为何土坯房这种传统的生态环保建筑会逐渐消失？一方面，部分村民将土坯房视为"土气""落后"的象 征，而将水泥楼房等同于"生活升级"。另一方面，传统技艺面临传承断层，掌握夯土、砌石等技艺的老 工匠日益减少。此外，政策引导与支持力度不足，目前缺乏针对乡村传统生态建筑的系统补贴政策和技 术指导。 在大别山南麓的丘陵地带，乡村民居曾多为土坯建筑。这些房屋就地取材，以山石奠基、泥土为墙、草 木为筋，兼具冬暖夏凉的特性，体现出与自然相融的生态智慧。拆旧建新时，地基山石、屋顶木材与瓦 片可循环利用，夯土墙体或土砖亦可重归自然。土坯房的建造方式与理念，生动诠释了"天人合一"的自 然生态观。 然而，在城镇化快速推进的背景下，这类蕴含生态智慧的民居正逐渐消失。在很多村庄，历经数十年甚 至上百年的土坯房被拆除，取而代之的是钢筋水泥结构的楼房。 笔者认为，建设美丽乡村应坚持保护与创新并重、传承与发展协同，积极传承乡村传统民居中蕴含的自 然生态观，使传统智慧在新时代焕发活力。 首先，应守护好传统乡村民居。建议开展乡村传统生态建筑系统普查，将有代表性的土坯房等纳入保护 名录，防止"一刀切"式拆除。可借鉴"修旧如旧"理念，对老建筑进行结构加 ...

"生态环境部门移送涉刑案件，法制审核和集体讨论程序是否必要？"这一话题近日在中国环境报引起了热烈讨论。 正方观点认为，设置法制审核和集体讨论程序能够保障移送案件的质量，确保行刑衔接顺畅。反方观点则认为，行政机关的职责在于发现并移交线索，过度 强调程序可能贻误侦查时机。 这个问题为何引发一线执法人员讨论？争论焦点是否有确定答案？本报记者近日邀请多位专家学者、律师谈谈他们的看法。 （点击图片可进入专题获知讨论详情） 争论点一：到底有没有明确规定？ 法制审核与集体讨论，是行政处罚法规定的行政机关在行政处罚过程中应当执行的两个程序。法制审核是行政机关在作出重大行政执法决定前，由法制机构 对案件合法性、合理性进行审核的程序；集体讨论是行政机关对某些重大、复杂的行政执法案件，在负责人作出最终决定之前，召集有关人员进行集体研 究、审议，并在此基础上作出决定的内部决策程序。 "负责人审批不等同于法制审核，有些执法人员混淆了二者的概念。实际上，负责人审批、法制审核和集体讨论，是三个不同的程序，有各自不同的适用条 件。"甘肃政法大学民商经济法学院教授冯嘉指出。 也就是说，依据现有法律法规，移送涉刑案件所涉及的审核，属于负责人审批 ...

既然如此，为什么还有两种观点、各种理由？其实，大家都是从各自实际办案的角度论证"需要"和"不 需要"。但我认为，这不是一个非此即彼、非黑即白的关系，而是在什么条件下"需要"、什么条件下"不 需要"，如何更有效地发挥法制审核和集体讨论的价值，最终达到更好履行移送职责、降低履职风险的 问题。 我认为，正反方观点都有一些偏颇之处。一方面，法制审核在涉刑案件移送中的作用和目的，不能认为 是"添乱"和"阻碍"，而是保障和推进。虽然行政移送阶段与刑事定罪阶段的证明标准的确不同，但不应 成为放弃法审的正当理由。另一方面，"移送"是一个过程性行为，不具有终局意义，因此不应对法制审 核附加过大的程序价值。 华商（苏州）律师事务所李加祥： 这个问题在实务中争论已久，原因就在于，如果从"规范"的角度，至少在国家层面上，无论是法律、行 政法规、部门规章还是规范性文件，的确没有强制性规定要求生态环境部门在移送涉刑案件前，应当经 过法制审核和集体讨论程序。 在没有明确规定的情况下，各地生态环境部门可以根据本地的实际情况，制定相应工作规程进行明确， 更好发挥法制审核和集体讨论的正向作用，依法履行移送职责，切实降低履职风险。 ...

西北大学法学院环境法教研部主任、教授王社坤： 综上，行政机关移送涉刑案件前需要进行审核，但此种审核并不是处罚程序中的法制审核与集体讨论。 目前，对于涉刑案件移送的审核程序尚无明确、统一的规定，建议生态环境部门对移送涉刑案件的审核 程序作出明确规范。 行政机关移送涉刑案件可以参照适用行政处罚程序中的法制审核和集体讨论程序，但不是必须适用。 最后，与一般的报案、控告、举报不同，为避免盲目移送导致的刑事侦查资源浪费或贻误行政办案时 机，就需要行政机关在移送涉刑案件前进行初步审查和判断，即《行政执法机关移送涉嫌犯罪案件的规 定》第五条所规定的"核实情况""负责人审批"。但是这里的核实、审批并不能等同于行政处罚程序中的 法制审核与集体讨论。 首先，涉刑案件的移送程序不属于办理该案件的行政处罚程序。 其次，由于尚未刑事立案，因此涉刑案件的移送也不属于刑事诉讼程序，性质上应当类似于刑事诉讼法 第110－112条规定的对犯罪事实或者犯罪嫌疑人的报案、控告、举报，是为公安机关刑事立案提供线索 的程序。因此，对于行政机关移送的涉刑案件，不能按照刑事立案的要求进行审核，只要有证据证明可 能存在犯罪即可移送。 ...

从合理性角度看，法制审核与集体讨论虽非法定必经环节，但确有现实价值，能有效提升证据质量，降 低案件被公安机关退回的几率。 甘肃政法大学民商经济法学院教授冯嘉： 这场争论表面上聚焦于法制审核和集体讨论程序是否必要，实质上反映的是行政执法与刑事司法在证明 标准上的衔接困境。 从合法性角度看，根据行政处罚法第57条，涉刑案件移送属于"负责人审核"范畴，并未强制要求法制审 核。负责人审核不等同于法制审核，有些执法人员混淆了二者的概念。实际上，负责人审核、法制审核 和集体讨论，是三个不同的程序，有各自不同的适用条件。 这一问题的根本解决，有赖于生态环境部与公安部进一步明确移送案件的证据要求与标准。目前关于移 送案件的规定，大多规定了流程、材料的种类，但具体到证明标准是存在争议的。 在制度尚未完善的现阶段，地方可通过部门协商出台细则，或推动公安机关提前介入，实现执法过程的 协同取证。但无论是否经过法制审核，生态环境执法人员都应强化证据意识，从源头上提升案件质量， 而非仅依赖后端审核"托底"。 然而必须指出的是，程序并不能从根本上解决证明标准不一的问题。通过法制审核来确保移送案件的证 据标准符合公安机关的要求，从立法角度来 ...

Core Viewpoint - The 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China emphasizes accelerating the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development to build a beautiful China, highlighting the importance of an ecological compensation system for achieving ecological protection and regional coordinated development [1] Group 1: Constructing a Win-Win Ecological Compensation Model - The traditional "unidirectional compensation" model, which primarily focuses on financial payments, leads to "compensation dependency" and weakens intrinsic motivation for ecological protection [2] - A shift from "who pollutes, who governs" to a "who protects, who benefits; who benefits, who compensates" dual logic is proposed to enhance cooperation between protected areas and beneficiary areas [2] - Industry cooperation can create a shared benefits mechanism, as seen in the collaboration between Lishui, Zhejiang, and surrounding economically developed areas to build green industrial parks, allowing both parties to share tax revenues and economic benefits [2] Group 2: Empowering with Technical Support - Technical and talent shortages are core issues limiting ecological protection capabilities in protected areas [3] - A "funding package + technical package + talent package" mechanism is suggested to enhance long-term governance capabilities through technology transfer and capacity building [3] - This approach not only provides short-term support but also fosters deep integration of cross-regional collaboration and ecological governance [3] Group 3: Scientific Quantification of Ecological Compensation Standards - Fairness and efficiency are central to ecological compensation, yet traditional standards often overlook the overall value of ecosystem services and opportunity costs [4] - A systematic accounting approach is needed to ensure the compensation standards are fair and sustainable, covering the basic operational costs of protected areas [4] - The evaluation of ecosystem service values, such as carbon sequestration and biodiversity, is essential for aligning compensation amounts with ecological contributions [5] Group 4: Expanding Channels for Realizing Ecological Value - Current ecological value realization efforts are limited to pilot areas and lack a systematic mechanism for broader promotion [7] - A comprehensive policy framework is necessary to enhance the fairness and operability of ecological compensation, providing stable funding support for ecological protection [7] - Innovative market mechanisms, including carbon trading and ecological product pricing, are crucial for unlocking ecological potential and achieving a win-win situation for ecological protection and economic benefits [7][8]

Core Insights - The automatic monitoring network for pollution sources in China has entered a stage of "full coverage, significant increase, and in-depth expansion," becoming a core support for digital ecological environment regulation [1] - Local environmental enforcement agencies face challenges in managing the massive volume of automatic monitoring alerts, leading to resource strain and operational difficulties [1][2] Group 1: Current State of Monitoring - The scale of connected enterprises for pollution source monitoring is continuously expanding, forming a new monitoring network that covers the entire industry and multiple levels [1] - In Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 3,392 enterprises have installed automatic monitoring devices, generating hundreds of alerts daily [1] Group 2: Challenges Faced - Local enforcement agencies struggle with high workloads due to strict feedback timelines for alerts, with general enterprises required to respond within 48 hours and key polluters within 4 hours [1] - The increasing diversity of alert types, including total control alerts and abnormal operation of pollution control facilities, adds to the complexity of enforcement duties [1][2] Group 3: Proposed Solutions - Establishing a filtering mechanism to enhance the precision of alert information screening is essential to alleviate the "alert flood" [2] - Implementing a tiered response system based on the risk and impact of alerts can optimize resource allocation and improve response efficiency [3] - Clarifying responsibility boundaries and creating a liability exemption list can reduce the psychological burden on enforcement personnel [3]

《条例》的出台也为监管执法提供了更加有力的工具。在执法权限方面，明确赋予生态环境部门现场检 查、调阅资料、查封扣押监测设备等职权，破解以往检查权不明、取证权不足的困境。在监管方式上， 改变过度依赖现场执法的传统模式，鼓励推广使用遥感监测、在线监控、大数据分析等非现场技术手 段，推动监管模式从"人盯人"向"技防为主"、从"运动式"向"常态化"转变。在部门协同方面，明确要求 建立跨部门信息共享与执法联动机制，有助于打破数据壁垒，凝聚多部门协同共治的监管合力。 面对新形势与新要求，广大企业应正确认识到，《条例》既是规范监测行为的"紧箍咒"，也是保护合规 经营的"护身符"。《条例》的严格施行，有助于推动所有企业回归公平竞争的市场环境，使竞争真正体 现为环境管理水平和技术能力的比拼。企业应转变观念，充分认识到真实、准确的监测数据不仅有助于 发现治理设施运行问题、优化生产工艺、降低环境风险，更是企业依法经营、规避法律风险的内在需 要。建立完善的内部数据质量控制制度，已不仅是法律要求，更是企业提升管理水平的重要举措。 对第三方技术服务机构而言，《条例》的实施将带来行业深度洗牌与结构优化。严格的法律规定和法律 责任将淘汰一批 ...

Core Viewpoint - The transformation of waste into energy through waste incineration is beneficial, but it does not imply that an increase in waste generation is acceptable. Public education on waste management and the risks of secondary pollution is essential [1] Group 1: Waste Management and Public Perception - A student's remark during an environmental education event highlights a misunderstanding that increased waste is inconsequential due to waste-to-energy technology [1] - Historically, waste treatment facilities have been associated with unpleasant odors and negative community impacts, but modern facilities have improved significantly, eliminating odors and creating job opportunities for local residents [1] Group 2: Education and Awareness - It is crucial to educate the public not only about the technology behind waste-to-energy conversion but also about the principles of a circular economy [1] - Public understanding of waste classification and the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling is necessary to foster a lifestyle that minimizes waste and promotes sustainability [1]

Core Viewpoint - The increasing popularity of social media "wild fun" photos is causing real ecological damage in the Qinling Mountains, as illegal trekking and climbing activities organized by travel agencies and individuals disregard environmental protection regulations [1] Group 1: Illegal Activities and Their Impact - Illegal trekking in the Qinling Mountains continues despite prohibitions, driven by multiple factors including weak risk awareness among outdoor enthusiasts and the commercialization of sensitive ecological areas [1] - Some commercial entities exploit this mindset by marketing ecological sensitive areas as "secret check-in spots," while media coverage often glamorizes these illegal activities [1] - Existing laws and regulations lack sufficient deterrent effects, and there is a need for improved collaborative governance mechanisms across regions and departments to address regulatory blind spots [1] Group 2: Proposed Solutions - To address illegal trekking, a comprehensive strategy involving "human defense + technical defense + physical defense" is necessary, including strengthening patrols and establishing an integrated smart monitoring system using satellite remote sensing, drones, and video surveillance [2] - Enforcement agencies should create a joint enforcement mechanism to strictly penalize commercial teams or individuals organizing illegal activities and blacklist offenders from entering sensitive ecological areas [2] - Developing scientifically planned ecological tourism routes around the core protection area can provide legitimate recreational options for visitors, thereby reducing illegal activities [2] Group 3: Community Involvement - Promoting the "civilian forest chief" system can empower local villagers to act as guardians of the Qinling ecosystem [3] - Raising awareness of the "Leave No Trace" principles and outdoor safety knowledge can help make every climber a conscious protector of the Qinling environment [3] - Establishing channels for public supervision and encouraging community involvement in reporting environmental damage can strengthen the protective measures for the Qinling ecosystem [3]