Historical Context - From 1949 to 1977, China's monetary policy served as an administrative tool under a unified banking system, lacking market foundations and credit creation mechanisms[3][4]. - Post-1978, the separation of central and commercial banking functions led to an independent monetary policy framework, establishing a dual-layer currency creation mechanism[4][5]. Transition Phases - From 1998 to 2012, a quantity-based control system emerged, with M2 and total credit volume as core targets, driven by non-market interest rates and external pressures[5][6]. - After 2012, the effectiveness of quantity tools diminished, prompting a shift towards price-based monetary policy, with interest rates becoming central to regulation[6][7]. Structural Changes - By 2020, the proportion of new RMB loans in total social financing dropped from 91.9% in 2002 to 57.5%, indicating a shift towards off-balance-sheet financing[7][30]. - The balance of current accounts as a percentage of GDP decreased from around 10% in 2007 to below 3% post-2011, reflecting changes in foreign exchange reserves and monetary policy dynamics[7][34]. Policy Mechanisms - The establishment of a rate corridor in 2015 clarified policy signals, with the SLF as the upper limit and excess reserve rates as the lower limit, enhancing market expectations[9][10]. - As of 2023, the monetary policy framework has been optimized to strengthen the price-oriented function of policy rates, narrowing the rate corridor from 245 basis points to 70 basis points[10][11]. Future Outlook - The price-based framework is expected to deepen, with structural monetary policy tools gaining priority to address financing gaps in emerging sectors like technology and green industries[12][11]. - The focus will shift from total quantity control to structural optimization, emphasizing targeted resource allocation in key areas such as housing and infrastructure[12][11].

Monetary Policy Operations - The People's Bank of China conducted a 985 billion yuan reverse repurchase operation with a rate of 1.40%, unchanged from previous levels, resulting in a net withdrawal of 2,668 billion yuan due to 3,653 billion yuan of reverse repos maturing on the same day [1][12] Interbank Offered Rates - The Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate (Shibor) saw a slight decline across various maturities, with the 7-day Shibor falling below 1.5%. Specifically, the overnight Shibor decreased by 0.20 basis points to 1.3650%, the 7-day Shibor dropped by 3.30 basis points to 1.4970%, and the 14-day Shibor fell by 1.50 basis points to 1.5540% [1][2][3] Repo Market Activity - In the interbank pledged repo market, short-term rates continued to decline slightly. The weighted average rates for DR001 and R001 fell by 0.8 basis points and 3.0 basis points, respectively, to 1.3597% and 1.4191%, with transaction volumes decreasing for DR001 and increasing for R001. Similarly, DR007 and R007 rates decreased by 4.0 basis points and 4.9 basis points, respectively [4][9] Funding Conditions - Overall funding conditions remained loose, with overnight rates trading in the range of 1.30%-1.55% and 7-day rates around 1.53%-1.58%. By the end of the trading day, the overnight rates had further eased to around 1.30% [9][10] Interbank Certificate of Deposit Issuance - On July 2, there were 50 interbank certificates of deposit issued, with a total issuance amount of 770.3 million yuan, indicating active market participation [9][10]

Core Insights - The central bank reported that a total of 1.9 billion yuan was utilized in the Standing Lending Facility (SLF) operations in June [1] Group 1 - The total amount of SLF operations conducted in June was 1.9 billion yuan [1]

Core Viewpoint - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) conducted a total of 1.9 billion yuan in Standing Lending Facility (SLF) operations in June [1] Group 1 - The total amount of SLF operations in June was 1.9 billion yuan [1]

Core Viewpoint - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) has implemented a moderately accommodative monetary policy in 2023, utilizing various tools to maintain ample liquidity and support economic recovery [1][2][5]. Group 1: Monetary Policy Tools - The PBOC has employed multiple monetary policy tools, including reserve requirement ratios, open market operations, Medium-term Lending Facility (MLF), and re-lending to ensure sufficient liquidity in the banking system [1][2]. - In the first half of the year, the PBOC conducted 7-day reverse repos and, when necessary, 14-day reverse repos to meet the needs of primary dealers, injecting a total of 2.6 trillion yuan across the Spring Festival period [2]. - The MLF operations totaled 23.5 trillion yuan in the first half of the year, with a fixed quantity and interest rate bidding system introduced in March [2][3]. Group 2: Liquidity Management - The PBOC has introduced a buyout-style reverse repo operation to fill the gap between 7-day reverse repos and 1-year MLF, enhancing liquidity management precision [3]. - As of now, the PBOC has conducted 47 trillion yuan in 3-month buyout reverse repos and 25 trillion yuan in 6-month buyout reverse repos this year [3]. - The PBOC has also utilized the Standing Lending Facility (SLF) to provide short-term liquidity support to local financial institutions, with a total of 240.82 billion yuan in SLF operations in the first five months [4]. Group 3: Future Expectations - Experts predict that the PBOC will continue to adopt a loose monetary policy in the second half of the year, with potential for further interest rate cuts and reserve requirement ratio reductions [5][6]. - The anticipated interest rate cut could range from 10 to 30 basis points, while reserve requirement ratio cuts may be between 25 to 50 basis points [5]. - There is a possibility of resuming government bond trading operations in the second half of the year, depending on market conditions [6][7].

Group 1 - The central bank's early announcement of large-scale reverse repurchase operations is aimed at maintaining ample liquidity in the banking system and stabilizing market expectations, especially in light of the high volume of interbank certificates of deposit maturing in June 2025, which is projected to reach 4.2 trillion yuan [1][2] - The central bank's policy focus is on encouraging banks to increase credit supply to the real economy and support government bond issuance, with the use of medium-term liquidity tools signaling a commitment to "wide credit" [2] - The central bank has made its monetary policy operations more transparent by disclosing data on various tools used, including reserve requirements and market operations, which enhances communication with the market [3] Group 2 - In May, the central bank released long-term funds of 1 trillion yuan through a reserve requirement cut, with net MLF injections of 375 billion yuan, alleviating liquidity pressure from government bond issuances [4] - The pressure from government bond issuance in June is expected to be lower than in May, and MLF is likely to continue net injections as total tools may pause for additional increments [4]

Core Viewpoint - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) announced a significant liquidity injection of 1 trillion yuan through a buyout reverse repurchase operation, aimed at maintaining ample liquidity in the banking system and enhancing policy transparency [1][3]. Group 1: Liquidity Injection Details - The PBOC will conduct a buyout reverse repurchase operation of 1 trillion yuan with a term of 3 months (91 days) on June 6 [1]. - This operation is distinct from the usual monthly announcements, indicating a proactive approach to liquidity management [1][4]. - In May, the PBOC's liquidity tools showed a net injection of 10,000 million yuan from reserve requirement adjustments and 3,750 million yuan from medium-term lending facilities (MLF) [3][7]. Group 2: Market Reactions and Analysis - Analysts believe this operation is crucial for addressing liquidity concerns as the mid-year approaches, especially with a high volume of interbank certificates of deposit maturing [5][6]. - The decision to announce the operation earlier in the month is seen as a strategy to stabilize market expectations and ensure banks can manage their liquidity needs effectively [6][7]. - The PBOC's commitment to maintaining liquidity stability is evident through various tools, including MLF and reserve requirement adjustments, which have collectively injected substantial liquidity into the market [6][8]. Group 3: Policy Transparency and Future Outlook - The PBOC has improved transparency by establishing a new section on its website to disclose operational data related to liquidity tools, enhancing market confidence [7][8]. - The buyout reverse repurchase operation is expected to be part of a broader strategy, with potential for additional operations throughout the month to ensure liquidity remains sufficient [8][9]. - The pricing mechanism for the buyout reverse repurchase is anticipated to be more market-oriented, aligning with current interbank rates, while maintaining the status of the 7-day reverse repurchase rate as the primary policy rate [9].

Core Viewpoint - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) is implementing a 1 trillion yuan reverse repurchase operation to maintain liquidity in the banking system, marking the first time such an operation is conducted at the beginning of the month [1]. Group 1: Reverse Repo Operations - On June 6, the PBOC will conduct a 1 trillion yuan buyout reverse repo operation with a term of 3 months (91 days) [1]. - This operation is aimed at offsetting the significant amount of reverse repos maturing in June, which includes 500 billion yuan for 3-month and 700 billion yuan for 6-month terms [2]. - The PBOC has maintained a net withdrawal of reverse repos in April and May prior to this operation [2]. Group 2: Liquidity Injection Data - In May, the total net liquidity injection by the PBOC amounted to 1,119.6 billion yuan [3]. - The liquidity injection tools and their respective net injections are detailed, showing various operations including adjustments to reserve requirements and central bank loans [5]. Group 3: Monetary Policy Trends - Since the introduction of buyout reverse repos in October last year, the reliance on Medium-term Lending Facility (MLF) has gradually decreased [6]. - MLF operations have shifted to a fixed quantity, interest rate bidding, and multi-price bidding method since March, indicating a complete exit of policy attributes [6]. - Financial institutions are expected to benefit from MLF as it provides stable expectations and helps alleviate pressure on net interest margins [7].

Core Insights - The central bank has launched a new section on its official website to provide updates on the operation of various monetary tools [1] - The section includes monthly data on liquidity injection and withdrawal for three categories of nine tools [1] Summary by Category Liquidity Injection - In May 2025, the net liquidity injection through the reserve requirement was 1 trillion yuan [1] - The net liquidity injection through the Standing Lending Facility (SLF) was 5 million yuan [1] - The net liquidity injection through the Medium-term Lending Facility (MLF) was 375 billion yuan [1] - The net liquidity injection through central treasury cash management was 240 billion yuan [1]