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周观点 | 工信部倡导反内卷 乘用车基本面有望改善【民生汽车 崔琰团队】
汽车琰究· 2025-07-13 14:21
Core Viewpoints - The article emphasizes the positive impact of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology's (MIIT) advocacy for reducing internal competition in the automotive industry, which is expected to improve the fundamentals of the passenger car market [4][10]. Weekly Data - In the first week of July 2025 (June 30 - July 6), passenger car sales reached 405,000 units, up 18.7% year-on-year but down 29.9% month-on-month. New energy vehicle (NEV) sales were 215,000 units, up 25.6% year-on-year and down 27.8% month-on-month. The NEV penetration rate was 53.1%, an increase of 1.5 percentage points month-on-month [1][43]. Weekly Market Performance - The automotive sector underperformed the market in the week of July 7-11, 2025, with a decline of 0.26%, ranking 30th among sub-industries. The Shanghai Composite Index rose by 1.15%. Among sub-sectors, automotive services and parts saw increases of 3.52% and 0.33%, while commercial vehicles, passenger cars, motorcycles, and others declined by 0.25%, 1.16%, 1.32%, and 1.78% respectively [2][30]. Investment Recommendations - The article recommends focusing on high-quality domestic brands that are accelerating in smart technology and globalization, specifically highlighting companies such as Geely, BYD, Li Auto, Xiaomi, and Xpeng [3][13]. Policy Impact - The MIIT's recent initiatives to combat internal competition include shortening payment terms for suppliers to 60 days, controlling pricing to prevent below-cost sales, and enhancing product quality checks. These measures are expected to alleviate cash flow pressures in the supply chain and shift competition from price wars to value-based competition [4][10]. Robotics Sector Insights - The acquisition of a 63.62% stake in a new material company by Zhiyuan Robotics is expected to boost interest in the robotics sector, especially with upcoming events like Tesla's Q2 2025 earnings call and the World Artificial Intelligence Conference [5][11]. Motorcycle Market Trends - The motorcycle market is experiencing growth, with sales of 250cc and above motorcycles reaching 101,000 units in May 2025, a year-on-year increase of 31.1%. The cumulative sales from January to May 2025 reached 399,000 units, up 50.4% year-on-year [18][20]. Heavy Truck Market Dynamics - Heavy truck sales in May 2025 were 83,000 units, a year-on-year increase of 6.0%. The expansion of the vehicle replacement subsidy program is expected to stimulate demand for new trucks [23][25]. Tire Industry Outlook - The tire industry is witnessing a strong performance with high operating rates and increasing demand. The average operating rate for passenger car tires was 78.11% in late April 2025, indicating robust market conditions [26][52].
【周观点】7月第1周乘用车环比-30.2%,继续看好汽车板块
东吴汽车黄细里团队· 2025-07-13 09:16
Core Viewpoint - The automotive sector is expected to maintain a positive outlook, driven by three main themes: dividends, smart technology, and robotics [5][12][6]. Weekly Review Summary - In the first week of July, the compulsory insurance for vehicles reached 398,000 units, showing a week-on-week decrease of 30.2% and a month-on-month increase of 12.1% [10][51]. - The performance of various automotive segments this week ranked as follows: SW automotive parts (+0.1%) > SW automotive (-0.4%) > SW motorcycles and others (-0.4%) > SW commercial cargo vehicles (-0.6%) > SW passenger vehicles (-1.4%) > SW commercial passenger vehicles (-1.8%) [10][19]. Team Research Achievements - The team released analyses on Huawei's automotive business core competitiveness and a review of Yutong Bus's H1 sales [3][11]. Key Industry Changes - The launch event for the Li Auto i8 is scheduled for July 29 [4][11]. - Seres expects to achieve a net profit attributable to shareholders of 2.7-3.2 billion yuan in H1 2025, with a Q2 net profit estimate of 2.2 billion yuan, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 57% and a quarter-on-quarter increase of 195% [4][11]. - Leap Motor's new C11 model has been launched [4][11]. - The third annual meeting of the 2025 China Automotive Research Index (IVISTA & C-AHI) technical committee will be held [4][11]. Sector Viewpoint Reaffirmation - The automotive sector remains a strong investment focus, with a particular emphasis on dividends, smart technology, and robotics as the main investment themes [5][12]. - Key areas of market attention this week included the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology's establishment of a feedback window for key automotive enterprises to implement a 60-day payment period, Trump's 30% tariffs on Mexico and the EU, and the potential reverse listing of Zhi Yuan Robotics through the acquisition of Shangwei New Materials [5][12]. Current Automotive Sector Configuration - The company believes that "only by adhering to technological innovation can the automotive industry avoid internal competition and move towards healthy development," and continues to favor the three main themes for 2025: dividends & good structure, AI smart technology, and AI robotics [6][12]. - Recommendations for the dividend & good structure theme include passenger vehicles (Yutong Bus), heavy trucks (China National Heavy Duty Truck Group A-H / Weichai Power), and parts suppliers (Fuyao Glass, Xingyu Co., New Spring Co., Jifeng Co.) [7][12]. - For the AI smart technology theme, preferred stocks include Hong Kong-listed passenger vehicles (Xpeng Motors-W, Li Auto-W, Xiaomi Group-W) and A-shares (Seres, SAIC Motor, BYD), with parts suppliers including Horizon Robotics-W, China Automotive Research, Desay SV, Bertley, and Heisima Intelligent [7][12]. - The AI robotics theme favors parts suppliers such as Top Group, Junsheng Electronics, Fuda Co., Aikedi, Ruihu Mould, and Jingzhu Technology [7][12]. Weekly Automotive Market Performance - The automotive sector's performance in A-shares ranked 30th this week, while in Hong Kong, the automotive and parts sector ranked 11th [16][19].
汽车行业2025年7月投资策略:品密集上市有望提振板块景气度,建议关注财报行情
Guoxin Securities· 2025-07-11 10:39
Core Insights - The report maintains an "Outperform" rating for the automotive sector, highlighting the expected boost in market sentiment due to a surge in new product launches and the upcoming earnings reports [1][5][12] - The automotive industry is transitioning towards a technology-driven era, with significant advancements in electrification, intelligence, and connectivity, which are expected to create new demand [12][13] - The report emphasizes the growth potential of domestic brands and the opportunities in incremental components driven by electric and intelligent trends [22][23] Sales Tracking - In June 2025, retail sales of passenger vehicles in China reached 2.084 million units, a year-on-year increase of 18.1% and a month-on-month increase of 7.6% [1] - Cumulative retail sales from January to June 2025 totaled 10.901 million units, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 10.8% [1] - The new energy vehicle market saw retail sales of 1.111 million units in June, marking a year-on-year increase of 29.7% and a cumulative total of 5.468 million units for the first half of the year, up 33.3% [1] Market Performance - In June, the CS automotive sector experienced a slight decline of 0.13%, with the CS passenger vehicle index down 2.34% [2] - Year-to-date, the automotive sector has risen by 28.88%, outperforming the Shanghai Composite Index by 14.17 percentage points [2] - The report notes a decrease in the inventory warning index for automotive dealers, indicating improved market conditions [2] Investment Recommendations - The report suggests focusing on domestic brands and the opportunities in incremental components, particularly in the context of the electric and intelligent vehicle trends [22][23] - Recommended companies include Leap Motor, JAC Motors, and Geely for vehicle manufacturing, and companies like Kobot, Huayang Group, and Junsheng Electronics for intelligent components [3][22] - The report highlights the potential of new entrants like Huawei and Xiaomi in the automotive sector, emphasizing their strong channel and software ecosystem capabilities [22][23] Company Earnings Forecasts - Leap Motor is projected to have an EPS of -0.05 in 2025, with a PE ratio of -1200, while Geely is expected to achieve an EPS of 1.36 with a PE of 12 [4] - JAC Motors is forecasted to have an EPS of 0.11 in 2025, with a PE of 380, indicating significant growth potential [4] - The report provides a detailed earnings forecast for several key companies, reflecting their expected performance in the evolving automotive landscape [4][30]
汽车行业2025年7月投资策略:新品密集上市有望提振板块景气度,建议关注财报行情
Guoxin Securities· 2025-07-11 09:46
Core Insights - The report maintains an "Outperform" rating for the automotive sector, highlighting the potential for improved industry sentiment driven by a surge in new product launches and upcoming earnings reports [1][5] - The domestic passenger car market saw retail sales of 2.084 million units in June 2025, representing a year-on-year increase of 18.1% and a month-on-month increase of 7.6% [1] - The report emphasizes the long-term growth opportunities in the automotive industry, particularly in the context of electric and intelligent vehicle trends, as well as the rise of domestic brands [12][13] Sales Tracking - In June 2025, the retail sales of new energy passenger vehicles reached 1.111 million units, marking a year-on-year growth of 29.7% and a month-on-month growth of 8.2% [1] - Cumulative retail sales for the first half of 2025 reached 10.901 million units, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 10.8% [1] - The report notes that the inventory warning index for automotive dealers in May 2025 was at 52.7%, indicating an improvement in the automotive circulation industry's sentiment [2] Market Performance - The automotive sector index experienced a slight decline of 0.13% in June 2025, underperforming compared to the Shanghai Composite Index, which rose by 2.9% [2] - Year-to-date, the automotive sector has increased by 28.88%, significantly outperforming the Shanghai Composite Index's 15.78% increase [2] Investment Recommendations - The report suggests focusing on domestic brands and the opportunities presented by incremental components in the context of electric and intelligent vehicles [12][19] - Recommended companies include Leap Motor, JAC Motors, and Geely for vehicle manufacturing, and companies like KOBOT, Huayang Group, and Junsheng Electronics for intelligent components [3][19] Industry Outlook - The report anticipates that the domestic automotive market will maintain a compound annual growth rate of 2% over the next 20 years, with new energy vehicle sales projected to reach 1.556 million units in 2025, reflecting a year-on-year growth of over 25% [13][22] - The transition towards electric and intelligent vehicles is expected to create structural development opportunities within the industry, as traditional automotive manufacturers adapt to new technologies [12][13] Key Company Earnings Forecasts - Leap Motor is projected to have an EPS of -0.05 in 2025, with a PE ratio of -1200, while Geely is expected to achieve an EPS of 1.36 with a PE ratio of 12 [4] - JAC Motors is forecasted to have an EPS of 0.11 in 2025, with a PE ratio of 380, indicating a strong growth potential [4] New Energy Vehicle Projections - The report predicts that new energy vehicle sales will continue to grow, with expectations of 1.556 million units sold in 2025, representing a 28% increase from the previous year [18][22] - The penetration rate of new energy vehicles is expected to reach 38% in 2024, with significant growth anticipated in the following years [17][22]
汽车行业双周报(2025、06、27-2025、07、10):6月我国整车产销双增长,“反内卷”有望降低价格战风险-20250711
Dongguan Securities· 2025-07-11 07:51
Investment Rating - The report maintains an "Overweight" rating for the automotive industry, indicating an expectation that the industry index will outperform the market index by more than 10% in the next six months [5][55]. Core Insights - In June, China's automotive production and sales both experienced growth, with production reaching 2.794 million units (up 11.4% year-on-year) and sales at 2.904 million units (up 13.8% year-on-year). Exports also rose to 592,000 units, marking a 22.1% increase year-on-year [5][19][48]. - The report highlights a high penetration rate of new energy vehicles (NEVs), with NEV sales accounting for 48.6% of total domestic automotive sales in June [5][48]. - The report anticipates a favorable market condition in the second half of the year, with reduced risks of price wars due to a combination of "anti-involution" and strong sales performance [5][50]. Industry Data Tracking - In June, the automotive production was 2.794 million units, showing a month-on-month increase of 5.5% and a year-on-year increase of 11.4%. Sales were 2.904 million units, with a month-on-month increase of 8.1% and a year-on-year increase of 13.8%. Exports were 592,000 units, with a month-on-month increase of 7.4% and a year-on-year increase of 22.1% [19][48]. - The inventory warning index for automotive dealers was at 56.6%, reflecting a year-on-year decrease of 5.70 percentage points and a month-on-month increase of 3.90 percentage points [19]. Industry News - The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has opened a feedback window for key automotive enterprises to address issues related to payment cycles for small and medium-sized enterprises [31]. - The National Development and Reform Commission announced that the number of new energy vehicles in China is expected to reach 31.4 million by 2024, a fivefold increase compared to the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan [32]. - The China Passenger Car Association reported that retail sales of passenger cars in June reached 2.11 million units, a year-on-year increase of 18.6% [33]. - By the end of 2027, the government aims to have over 100,000 high-power charging facilities nationwide [34]. Corporate News - BYD has committed to providing comprehensive coverage for safety and losses in intelligent parking scenarios, marking a significant advancement in smart parking technology [39]. - Changan Automobile reported a total sales volume of 1.3553 million units in the first half of 2025, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 1.59% [45]. - GAC Group's sales for the first half of 2025 were approximately 755,300 units, a year-on-year decrease of 12.48% [43]. - Xiaopeng Motors launched the G7 model, priced starting at 195,800 yuan, featuring advanced AI capabilities [44].
华为智能辅助驾驶总里程超30亿公里!汽车零件ETF(159306)涨超0.7%
Xin Lang Cai Jing· 2025-07-11 05:18
Group 1: Huawei's Smart Driving Achievements - Huawei's smart driving system has achieved a total mileage of over 3.037 billion kilometers as of July 7, 2025, averaging over 10 million kilometers per day [1] - The parking assistance feature of Huawei's smart driving has been used over 185 million times, averaging over 635,000 uses per day [1] - Huawei is prepared for Level 3 autonomous driving capabilities and is looking forward to the arrival of relevant regulations and policies [1] Group 2: Autonomous Driving Market Forecast - The global autonomous driving market is projected to reach a scale of $273.8 billion by 2025 [1] - The year 2025 is anticipated to be a watershed moment for the intelligent driving industry, driven by both policy and commercialization [1] - The domestic intelligent driving industry is expected to benefit from the accelerated penetration of smart driving technologies [1] Group 3: Automotive Parts ETF Performance - As of July 11, 2025, the CSI Automotive Parts Theme Index (931230) rose by 1.00%, with constituent stocks such as Jifeng Co., Ltd. and Weimaisi seeing significant gains [2] - The Automotive Parts ETF (159306) increased by 0.64%, with a recent price of 1.1 yuan, and has accumulated a rise of 6.41% over the past three months [2] Group 4: Automotive Parts ETF Fee Structure - The management fee for the Automotive Parts ETF is 0.50%, and the custody fee is 0.10%, which are among the lowest in comparable funds [3] - The CSI Automotive Parts Theme Index includes 100 listed companies involved in automotive systems, interiors, electronics, and tires, reflecting the overall performance of the automotive parts sector [3] - As of June 30, 2025, the top ten weighted stocks in the CSI Automotive Parts Theme Index accounted for 41.05% of the index [3]
无人物流车跟踪报告:商业化要素齐备,无人物流时代开启
EBSCN· 2025-07-11 05:12
Investment Rating - The report indicates a positive outlook for the unmanned logistics vehicle industry, suggesting that it is well-positioned for commercialization and growth [5][12]. Core Insights - Unmanned logistics vehicles are primarily used for short-distance transportation, addressing labor shortages in remote areas and peak times, and are expected to reshape the urban delivery ecosystem [5][7]. - The commercialization factors for unmanned logistics vehicles are mature, with favorable policies, technological advancements, and reduced costs paving the way for large-scale deployment by 2030 [5][12]. - The market for unmanned logistics vehicles is projected to exceed 100 billion yuan by 2030, with an expected sales volume of over 800,000 units, indicating significant growth potential [5][45]. Summary by Sections Unmanned Logistics Vehicles Expected to Reshape Urban Delivery Ecosystem - The current application of unmanned logistics vehicles focuses on short-distance delivery, particularly in urban settings, which can enhance delivery efficiency and operational capabilities [5][8]. Market Space for Unmanned Logistics Vehicles - The report highlights a growing demand for logistics solutions, with the domestic logistics total increasing from 298 trillion yuan in 2019 to 361 trillion yuan in 2024, alongside a significant rise in express delivery volumes [40][42]. - The penetration rate of unmanned logistics vehicles is currently around 0.1%, with substantial room for growth as the industry evolves [5][45]. Commercialization Factors are Fully Prepared - The report identifies that unmanned logistics vehicles have met the necessary conditions for commercialization, including supportive policies across various city tiers, simplified technological requirements, and significantly reduced costs [5][18][31]. - The cost of unmanned logistics vehicles has decreased from over 1 million yuan in 2018 to below 100,000 yuan, making them more competitive compared to traditional vehicles [31][33]. Short-term Profitability and Focus on Key Suppliers - The report suggests that short-term profitability in the unmanned logistics vehicle sector will favor component suppliers over manufacturers, with a focus on domain control and chassis suppliers [5][49]. - Key suppliers identified include domain control providers like Xiaoma Zhixing and Jingwei Hengrun, and chassis suppliers such as Yatai Co. and Wanlang Magnetic Plastic [5][49].
智能驾驶系列专题:线控转向加速落地,线控底盘大势所趋
2025-07-11 01:13
Summary of Key Points from Conference Call Records Industry Overview - The conference call focuses on the **intelligent driving industry**, specifically the **steer-by-wire (SBW)** and **electronic control chassis** technologies, which are gaining traction in the automotive sector [1][2]. Core Insights and Arguments - **Electronic Control Chassis**: This technology replaces hydraulic systems with electronic systems, providing advantages such as digital reconstruction and active safety, while also reducing costs for automakers through platform development [1][2]. - **Market Penetration**: The **EHB (Electric Hydraulic Brake)** system has achieved a **60% penetration rate** in China, while the **EMB (Electric Motor Brake)** is expected to be implemented by **2026**. The EPS (Electric Power Steering) system has a penetration rate of over **99%** in the Chinese market [1][4]. - **Market Growth**: The EPS market in China is projected to grow from **40 billion yuan** to nearly **50 billion yuan** by **2028**, with the average price per vehicle increasing from **1,400 yuan** to over **1,500 yuan** [1][6]. - **Global Market Leaders**: The global EPS market is dominated by **JTEKT**, **Continental**, and **Bosch**, with Bosch leading the domestic market through joint ventures [1][7]. Important Developments - **Steer-by-Wire Technology**: This technology replaces mechanical transmission with electronic signals, allowing for faster response and more flexible operation. Currently, only the **NIO ET9** model is equipped with this technology, but its application is expected to grow with the development of **robotaxi** services, potentially reaching a market size of **35 billion yuan** by **2030** [1][9][13]. - **Component Development**: The core components of the electronic control chassis include braking, steering, and suspension systems. The EHB product benefits from electrification and has a **60% penetration rate** in the domestic market [4][18]. Competitive Landscape - **Key Players**: Major players in the steer-by-wire field include **JTEKT**, **Bosch**, and domestic companies like **Nexteer** and **Zhejiang Shibao**. These companies are actively competing to capture market share as the industry evolves [17][19]. - **Financial Performance**: Companies like **Nexteer** are expected to see significant profit growth, with a projected **120% year-on-year increase** in net profit by **2025** [3][20]. **Zhejiang Shibao** is also expected to achieve a **58% increase** in net profit by **2025** [21][22]. Future Trends - **Regulatory Environment**: The regulatory framework for robotaxi services is gradually being established globally, with countries like the U.S. and China making strides in legal support for autonomous vehicle operations [12]. - **Technological Advancements**: The steer-by-wire technology is anticipated to become essential for higher-level autonomous driving, with expectations of a **30% market penetration** by **2030**, translating to a **350 billion yuan** market size in China [26]. Additional Insights - **Market Dynamics**: The transition from hydraulic to electronic systems is not only a technological shift but also a strategic move to enhance safety and user experience in vehicles [11][18]. - **Investment Opportunities**: Companies like **Nexteer**, **Zhejiang Shibao**, and **Bertel** are highlighted as potential investment opportunities due to their strong market positions and growth prospects in the steer-by-wire and electronic control chassis sectors [23][24][26].
优质赛道穿越周期,机器人转型星辰大海——零部件行业2025年度中期投资策略
2025-07-11 01:05
Summary of Key Points from the Conference Call Industry Overview - The conference call focuses on the automotive parts industry, particularly the transition towards intelligent and robotic technologies, highlighting significant growth opportunities in the sector [1][3][4]. Core Insights and Arguments - **Rapid Growth in Intelligent Technologies**: The laser radar market is projected to grow from $4 billion in 2024 to $12 billion by 2028, while the chip market is expected to increase from over $20 billion to over $50 billion. The line control braking system is anticipated to rise from $15 billion to over $26 billion, driven by a shift in consumer preferences towards intelligent features in vehicles [1][3][5][6]. - **ASP Increase in Technological Fields**: Although sectors like seating, lighting, and glass do not exhibit explosive growth, the average selling price (ASP) continues to rise due to enhanced configurations. For instance, the price of Xiaomi's dimmable skylight can reach 3,000 yuan [1][4][6]. - **Successful Overseas Expansion**: Chinese automotive parts manufacturers are successfully expanding into markets in North America, Europe, and Japan, with overseas market potential estimated to be three times that of the domestic market. The establishment of factories in Mexico has led to favorable order conditions and excellent profit margins [1][4][7][8]. - **Robotics Industry Growth**: The humanoid robotics industry is expected to experience significant growth in the next three to five years, with automotive parts companies beginning to pivot towards robotics, potentially opening a second growth curve [1][3][10]. Additional Important Content - **European Market Trends**: The European automotive market has seen a decline in total volume but is witnessing a resurgence in new energy vehicles (NEVs), with a penetration rate of 19% in Q1 2025, up approximately 4% year-on-year. The EU aims for a 24% penetration rate this year, driven by carbon reduction policies [3][9]. - **Investment Strategy**: The current investment strategy should focus on core companies with the ability to navigate cycles, such as Berteli and Xinquan in the domestic intelligent sector, and Fuyao and Jifeng with global layouts. Additionally, key suppliers in the robotics field like Topu should be monitored for growth opportunities [3][12]. - **Technological Breakthroughs Needed**: The development of the robotics sector is hindered by slow progress in ToB applications, with future advancements relying on breakthroughs in brain and reducer technologies [2][10][11]. This summary encapsulates the essential insights and trends discussed in the conference call, providing a comprehensive overview of the automotive parts industry's current landscape and future potential.
万和财富早班车-20250710
Vanho Securities· 2025-07-10 02:19
Macro Economic Overview - The National Bureau of Statistics reported that the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose by 0.1% year-on-year in June, while the Producer Price Index (PPI) decreased by 3.6% year-on-year, with a 2.8% decline in the first half of the year compared to the same period last year [5] - The Director of the National Development and Reform Commission stated that the average economic growth rate in China during the first four years of the 14th Five-Year Plan reached 5.5%, with an expected economic increment of over 35 trillion yuan during this period [5] Industry Dynamics - The national marine economy is projected to exceed 10 trillion yuan for the first time in 2024, with related stocks including China COSCO Shipping (601919) and China Shipbuilding Industry (600150) [6] - BYD has launched "L4-level automatic parking," with institutions optimistic about the incremental component opportunities, related stocks include Desay SV (002920) and Bertel (603596) [6] - Since 2025, despite overall revenue pressure on innovative pharmaceutical companies, the export growth rate has turned positive, with related stocks including BeiGene (688235) and Kelun Pharmaceutical (002422) [6] Company Focus - Northern Rare Earth (600111) expects a net profit of 900 million to 960 million yuan for the first half of the year, representing a growth of 1883% to 2015% compared to the same period last year [7] - Shenglong Development (002299) anticipates a net profit attributable to shareholders of 850 million to 950 million yuan for the first half of 2025, a year-on-year increase of 732.89% to 830.88% [7] - Guibao Pet (301498) plans to invest 650 million yuan from its own funds to build an intelligent warehousing and digital sorting center project [7] - Baoming Technology (002992) has developed a fourth-generation composite copper foil product in response to future market demands for high safety and ultra-fast charging in lithium batteries, which has undergone customer sample testing [7] Market Review and Outlook - On July 9, the market opened slightly higher, with the Shanghai Composite Index reaching a peak of 3512 points during the day but closing down 0.13% at 3493.05 points, failing to stay above 3500 points [8] - The Shenzhen Component Index fell by 0.06%, while the ChiNext Index rose by 0.16%, with a total trading volume of 1.51 trillion yuan, an increase of 51.2 billion yuan compared to the previous trading day [8] - Sectors such as diversified finance, cultural media, medical services, banking, and cement materials saw gains, while insurance, non-ferrous metals, shipbuilding, wind power equipment, and semiconductors experienced notable declines [8] - The market is showing increased divergence, with leading sectors lacking sustainability, contributing to cautious buying behavior among investors [8]