to a lower average consumption tendency in China, with residents preferring savings over immediate consumption [25] - The quality of service supply in China is still developing, affecting consumer confidence and willingness to spend [28] - Urban-rural disparities result in lower overall service consumption, with urban residents spending 7-8 percentage points more on service consumption than rural residents [29] Group 3: Future Growth Potential and Recommendations - The Chinese government aims to promote service consumption growth in areas like catering, home services, and cultural entertainment, with a focus on sustainable development [33] - The health industry in China is projected to exceed $9 trillion by 2024, indicating significant growth potential in health-related services [48] - Financial services need to expand their coverage to support service consumption, with a focus on innovative and personalized financial products [56]

Group 1: Current State of Service Consumption in China - In 2023, service consumption accounted for 45.2% of total consumption in China, significantly lower than the US (67.5%), Japan (56.2%), and Germany (50.5%) [6] - China's per capita service consumption was approximately $2,317 in 2023, only 6% of the US level and about 20% of other major economies [8] - The total service consumption in China was about $3.3 trillion in 2023, which is only 26% of the US service consumption [7] Group 2: Factors Affecting Service Consumption Growth - Cultural factors lead to lower consumption willingness in China, with a higher emphasis on saving compared to developed economies [25] - The quality of service supply in China is still developing, affecting consumer confidence and willingness to spend [28] - Urban-rural disparities result in lower overall service consumption, with urban residents spending 7-8 percentage points more on service consumption than rural residents [29] Group 3: Future Growth Potential and Recommendations - The Chinese government aims to promote service consumption growth in areas like catering, home services, and cultural entertainment, with a focus on sustainable development [33] - The health industry in China is projected to exceed $9 trillion by 2024, indicating significant growth potential in health-related services [48] - The sports industry is expected to grow rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of over 13% from 2025 to 2030 [47]

从宏观层面来看，房地产繁荣可能带动相关行业景气度改善，从而改善相关从业人员的收入，甚至通过二轮效应带动社会收入和消费改善，在一个以一手 房为主的经济体中，这个效应可能比较明显。 实际上，这个传导机制本质上还是信贷扩张带来的影响。 但另一方面，一旦房价出现调整，私人部门去杠 杆，收入与消费也因此而逆转。 从实际情况来看，美国和日本的经验是，房价上涨期间消费表现较好，房价下跌期间消费走弱。 中国房价温和上涨阶段消费也比较好，但2021年之前房 价快速上涨的阶段（例如2016-2019年）中国消费反而表现欠佳，可能因为杠杆快速上升对消费增长形成一定抑制。过去几年中国金融周期处于下行阶 段，消费增速亦有所回落。 点击小程序查看报告原文 Abstract 促进房地产市场止跌回稳是政策目标之一，而需求不足是中国经济面临的主要问题，因此市场非常关心房地产止跌回稳如何影响消费。 要理解房价变化 如何影响消费，首先要理解土地的属性，毕竟房产价值的主要组成部分是土地而非建材。 与一般的生产要素不同，土地带有垄断和金融属性。土地这些 特点导致房地产"买涨不买跌"而且顺周期性很强，房价与信贷互相加强形成跨度较长的金融周期。历史经验显 ...