证券研究报告 | 债券市场专题研究 | 债券研究 债券市场专题研究 报告日期：2025 年 07 月 31 日 做多情绪有所下降 ——8 月债市调研问卷点评 核心观点 站在 7 月底时点展望 8 月，投资者对下阶段债市做多情绪有所下降，一致预期从做多 长债及超长债转向中短利率债。资金面及权益市场成为投资者关注的核心要点，投资 者对中低级城投债、地方债偏好程度边际减弱。 ❑ 根据 7 月底发布的债市调查问卷结果，我们总结出投资者对于 8 月债市的四点主 流预期： （1）投资者对于长期国债收益率上下限的预期区间较为集中，长期国债收益率依 旧呈现"上有顶下有底"状态； （2）债市做多情绪有所下降，投资者看多比例有所减少，对应目前债市震荡、中 枢上行的行情； （3）外部因素对宏观经济扰动程度或有限，投资者对三季度经济的整体预期变化 不大，短期内再度进行货币政策宽松的可能性有限，货币政策及资金面和权益市 场成为投资者关注的核心问题； （4）投资者一致预期从做多长债及超长债转向中短利率债，看多超长利率债和长 利率债较 7 月调查大幅下降。 ❑ 风险提示 投资者样本覆盖度可能不全；投资者看法和行为可能有偏差；投资者观点可能 ...

美东时间7月4日周五，美国总统特朗普签署了他力推的大规模减税和支出法案——号称"大而美"的法案，使法案生效。 对于投资者来说，这意味着债券市场的风向正在悄悄变化，特别是短端利率走势，值得我们重点关注。 01 随着特朗普政府的大规模减税与支出法案正式落地，为弥补未来数万亿美元的财政赤字，美国财政部或将开启短期国债的"供应洪流"。 市场已经开始对未来的供应压力做出反应。对短期国债供过于求的担忧，已直接体现在价格上：1个月期短期国债的收益率自本周一以来已出现明 显上涨。这标志着市场焦点已从今年早些时候对30年期长债的抛售担忧，彻底转向了前端利率曲线。 ｜法案核心：减税、削支、提债三合一 大家可以把它想象成一场"财政魔术"：一边给企业和个人发红包（减税），一边又勒紧一些公共项目的腰包（削减支出），最后还一口气把国家 借钱的上限往上拔了一大截（提高债务上限）。 下面竞泰来给大家拆解一下这个法案的核心内容，用最通俗的语言讲清楚这场"财政平衡术"。 1、减税：红包继续发，重点人群加码 这个法案可以说是减税党的胜利！它永久性地延长了特朗普2017年推出的减税政策（原本这些政策在2025年底就要结束了）。 不仅如此，还新增了一 ...

Group 1 - The core viewpoint of the articles indicates that bank stocks have replaced long-term government bonds as the preferred investment choice in 2025, with all banks experiencing price increases and many reaching historical highs [1][2] - In 2025, 18 banks have set historical highs, with 16 banks increasing by over 20% and 32 banks by over 10%, while the Shenwan Bank Index has risen by 35.49% in the past year [1] - The rise in bank stocks is attributed to economic pressures leading investors to seek high-dividend sectors, similar to the previous year's trend with long-term bonds [1][2] Group 2 - Insurance funds, which were previously focused on local government bonds and real estate bonds, have shifted to bank stocks due to their high dividends that cover liability costs [2] - As of Q1 2025, insurance institutions hold A-share bank stocks valued at 265.78 billion, accounting for 45.05% of their heavy industry allocation [2] - Policy changes have facilitated insurance investments in bank stocks, with multiple instances of insurance companies increasing their stakes in banks in 2025 [2] Group 3 - The issuance of secondary capital bonds and perpetual bonds by commercial banks has accelerated, with over 800 billion issued in 2025, indicating strong capital-raising efforts [3] - The average price-to-book ratio for A-share listed banks was 0.74 as of July 11, 2025, with the highest being 1.09 for China Merchants Bank [3] Group 4 - The price-to-book ratio for major banks has nearly doubled since its lowest point in November 2022, driven by policy support and asset scarcity [4] - The sustainability of the current rise in bank stocks is questioned, as policy support has limits and is aimed at improving the financial health of banks [4] Group 5 - Despite the current profitability of commercial banks, net interest margins are declining, and asset growth is slowing, which may lead to reduced profit growth in the future [5] - The total assets of commercial banks grew by 7.2% year-on-year in Q1 2025, but this is a significant decrease from the previous year's growth of 11.7% [5] Group 6 - Future banking strategies may involve reducing asset scales to alleviate capital pressure, suggesting limited upward momentum for bank stock prices [6] - The rise in bank stock prices is viewed as a temporary phenomenon, and investors are advised to approach with caution [6]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the impending surge in the supply of short-term U.S. Treasury bonds due to significant fiscal deficits resulting from the recent tax and spending legislation, which is projected to increase the national deficit by up to $3.4 trillion from fiscal years 2025 to 2034 [2][3]. Group 1: Supply and Demand Dynamics - The U.S. Treasury is expected to issue a large volume of short-term debt to manage the financing needs, as the current yield on one-year and shorter-term bonds has risen above 4%, which is still lower than the nearly 4.35% yield on ten-year bonds, making short-term debt a cost-effective option [3][4]. - The market is currently experiencing a shift in focus from concerns about long-term bond sell-offs to the potential oversupply of short-term bonds, with predictions that the proportion of short-term debt could rise from 20% to 25% of total outstanding debt [5][6]. - There is a significant demand for front-end debt, supported by approximately $7 trillion in money market funds, which is expected to absorb the increased supply of short-term Treasury bonds [5][6]. Group 2: Market Sentiment and Future Outlook - Some market participants express optimism that the next financial crisis will not stem from short-term bonds, citing the substantial liquidity in the market and the attractive real yields available [7][8]. - The Federal Reserve is anticipated to intervene if any supply-demand imbalances arise, providing support to stabilize the market [8].

彭博宏观策略师Simon White表示，美国财政部倾向于在美债收益率曲线的短端增加融资，这将进一步损害美联 储的独立性，并逐渐让货币政策实质上落入财政掌控之中。美元将成为牺牲品，而美债收益率曲线将变得更加陡 峭。 权力祭坛上的牺牲已然开始。美国财政部长贝森特虽曾抨击前任依靠短期票据填补赤字，但本周他明确表态倾向 于通过短期债务增加融资——这实质上是一种类似量化宽松的财政政策。 尽管这对财政部和市场而言合乎逻辑，但对美联储却绝对不利。美联储可能很快发现，其独立性在实践中已遭到 严重削弱。财政部进一步向短期票据倾斜的发行策略将导致： 其中最后一点影响最为深远。美联储的实际独立性已被侵蚀多年，但短期票据发行激增将进一步剥夺美联储自由 制定政策的能力。结合美国总统更强势的干预，美联储可能面临70多年前《财政部-美联储协议》以来最严重的 附属化危机——该协议曾奠定现代美联储独立性的基石。 通胀时代已不可避免。更多短期国债发行可能导致CPI结构性上升。短期票据作为一年期内的债务工具，比长期 债券更具"货币属性"。下图揭示了关键规律： 为何短期票据具备魔力？首先，与长期国债不同，它们在回购交易中常享受零折扣，允许更高杠杆 ...

Group 1 - A concerning trend is emerging in the global bond market, with investors showing unprecedented indifference to expanding government borrowing plans across major economies [1] - Recent long-term government bond auctions have faced significant demand issues, with Japan's 30-year bond auction recording a bid-to-cover ratio of only 2.92, well below the 12-month average of 3.39, marking the lowest level in 2023 [1] - Similar weak demand has been observed in Australia and South Korea, indicating a broader trend of investor reluctance towards government bonds [1] Group 2 - The rising debt levels are diminishing the attractiveness of long-term bonds, as investors are increasingly hesitant to support government spending plans amid persistent inflation and uncertain interest rate environments [3] - The Bloomberg global long-term deficit indicator has surged to its highest level since 2008, reflecting the ambitious funding needs of governments worldwide [3] - Some governments are reconsidering their borrowing strategies in response to weak demand, with Japan conducting surveys to gauge market participants' views on bond issuance [3] Group 3 - Concerns are growing that the situation may lead to a repeat of the 2022 bond market turmoil in the UK, triggered by significant tax cuts proposed by then-Prime Minister Liz Truss [2][3] - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects that the debt-to-GDP ratio will increase for four out of seven G7 economies over the next five years, highlighting the pressure on bond investors [3]

美联储的货币政策路径日益与财政和贸易决策挂钩。沃勒指出，只有将关税降至10%左右并在年中前敲 定，才有可能出现降息局面。否则，激进贸易措施带来的通胀风险可能破坏任何鸽派转向。 市场目前对温和宽松有所预期，但这些预期的条件性反映出市场对华盛顿有效协调政策能力的怀疑。不 断上升的关税可能同时推高物价并削弱经济增长，这一滞胀风险将限制美联储的灵活性，尽管当前联邦 基金目标利率区间为4.25%-4.50%。 【上一交易日黄金行情解析】 国际黄金周一（5月26日）日K收跌，美市尾盘，国际黄金收报3342.57美元/盎司，下跌14.43美元或 0.43%，日内最高上探3356.32美元/盎司，最低触及3323.59美元/盎司。 【要闻回顾】 周一（5月26日）美盘时段，美元指数跌破5月6日99.172的支撑位，加剧了看跌情绪。这表明除技术形 态外，市场存在更深层次的结构性担忧。交易员目前关注97.921一线，除非空头回补推动指数反弹至阻 力位99.949上方，否则市场动能倾向于继续下行。这一突破与穆迪将美国信用评级下调至Aa1相符，突 显了市场对华盛顿超过2万亿美元的赤字和飙升的偿债成本日益不满。 美联储理事克里斯托弗· ...

Core Viewpoint - In 2024, major asset classes generally recorded positive returns, but performance varied significantly among them, with large-cap stocks outperforming small-cap stocks and gold showing substantial gains [1][3][6]. Summary by Sections Asset Performance - Large-cap stocks achieved a return of 18.24%, significantly higher than the 2.79% return of small-cap stocks [2][4]. - Long-term government bonds yielded 9.38%, with approximately 6.9% of this return attributed to price increases from declining interest rates [4]. - Newly included gold assets saw a remarkable increase of 28.19% [5][6]. Long-term Return Effectiveness - The report addressed concerns regarding the long-term return calculations from 2005 to 2024, confirming that the historical returns are stable and provide valuable reference for investors [8][10][11]. - The current price-to-earnings (PE) and price-to-book (PB) ratios are lower than those at the end of 2004, indicating that the long-term return rates of the Chinese stock market are objectively stable [10][11]. Gold's Long-term Returns - From 2003 to 2024, Shanghai gold had an annualized return of 8.98%, while London gold from 1969 to 2024 had a return of 7.66% [13]. - Gold's performance is highly cyclical, with significant returns during periods of high inflation and geopolitical risk, but underperforming during stable economic conditions [14][15][16]. Diversification Benefits - The report illustrated the advantages of diversification, showing that as the number of stocks in a portfolio increases, the average return becomes more concentrated and predictable, reducing the risk of individual stock failures [18][19]. - Holding more than 10 stocks leads to diminishing returns in terms of average yield improvement, while the volatility approaches the market's systemic risk [19]. Risk Premium Analysis - The report decomposed the long-term risk premiums of various asset classes, indicating that all risk premiums are positive, with stocks offering the highest risk premium [22][23]. - The characteristics of risk premiums in China are similar to those in the U.S., suggesting that higher risks are compensated with higher returns over the long term [23].

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the historical performance of China's A-share market and its underlying patterns, comparing them with the U.S. stock market, and emphasizes the importance of long-term data in guiding investment decisions [1][2][16]. Group 1: Historical Performance and Patterns - The historical annualized return of China's A-share market from 2004 to 2023 is reported at 9.61%, which some believe is inflated due to the low starting point in 2004 [10]. - The analysis shows that 2004 was not the historical low point for A-share valuations, as both P/E and P/B ratios were higher in 2004 than in 2024, indicating that returns from valuation changes were negative [13][16]. - The article asserts that long-term returns across various asset classes can outpace inflation, with stocks yielding the highest returns, closely tied to economic growth [16][18]. Group 2: Investment Opportunities and Risks - The current low performance of the stock market may represent a cyclical undervaluation, presenting a potential investment opportunity if historical patterns hold true [2]. - In 2024, large-cap stocks, long-term government bonds, long-term credit bonds, and gold have shown significantly higher returns compared to historical averages, while small-cap stocks and short-term government bonds have underperformed [19][20]. - The article highlights that 70% of the 9.38% return from long-term government bonds in 2024 was due to price appreciation from declining interest rates, raising questions about future bond yield expectations [22]. Group 3: Individual Stock Investment Insights - The analysis of investing in individual stocks reveals that concentrating on a single stock yields an average return of only 3.92%, significantly lower than the overall market return [28]. - Diversifying by increasing the number of stocks held improves average returns and reduces volatility, suggesting that reducing reliance on individual stock selection can enhance investment outcomes [28][32]. - The article emphasizes that many investors overestimate their knowledge of specific companies and the market, leading to suboptimal investment results [30][31].