固定收益丨深度报告 [Table_Title] 政策利率演变与货币政策工具盘点——现代中 央银行系列（一） %% %% %% %% research.95579.com 1 丨证券研究报告丨 报告要点 [Table_Summary] "现代中央银行"制度的构建有赖于货币政策和宏观审慎管理政策"双支柱"的完善，本文作 为"现代中央银行"系列开篇，聚焦于中国政策利率体系的形成与演变，并系统盘点各类货币 政策工具的发展历程及现实运用，通过这一基础性梳理，旨在为后续分析利率传导机制，建立 一个坚实可靠的理论与现实框架基础。同时，通过对公开市场操作工具的详细拆分，也为分析 资金面与流动性提供了更为精准的洞察视角。 分析师及联系人 [Table_Author] 赵增辉 马月 SAC：S0490524080003 SAC：S0490525080001 SFC：BVN394 请阅读最后评级说明和重要声明 2 / 32 %% %% %% %% research.95579.com 2 [Table_Title 政策利率演变与货币政策工具盘点 2] ——现代中 央银行系列（一） [Table_Summary2] 现代中央银行制度 ...

证券研究报告|宏观研究报告 [Table_Date] 2026 年 1 月 4 日 [Table_Title] 2026 资金面， "低波"或是常态 [Table_Title2] 2026 年投资展望系列之十一 [Table_Summary] ► 2025 年，资金面"波"平浪静 2025 年，适度宽松的主基调下，资金面整体延续平稳，节奏上 呈现"先紧后松"的特征。整体可以分为两个阶段，阶段一：长端利率 快速下行，央行重提货币总闸门，通过暂停国债买卖操作，维持谨慎 投放，引导资金面整体维持紧平衡状态。阶段二：利率回归合理区 间，央行政策态度转为"适度宽松"。资金利率回归低位运行状态，绝 对水平逐步向政策利率（OMO）附近收敛，利率波幅也逐步收窄。 ► 资金低波的背后，货币框架之变革 资金波动整体收敛的背后，一方面是利率传导体系的转变。央行 通过调整利率走廊，引导短期利率运行区间逐步收窄。同时，将 OMO 利率确立为核心政策利率，强化其锚定作用。至此，我国利率 体系传导，逐渐从以MLF 为中枢的传导机制"MLF→LPR/DR→市场利 率"，转向"7 天逆回购利率→DR→市场利率"的新路径。 另一方面，是资金投放 ...

在2025年12月22日至12月26日当周，第一财经研究院中国金融条件日度指数均值为-2.25，基本与前一 周持平。从指数的成分指标来看，上周货币和股市指标指向宽松，债券指标指向紧缩。从货币指标来 看，央行维持稳定的货币投放，市场资金面平稳有序，主要货币市场利率低位运行。从债券市场来看， 利率债与信用债收益率同步下降，信用利差小幅扩张。从股市指标来看，A股市盈率与成交量同步上 升。 12月24日，人民银行货币政策委员会2025年第四季度例会内容公布。会议内容延续了12月中旬中央经济 工作会议针对货币政策的描述，释放出一系列关键政策信号，我们的解读如下： （1）在判断国内外经济金融形势方面，会议指出"当前外部环境变化影响加深，世界经济增长动能不 足，贸易壁垒增多，主要经济体经济表现有所分化，通胀走势和货币政策调整存在不确定性。我国经济 运行总体平稳、稳中有进，高质量发展取得新成效，但仍面临供强需弱矛盾突出等问题和挑战。"会议 延续了中央经济工作会议对于我国经济目前"供强需弱"的描述，这也是政策促进物价合理回升的着力 点。 （2）会议指出，"要继续实施适度宽松的货币政策，加大逆周期和跨周期调节力度，更好发挥货币政 ...

Group 1 - The People's Bank of China (PBOC) conducted a 7-day reverse repurchase operation of 482.3 billion yuan at an interest rate of 1.40%, maintaining the previous rate, resulting in a net injection of 415 billion yuan after 67.3 billion yuan of reverse repos matured [1] - In the previous week, the net withdrawal from 7-day reverse repos was 34.8 billion yuan, while the PBOC conducted a 1-year Medium-term Lending Facility (MLF) operation of 400 billion yuan, exceeding the previous amount by 100 billion yuan [1] - The average rate of DR001 is expected to drop below 1.3% for the month, indicating a continued loose monetary environment despite potential year-end disturbances [2] Group 2 - The PBOC's monetary policy committee emphasized the need for continued moderate easing and enhanced counter-cyclical and cross-cyclical adjustments to support stable economic growth and reasonable price recovery [3] - Analysts predict that the first quarter of 2026 will see a path of easing through reserve requirement ratio (RRR) cuts and structural interest rate reductions, with a potential RRR cut of 50 basis points releasing approximately 1 trillion yuan in liquidity [3] - The focus of monetary policy will shift towards ensuring the smooth transmission of interest rates and adjusting the relationships between various asset rates, aiming for an overall moderate easing goal [3]

Core Viewpoint - The central bank is expected to increase the volume of Medium-term Lending Facility (MLF) and conduct a certain scale of government bond transactions in December to inject medium- and long-term liquidity into the market [1][7]. Group 1: Market Liquidity Management - The central bank resumed the 14-day reverse repurchase agreement after three months, conducting operations of 883 billion yuan for 7-day and 1,000 billion yuan for 14-day reverse repos on December 18, maintaining the interest rate at 1.40% [1]. - The market's focus on potential tightening of liquidity has increased, with the overnight repo rate (DR001) stabilizing around 1.27% after briefly dropping below 1.3% [1][5]. - Analysts believe that the central bank's continuous liquidity injections are aimed at countering potential tightening risks, resulting in a relatively loose liquidity environment [1][3]. Group 2: Year-End Liquidity Dynamics - As the year-end approaches, the central bank's actions are influenced by increased liquidity disturbances due to factors like bank assessments, fiscal revenue, and resident withdrawals [2][3]. - The central bank's operations are designed to smooth out liquidity fluctuations and maintain a stable market environment, with the 14-day reverse repo directly addressing the funding needs over the New Year holiday [2][4]. - The central bank is expected to continue using both 7-day and 14-day reverse repos to effectively control short-term liquidity fluctuations [4]. Group 3: Interest Rate Trends - The overnight funding rate has shown a downward trend, with DR001 averaging below 1.3% recently, indicating a shift from the previous stable low rate environment [5]. - The weighted average rates for DR007 have remained above the policy interest rate, reflecting ongoing liquidity management efforts [5]. - The SHIBOR rates for overnight and 7-day terms have decreased, while the 14-day SHIBOR has increased, indicating mixed signals in the short-term funding market [5]. Group 4: Future Outlook - Analysts predict that the central bank will continue to utilize various liquidity tools to enhance the precision and effectiveness of liquidity management as the year-end approaches [6][7]. - The central bank's focus will remain on creating a stable financial environment for the real economy, ensuring that liquidity tools effectively smooth short-term fluctuations and guide reasonable interest rates [7].

1. Report Industry Investment Rating No information provided in the content. 2. Core View of the Report From December 8 - 12, 2025, the central bank's 7 - day reverse repurchase had a small net capital injection, and the 6M repurchase in December had a net injection of 20 billion yuan. The government bond net payment scale decreased, the inter - bank bond market leverage ratio increased on average, and the median duration of medium - long - term and short - term interest - style pure bond funds changed. Tax - period disturbances may hinder the decline of overnight funding rates [2][7]. 3. Summary by Relevant Catalogs 3.1 Funds - **Central Bank Operations**: From December 8 - 12, 2025, the central bank's 7 - day reverse repurchase had a net injection of 470 million yuan. In December, the 6M repurchase had a net injection of 20 billion yuan. From December 15 - 19, 7 - day reverse repurchases worth 66.85 billion yuan will mature, 40 billion yuan of 6M repurchases will mature, and 60 billion yuan will be issued. The decrease in net repurchase injection in December may be due to banks' preference for 1 - year policy tools [6]. - **Funding Rates**: From December 8 - 12, 2025, the average values of DR001 and R001 decreased by 1.2 and 0.7 basis points respectively compared to December 1 - 5. The average values of DR007 and R007 increased by 1.1 and 0.6 basis points respectively. The overnight rate DR001 dropped below 1.30%. However, due to the tax - period payment disturbance after December 15, overnight funding rates may face volatility [7]. - **Government Bond Net Financing**: From December 8 - 14, 2025, the government bond net payment scale was about 1.48 billion yuan, 17.18 billion yuan less than December 1 - 7. From December 15 - 21, the expected net payment scale is - 8.394 billion yuan [7]. 3.2 Inter - bank Certificates of Deposit - **Yield and Curve**: As of December 12, 2025, the 1M and 3M inter - bank certificate of deposit yields were 1.6150%, up 3.6 and 0.0 basis points respectively from December 5. The 1Y yield was 1.6600%, up 0.5 basis points from November 28. The decline in certificate of deposit rates was hindered by weak bond market sentiment and limited impact of marginal changes in funding on pricing [8]. - **Net Financing**: From December 8 - 14, 2025, the net financing of inter - bank certificates of deposit was about - 12.06 billion yuan. From December 15 - 21, the expected maturity repayment amount is 106.29 billion yuan, with high roll - over pressure [8]. 3.3 Institutional Behavior - **Leverage Ratio**: From December 8 - 12, 2025, the average leverage ratio of the inter - bank bond market was 107.63%, up from 107.56% in December 1 - 5 [9]. - **Bond Fund Duration**: On December 12, 2025, the median duration of medium - long - term interest - style pure bond funds increased by 0.44 years week - on - week, reaching the 92.6% quantile since early 2022. The median duration of short - term interest - style pure bond funds decreased by 0.30 years week - on - week, at the 18.2% quantile [9].

Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the given content Core Viewpoints - The current "shortening receipt and lengthening issuance" by the central bank does not necessarily mean an increase in liability costs. The central bank's "shortening receipt and lengthening issuance" in terms of quantity is more significant, and the large - scale long - end issuance is more effective in alleviating the liability pressure of financial institutions, especially banks [7]. Summary by Directory 1. Funds - In December 2025, the central bank conducted a 3 - month buy - out reverse repurchase operation of 100 billion yuan at the same volume. From December 1st - 5th, the central bank's 7 - day reverse repurchase had a net withdrawal of 84.8 billion yuan, and from December 8th - 12th, 66.38 billion yuan of 7 - day reverse repurchases will mature. In November, the central bank's net purchase of treasury bonds was 5 billion yuan [6]. - From December 1st - 5th, the average values of DR001 and R001 were 1.30% and 1.36% respectively, down 1.2 basis points and 2.3 basis points compared with November 24th - 28th. The average values of DR007 and R007 were 1.44% and 1.49% respectively, down 1.9 basis points and 3.9 basis points compared with November 24th - 28th [6]. - From December 1st - 7th, the net government bond payment was about 18.66 billion yuan, about 14.23 billion yuan less than November 24th - 30th. From December 8th - 14th, the net government bond payment is expected to be - 79.52 billion yuan [7]. 2. Negotiable Certificates of Deposit (NCDs) - As of December 5th, 2025, the maturity yields of 1 - month and 3 - month NCDs were 1.5793% and 1.6150% respectively, up 13.4 basis points and 4.0 basis points compared with November 28th. The 1 - year NCD maturity yield was 1.6550%, up 1.5 basis points compared with November 28th [8]. - From December 1st - 7th, the net financing of NCDs was about 4.71 billion yuan. From December 8th - 14th, the expected maturity repayment amount of NCDs is 106.24 billion yuan, with a significant increase in the pressure of maturity renewal [8]. 3. Institutional Behavior - From December 1st - 5th, the average leverage ratio of the inter - bank bond market was 107.56%, up from 107.32% in November 24th - 28th [9]. - On December 5th, 2025, the median duration of medium - long - term interest - rate style pure bond funds (MA5) was 4.47 years, a weekly increase of 0.79 years, at the 84.1% quantile since early 2022. The median duration of short - term interest - rate style pure bond funds (MA5) was 1.80 years, a weekly increase of 0.24 years, at the 51.2% quantile since early 2022 [9].

记者丨 唐婧 编辑丨 曾芳 据新华社报道，中共中央政治局12月8日召开会议，分析研究2026年经济工作。会议对当前经 济形势作出判断，我国经济运行总体平稳、稳中有进，新质生产力稳步发展，改革开放迈出新 步伐，重点领域风险化解取得积极进展，民生保障更加有力，社会大局保持稳定。 会议强调，做好明年经济工作，要坚持稳中求进工作总基调，更好统筹国内经济工作和国际经 贸斗争，更好统筹发展和安全，实施更加积极有为的宏观政策，增强政策前瞻性针对性协同 性。 会议还指出，明年经济工作要坚持稳中求进、提质增效， 继续实施更加积极的财政政策和适 度宽松的货币政策 ，发挥存量政策和增量政策集成效应， 加大逆周期和跨周期调节力度 ，切 实提升宏观经济治理效能。 对于"继续实施适度宽松的货币政策" ， 中信证券首席经济学家明明告诉记者，展望 2026 年，货币政策将在稳增长、防风险的基础上，更加注重稳预期并与积极财政形成合力。考虑到 2025 、年四季度经济内生动能有待加强、2026年上半年面临高基数压力，以及"十五五"开局 对"开门红"的更高要求， 预计货币政策或在2025年底至2026年上半年适度加力，通过总量宽 松降低社会融资成 ...

Core Points - The People's Bank of China conducted a 793 billion yuan reverse repurchase operation with a rate of 1.40%, maintaining the previous level, resulting in a net withdrawal of 1,340 billion yuan due to 2,133 billion yuan of reverse repos maturing on the same day [1] - The Shanghai Interbank Offered Rate (Shibor) showed slight fluctuations, with the overnight Shibor decreasing by 0.10 basis points to 1.3010%, and the 7-day Shibor decreasing by 0.80 basis points to 1.4260% [2][3] Market Rates - In the interbank pledged repo market, various rates showed narrow fluctuations, with DR001 and R001 weighted average rates increasing by 0.2 basis points and decreasing by 0.3 basis points, respectively, with transaction volumes of 791 billion yuan and 1,420 billion yuan [4] - The weighted average rates for DR007 and R007 remained stable and increased by 0.2 basis points, with transaction volumes decreasing by 35 billion yuan and increasing by 508 billion yuan, respectively [4] Money Market Conditions - The money market on December 3 was characterized by a balanced and slightly loose liquidity environment, with overnight rates around 1.40% to 1.42% for various collateral types [9] - A total of 94 interbank certificates of deposit were issued on December 3, with an actual issuance amount of 1,482.1 billion yuan [9][10] Service Trade Development - From January to October 2025, China's service trade showed steady growth, with total service trade imports and exports amounting to 65,844.3 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.5% [12] - Service exports reached 29,090.3 billion yuan, growing by 14.3%, while imports totaled 36,754 billion yuan, increasing by 2.6% [12]

Report Industry Investment Rating - Not provided in the report Core Viewpoint - From November 24 - 28, 2025, the central bank had a net 7 - day reverse repurchase fund withdrawal, a treasury cash fixed - deposit injection of 12 billion yuan, and an MLF operation of 100 billion yuan. From November 24 - 30, 2025, the net government bond payment scale decreased compared to the previous week, most inter - bank certificate of deposit (NCD) maturity yields rose slightly, and the average leverage ratio of the inter - bank bond market increased. On November 28, 2025, the median durations of medium - long - term and short - term interest - style pure bond funds decreased week - on - week by 0.55 years and 0.08 years respectively [2]. Summary by Directory 1. Funds - In November 2025, the net MLF injection was 10 billion yuan. From November 24 - 28, the central bank's 7 - day reverse repurchase had a net withdrawal of 16.42 billion yuan, treasury cash fixed - deposit injection was 12 billion yuan, and MLF had a net injection of 10 billion yuan. From December 1 - 5, 2025, 151.18 billion yuan of 7 - day reverse repurchases will mature. In total, the net injection of outright reverse repurchases in November was 50 billion yuan, and the net MLF injection was 10 billion yuan, with the combined net injection scale remaining stable month - on - month. In December, the maturity scales of 3M and 6M outright reverse repurchases are 100 billion yuan and 40 billion yuan respectively, and 30 billion yuan of MLF will mature [6]. - The overall funds situation was loose. From November 24 - 28, 2025, the average values of DR001 and R001 were 1.31% and 1.39% respectively, down 11.7 and 10.1 basis points compared to November 17 - 21; the average values of DR007 and R007 were 1.46% and 1.53% respectively, down 3.5 basis points and up 1.0 basis point compared to November 17 - 21. On the 28th, the weighted average rate of DR001 was closer to 1.30% and broke through 1.30% intraday [7]. - The net government bond financing scale decreased. From November 24 - 30, 2025, the net government bond payment scale was about 32.89 billion yuan, about 8.17 billion yuan less than November 17 - 23, including about 3.91 billion yuan of net treasury bond financing and about 28.98 billion yuan of net local government bond financing. From December 1 - 7, 2025, the expected net government bond payment scale is 8.66 billion yuan, including about - 5 billion yuan of net treasury bond financing and about 13.66 billion yuan of net local government bond financing [7]. 2. Inter - bank Certificates of Deposit (NCDs) - Most NCD maturity yields rose slightly. As of November 28, 2025, the 1M and 3M NCD maturity yields were 1.4450% and 1.5750% respectively, down 4.5 basis points and up 0.2 basis points compared to November 21; the 1Y NCD maturity yield was 1.6400%, up 0.5 basis points compared to November 21 [8]. - The net NCD financing amount remained negative. From November 24 - 30, 2025, the net NCD financing amount was about - 24.25 billion yuan, compared to about - 37.4 billion yuan from November 17 - 23. From December 1 - 7, 2025, the expected NCD maturity repayment amount is 44.88 billion yuan, with a significantly reduced roll - over pressure compared to the previous week. The NCD maturity scale in December is about 3.7 trillion yuan, which is relatively high [8]. 3. Institutional Behavior - The average leverage ratio of the inter - bank bond market increased. From November 24 - 28, 2025, the average calculated leverage ratio of the inter - bank bond market was 107.32%, compared to 107.15% from November 17 - 21. On November 28 and 21, the calculated leverage ratios were about 107.02% and 107.31% respectively [9]. - Based on the calculation results, the durations of medium - long - term and short - term interest - style pure bond funds decreased marginally. On November 28, 2025, the median duration (MA5) of medium - long - term interest - style pure bond funds was 3.68 years, down 0.55 years week - on - week, at the 60.3% quantile since early 2022; the median duration (MA5) of short - term interest - style pure bond funds was 1.56 years, down 0.08 years week - on - week, at the 23.2% quantile since early 2022 [9].