证券研究报告 | 宏观专题报告 2026 年 01 月 27 日 把握金融周期的波动 ——构建招商中国金融条件指数 ❑ 风险提示：国内、国际金融环境结构性变化。 谢亚轩 S1090511030010 xieyx@cmschina.com.cn 刘亚欣 S1090516100001 liuyaxin@cmschina.com.cn （霍卓翔博士对报告做出重要贡献。） 敬请阅读末页的重要说明 专题报告 | 一、 关于金融条件指数（FCI） 4 | | --- | | 二、 金融周期的观念有助于更深刻理解经济现实 5 | | 三、 监测金融条件指数旨在把握金融周期波动 7 | | 四、 编制招商中国金融条件指数 9 | | 五、 招商中国金融条件指数的两个特色 11 | | 图 | 1：国际清算银行金融条件指数分项走势 | 7 | | --- | --- | --- | | 图 | 2：2008 年以来招商中国金融条件指数变化 | 10 | | 图 | 3：招商中国金融条件指数与其他主流指数对比 | 11 | | 表 | 1：金融条件指数的主要构成因素 | 4 | | 表 | 2：金融周期相关理论 | 5 | | ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the recent economic data and trends in the US, Japan, and the Eurozone, highlighting the mixed signals in economic activity, employment, and financial conditions [1]. Group 1: Important Data Review - The US January S&P Global Manufacturing PMI has rebounded, with the final Q3 GDP growth rate at 4.4% [11][13]. - Japan's December export growth was below expectations, with a year-on-year increase of 5.1% compared to an expected 6.1% [11][14]. - The Eurozone's January ZEW Economic Sentiment Index has improved, and the manufacturing PMI has also increased, with France's manufacturing PMI reaching a nearly four-year high of 51 [11][14]. Group 2: US Economic Activity - The US WEI index fell to 2.34% for the week ending January 17, down from 2.40% the previous week [4][16]. - The German WAI index rose to 0.06% for the week ending January 18, up from -0.03% [5][16]. Group 3: Demand - The US Redbook retail sales year-on-year growth rate has marginally decreased to 5.5% for the week ending January 16, down from 5.7% [6][18]. - The US mortgage loan rate increased to 6.09% as of January 22, up from 6.06% the previous week, while the MBA market composite index rose to 397.2, a 14.1% increase from the previous week [6][23]. Group 4: Prices - Commodity prices have rebounded, with the RJ/CRB commodity price index at 312.24, a 3.4% increase from the previous week [7]. - The US gasoline retail price rose to $2.70 per gallon on January 19, an increase of 1.3% from the previous week [40]. Group 5: Employment - The ADP weekly job additions have decreased, with a four-week cumulative total of 46,000 jobs as of December 6, down from 70,000 the previous week [8][27]. - Initial jobless claims rose to 200,000 for the week ending January 17, up from 199,000 the previous week [29]. - The INDEED job vacancy index fell to a weekly average of 105.3 for the week ending January 9, down from the previous week's average [34]. Group 6: Financial Conditions - Financial conditions in the US and Eurozone have tightened, with the Bloomberg Financial Conditions Index for the US at 0.812, down from 0.848 the previous week [9][45]. - Offshore dollar liquidity has improved for the yen against the dollar, while it has worsened for the euro against the dollar [9][48]. - The 10-year government bond yield spread between the US and Eurozone has narrowed, with the spread at 132.3 basis points as of January 22, down from 134.6 basis points [10][51].

宏观研究 证 券 研 究 报 告 【每周经济观察】 法国制造业 PMI 升至近四年新高——海外 周报第 124 期 ❖ 核心观点： 1、重要数据回顾：①美国 1 月标普全球制造业 PMI 回升，第三季度实际 GDP 环比折年率终值为 4.4%，ADP 周度新增就业人数下滑。②日本 12 月出口增 速不及预期。③欧元区 1 月 ZEW 经济景气指数回升，1 月制造业 PMI 初值 回升，法国制造业 PMI 升至近四年新高的 51。 2、美国基本面高频：①景气上行的有：地产（房贷申请数量继续回升）、物价 （大宗价格回升、美国汽油零售价回升）、就业（续请失业金回落）。②景气下 行的有：WEI 指数（经济景气下行）、消费（红皮书商业零售同比边际回落）、 就业（初请失业金人数回升）。 3、美国流动性高频：①美国和欧元区金融条件收紧。②离岸美元流动性：日 元兑美元流动性改善，欧元兑美元流动性恶化。 ❖ 一、过去一周重要数据回顾 美国经济活动指数回落。1 月 17 日当周，美国 WEI 指数升至 2.34%，上周为 2.4 。 上周为-0.03%。 ❖ 三、需求 1、美国红皮书商业零售同比增速边际回落。1 月 16 日当周 ...

Core Viewpoint - The report establishes a tactical analysis framework based on the eight-stage classification of the economic cycle and financial conditions, providing a structured basis for understanding asset performance under different macroeconomic states [2][5][11]. Group 1: Tactical Analysis Framework - The Economic Cycle Index (RECI) quantifies the internal trends of the economy, indicating whether the economy is in an upward or downward phase [6]. - The Financial Conditions Index (FCI) quantifies the degree of financial environment tightness, categorizing it into four states: easing reinforcement, easing convergence, tightening reinforcement, and tightening convergence [9]. - The combination of RECI and FCI allows for the classification of the macroeconomic environment into eight typical stages, aiding in the understanding of asset performance under varying economic conditions [11][12]. Group 2: Asset Performance Review - The report systematically reviews the performance of major asset classes (stocks, bonds, and commodities) from June 2005 to August 2025, using the established eight-stage framework [2][11]. - Historical performance aligns with theoretical expectations in most stages, such as the "economic upturn + financial easing reinforcement" phase, where the asset ranking is "stocks > commodities > bonds > cash" [3][14]. - However, some stages exhibit systematic deviations, such as the "economic downturn + financial easing reinforcement" phase, where commodities outperformed bonds due to pre-priced easing expectations in the bond market [4][27]. Group 3: Historical Backtesting - Historical backtesting shows that during the "economic upturn + financial easing convergence" phase, commodities and stocks outperform cash and bonds, as seen in the period from June 2020 to February 2021 [19][18]. - The "economic downturn + financial tightening convergence" phase typically results in a ranking of "bonds > stocks > cash > commodities," as evidenced in the second quarter of 2014 [43]. - The report emphasizes the need for dynamic application of the framework, incorporating structural economic variables to enhance predictive accuracy [4].

Group 1: Key Economic Data Review - In the US, September durable goods orders were revised up to 3% from 2.9%, with a preliminary month-on-month value of 0.5% [12] - September retail sales increased by 0.2%, below the expected 0.4%, and the previous value was 0.6% [12] - The Consumer Confidence Index for November was reported at 88.7, significantly lower than the expected 93.3 [12] - The Producer Price Index (PPI) for September showed a month-on-month increase of 0.3%, matching expectations, while the year-on-year figure was revised up to 2.7% [12] Group 2: Upcoming Economic Data - Key upcoming US economic data includes the November ISM Manufacturing PMI on December 1, and the November ISM Services PMI on December 3 [14] - In the Eurozone, the October unemployment rate and November CPI preliminary value are set to be released on December 2 [14] Group 3: Weekly Economic Index - The US Weekly Economic Index (WEI) decreased to 2.1% from 2.33% in the previous week, indicating a slight economic slowdown [17] - Conversely, Germany's Weekly Activity Index (WAI) increased to 0.23%, showing continued economic recovery [17] Group 4: Demand Insights - The US Redbook retail sales year-on-year growth slightly declined to 5.9% from 6.1% in the previous week [20] - Global flight numbers showed a year-on-year growth of 3.3%, down from 8.5% the previous week [22] - The US mortgage rate for a 30-year fixed loan decreased to 6.23% from 6.26% [25] Group 5: Employment Data - Initial jobless claims in the US were reported at 216,000, better than the expected 225,000 [28] - Continuing claims rose to 1.96 million, up from a previous value of 1.953 million [29] Group 6: Price Trends - Global commodity prices increased, with the RJ/CRB commodity price index rising by 1.3% [30] - US gasoline retail prices slightly decreased to $2.94 per gallon, down 0.1% from the previous week [30] Group 7: Financial Conditions - Financial conditions in the US and Eurozone showed marginal easing, with the Bloomberg financial conditions index for the US rising to 0.629 [32] - Offshore dollar liquidity improved slightly, with swap points for USD/JPY and USD/EUR increasing [34] - Long-term bond spreads narrowed, with the 10-year bond spread between Italy and Germany decreasing to 71.4 basis points [36]

Group 1: International Factors Impacting Chinese Long Bond Rates - International factors are increasingly influential in determining China's long bond rates, especially under more open economic conditions[3] - The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) identifies a shift in global liquidity dynamics, with non-bank financial institutions becoming the main players in international capital flows since 2008[10] - The BIS financial condition index (FCI) highlights two key factors: the "level factor" reflecting interest rates and the "risk factor" indicating market risk perceptions[11] Group 2: Recent Trends and Implications - Since 2021, the BIS's "level factor" has risen sharply due to inflation and tightening U.S. monetary policy, indicating a significant tightening of financial conditions[12] - The "risk factor" has shown slight tightening since 2021, impacting China's economic conditions, but this effect is expected to ease as major central banks begin lowering interest rates in Q4 2024[12] - A strong U.S. dollar has a negative correlation with China's 10-year government bond yields, with a correlation coefficient of -0.89 from January 2014 to September 2025, indicating that dollar strength significantly influences bond rates[15]

Economic Indicators - The US Redbook commercial retail sales year-on-year growth rebounded slightly to 5.9%, with a four-week moving average of 5.45%[5] - The WEI index for the US fell to 2, down from 2.27 the previous week, indicating a decrease in economic activity[4] - The German WAI index rose to approximately 0.18, up from 0.08 the previous week, suggesting improved economic conditions[4] Financial Conditions - The Bloomberg Financial Conditions Index for the US decreased to 0.511 from 0.514 a week earlier, indicating tighter financial conditions[7] - The offshore dollar liquidity is tightening, with the three-month swap basis for the yen against the dollar at -25.8bp, worsening from -24.3bp a week prior[8] - The credit spreads for US investment-grade and high-yield corporate bonds widened, with high-yield spreads at 2.91bp, compared to 2.96bp a week earlier[9] Price Trends - The RJ/CRB commodity price index stood at 302.35, reflecting a 0.5% increase from the previous week[6] - US gasoline prices rebounded to $2.93 per gallon, up 1% from the previous week[6] Interest Rate Spreads - The 10-year US-Japan government bond spread narrowed to 240.5bp from 241.6bp the previous week[10] - The 10-year Italian-German bond spread decreased to 75.5bp from 76bp a week earlier, indicating reduced risk perception in the Eurozone[10]

Core Viewpoints - Recent events in the US credit market, triggered by two regional banks disclosing loan fraud, have led to significant declines in regional bank stocks, but these incidents are viewed as isolated risks rather than a systemic crisis [2][4][5] - Analysts generally consider these defaults as individual occurrences related to specific borrowers, rather than indicative of broader systemic risks, although they do heighten market anxiety [2][9] - Key indicators to monitor include the stock prices of affected banks, credit spreads, liquidity conditions, and the US financial conditions index, which may lag in reflecting impacts on the economy [2][10][12] Summary by Sections 1. Why Did Regional Bank Stocks Plummet? - On October 16, the S&P Regional Banking Select Industry Index fell by 6.3%, the largest drop since April, due to disclosures from Zions Bancorp and Western Alliance Bancorp regarding loan fraud, exacerbating existing concerns from other recent credit events [4][14] - The bankruptcy of subprime auto lender Tricolor and the financial troubles of First Brands, which revealed significant off-balance-sheet debt, contributed to the negative sentiment [4][15] 2. Will This Evolve into a Crisis? - The recent events are assessed as isolated incidents rather than a widespread crisis, with limited overall impact [5][17] - Tricolor's bankruptcy may lead to losses of hundreds of millions for JPMorgan and Fifth Third Bancorp, while First Brands' debt is estimated at over $11.6 billion [5][17][20] 3. How Did the Market React? - Following the events, market risk sentiment was shaken, leading to declines in regional bank stocks, lower US Treasury yields, widening credit spreads, and a weaker dollar [6][23] - The S&P Regional Banking Index rebounded by 1.7% on October 17, indicating a potential stabilization in market sentiment [6][23] 4. Differences from the Silicon Valley Bank Collapse - The scale of the current issues is significantly smaller than the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank, which had total assets of $211.8 billion [7][33] - The nature of the crisis differs, with the current situation primarily involving credit risk from commercial loans, as opposed to liquidity crises stemming from asset-liability mismatches [7][34] - Economic expectations are also different, with current forecasts suggesting a lower probability of recession compared to the time of the Silicon Valley Bank crisis [7][34] 5. Perspectives from Overseas Analysts and Bankers - Analysts largely view the recent defaults as isolated incidents, with some caution from JPMorgan's CEO regarding potential losses in the credit market [9][41] - Most banks are confident in managing the situation, with some even reporting the lowest provisions in two years [9][41] 6. What to Watch Going Forward - Immediate attention should be on the stock prices of the affected banks, which have shown signs of recovery [10][45] - Monitoring credit spreads is crucial, as the underlying issue is related to borrower credit risk [10][45] - Liquidity conditions and the US financial conditions index should be tracked for potential impacts on the economy in the coming months [10][12][45]

Core Viewpoint - The article highlights the positive economic data from the US, Eurozone, and Japan, indicating a potential recovery in manufacturing and consumer confidence, which may present investment opportunities in these regions [2][3][9]. Group 1: US Economic Data - The US August S&P PMI exceeded expectations, with the manufacturing PMI initial value at 53.3, compared to the forecast of 49.7 and previous value of 49.8 [2][9]. - The July leading index from the Conference Board met expectations, showing a month-on-month change of -0.1%, in line with forecasts [2][9]. - July housing data surpassed expectations, with new housing starts at an annualized rate of 1.428 million units, above the forecast of 1.297 million units, and revised previous value from 1.321 million to 1.358 million units [2][9]. Group 2: Eurozone Economic Data - The Eurozone's August manufacturing PMI also exceeded expectations, with an initial value of 50.5, compared to the forecast of 49.5 and previous value of 49.8 [2][9]. - The July CPI final value met expectations, with a year-on-year change of 2%, matching forecasts, while core CPI was also in line at 2.3% [2][9]. - The August consumer confidence index was below expectations, with an initial value of -15.5 against a forecast of -14.7 [2][9]. Group 3: Japanese Economic Data - Japan's August manufacturing PMI rebounded to an initial value of 49.9, up from the previous value of 48.9, while the services PMI slightly declined to 52.7 from 53.6 [3][10]. - June core machinery orders exceeded expectations, with a month-on-month increase of 3%, against a forecast of -0.5%, and a year-on-year increase of 7.6%, compared to the expected 4.7% [3][10]. - July CPI was in line with expectations, showing a year-on-year change of 3.1% [3][10]. Group 4: Upcoming Economic Data - Key upcoming US economic data includes July new home sales on August 25, July durable goods orders initial value on August 26, and August consumer confidence index on August 26 [4][11]. - In the Eurozone, July M3 year-on-year data will be released on August 28, along with the final value of the August consumer confidence index [5][12]. - Japan will report July unemployment rate and job-to-applicant ratio, July retail sales, and July industrial output initial value on August 29 [5][12]. Group 5: High-Frequency Data Review - Economic activity indices for the US and Germany showed slight improvement, with the US WEI index at 2.54% for the week of August 16, up from 2.50% the previous week [6][13]. - US retail sales showed a slight year-on-year increase of 5.9% for the week of August 15, compared to 5.7% the previous week [16][22]. - Initial jobless claims in the US were weaker than expected, with 235,000 claims for the week of August 16, against a forecast of 225,000 [24]. Group 6: Financial Conditions - The US financial conditions index remained stable, while the Eurozone's index showed a slight tightening [7][32]. - Offshore dollar liquidity remained stable, with slight fluctuations in swap points for the yen and euro against the dollar [7][34]. - Long-term bond yield spreads narrowed in the US, Japan, and Germany, indicating a potential shift in investor sentiment [7][37].

Economic Data Overview - Upcoming key economic data includes the June PMI for the US, Eurozone, and Japan, with specific dates for release noted[2][12][13] - Recent US retail sales fell by 0.9% in May, below the expected 0.6%, with previous values revised down[3][10] - Eurozone's May CPI final value matched expectations at 1.9%, with core CPI at 2.3%[3][10] Employment and Consumer Confidence - Initial jobless claims in the US were 245,000, aligning with expectations, while continuing claims slightly decreased to 1.945 million[5][25] - Consumer confidence indicators are set to be released next week, which may impact market sentiment[2][12] Price Trends - Global commodity prices increased by 0.8% week-on-week, while US gasoline prices rose to $3.02 per gallon, up 1.1%[6][27] - The US import price index showed a 0% change in May, exceeding the expected decline of 0.2%[3][10] Financial Conditions - US financial conditions index remained stable at 0.292, while the Eurozone index slightly declined to 0.905, indicating tighter conditions[6][31] - Long-term bond spreads narrowed between the US and Japan, as well as between the US and Germany, reflecting changing market dynamics[6][37]