以下文章来源于申万宏源宏观 ，作者赵伟 屠强等 申万宏源宏观 . 申万宏源证券研究所 | 宏观研究部 作者： 赵伟 申万宏源证券首席经济学家 屠强 资深高级宏观分析师 联系人： 屠强、浦聚颖、耿佩璇 摘要 事件： 4月14日，海关公布3月进出口数据，出口（美元计价）同比12.4%、预期3.5%、前值2.3%；进口 （美元计价）同比-4.3%、预期-4.3%、前值-8.4%。 展望4月，关税冲击落地以及春节错位扰动消退后，出口增速读数或有所回落。 4月13日的港口货运吞吐 量同比下滑10.6%，显示"对等关税"压力已显现。此外，春节错位对出口的支撑作用将在4月消散。然 而，仍需密切关注"抢出口"现象。一方面，豁免清单的不确定性依然存在。4月10日公布的消费电子豁免 清单虽在短期内缓解了关税压力，但该豁免措施具有临时性，未来两个月或将出台新的特定税率。另一 方面，特朗普政府对新兴经济体的关税暂停措施也仅为90天，同样存在不确定性。在上述两个因素的共 同作用下，短期内，企业的"抢出口"行为将进一步加剧。 常规跟踪：出口大幅回升，进口继续走弱 出口商品：消费品出口分化， 3月自动数据处理设备（-20.6pct至2.3 ...

2025年04月15日 二次抢出口正在孕育,但更陡峭下滑风险亦增 -- 国际贸易数据点评(2025.3) 团队成员 周欣然(S0210525040005) 投资要点: > 别除春节提前导致的3月偏强效应,3月出口同比约5.7%,显著低于抢出口 集中的2月。美国关税局部缓和但仍旨在隔离我国供给,我国出口仍然面临较大 不确定性。3月出口(美元计价,下同)同比12.4%,较2月反弹达15.4个百分点, 但主要原因是春节提前导致的3月偏强效应。由于春节提前至1月,节后复工和出 口恢复期集中于2月,从而令3月出口同比错位性暂时走强。甚于我们团队率先构 建的出口春节调整定量模型,剔除这一暂时性因素后,3月出口同比5.7%,转而 显著低于2月达7.8个百分点。这显示出特朗普前期分两次加码对华加征关税至 20%所引发的首轮"抢出口"效应已经有所衰减。3月进口同比-4.3%,较2月下滑 5.8个百分点,当月货物贸易顺差达 1026亿美元。4月以来,特朗普关税计划一方 面日益凸显对华针对性,另一方面亦暴露出产业链向美国回流的巨大成本掣肘。全 球产业链"极限拉扯"过程中,出口面临短期震荡、长期走弱的巨大不确定性。 > 本轮"抢出口 ...

宏 观 研 究 2025 年 04 月 15 日 二次抢出口正在孕育，但更陡峭下滑风险亦增 ——国际贸易数据点评（2025.3） 投资要点： 宏 观 点 评 剔除春节提前导致的 3 月偏强效应，3 月出口同比约 5.7%，显著低于抢出口 集中的 2 月。美国关税局部缓和但仍旨在隔离我国供给，我国出口仍然面临较大 不确定性。3 月出口（美元计价，下同）同比 12.4%，较 2 月反弹达 15.4 个百分点， 但主要原因是春节提前导致的 3 月偏强效应。由于春节提前至 1 月，节后复工和出 口恢复期集中于 2 月，从而令 3 月出口同比错位性暂时走强。基于我们团队率先构 建的出口春节调整定量模型，剔除这一暂时性因素后，3 月出口同比 5.7%，转而 显著低于 2 月达 7.8 个百分点。这显示出特朗普前期分两次加码对华加征关税至 20%所引发的首轮"抢出口"效应已经有所衰减。3 月进口同比-4.3%，较 2 月下滑 5.8 个百分点，当月货物贸易顺差达 1026 亿美元。4 月以来，特朗普关税计划一方 面日益凸显对华针对性，另一方面亦暴露出产业链向美国回流的巨大成本掣肘。全 球产业链"极限拉扯"过程中，出口面临短 ...

Core Viewpoint - China's exports in March recorded a year-on-year growth rate of 12.4%, significantly rebounding over 10 percentage points compared to January-February, indicating strong export performance [1][2][15] Export Performance - The increase in exports is primarily driven by a low base effect from the previous year, "export rush," and the early timing of the Spring Festival [1][2][15] - The quantity of exports has increased, while prices have exerted a drag on growth [4][11] - Exports to emerging markets have shown higher growth rates, with significant increases in machinery and mobile phones, while household appliances and labor-intensive goods have benefited from the export rush [1][6][9] Regional Analysis - Exports to Africa surged by 37.5%, Latin America by 23.3%, and countries along the Belt and Road by 15.1%, all exceeding 10 percentage points [6] - Exports to developed economies, such as the U.S. and EU, also increased but at a lower rate compared to emerging markets [6] Product Category Insights - Labor-intensive products, including footwear and textiles, saw significant increases in export growth, with footwear at 10%, clothing at 9.3%, and textiles at 16.5% [9] - In the machinery sector, exports of lighting devices increased by 24.3%, while general machinery and auto parts also saw growth exceeding 10 percentage points [9] Import Trends - China's imports in March recorded a year-on-year decline of 4.3%, but this was an improvement of over 4 percentage points compared to January-February [11] - Imports from major trading partners, except for the EU and the U.S., showed varying degrees of increase, with ASEAN seeing a notable rise of 10% [11][13] Trade Balance - The trade surplus in March was $102.64 billion, a decrease of $67.88 billion compared to January-February [15] - The overall export trend is expected to decline as the impact of tariffs becomes more pronounced, with potential for a bottoming out by mid-year [15]

Export Data Overview - In March 2025, China's exports increased by 12.4% year-on-year, significantly exceeding the expected 3.5% and reversing the previous month's decline of -3%[3] - Imports in March 2025 decreased by 4.3% year-on-year, aligning with expectations and contrasting with a 1.5% increase in the previous month[3] Factors Influencing Export Performance - The primary driver for the March export surge was seasonal effects, as early Spring and a low base from the previous year contributed to higher year-on-year figures[3] - "Rush exports" occurred ahead of tariff increases, with significant contributions from ASEAN, Latin America, and Africa, collectively boosting exports by 4.8 percentage points[3] Future Export Trends - Export growth is expected to decline in Q2 2025, potentially falling between -5% to -10% year-on-year due to the impact of tariff escalations and weakening external demand[4] - Recent logistics data indicates a significant drop in port cargo volumes, suggesting a slowdown in export activity[4] Potential Upside Factors - Signals of tariff exemptions may provide some relief, with an estimated $100 billion worth of products eligible for exemptions, potentially easing export pressures[5] - Continued "rush exports" and shifts in trade patterns towards ASEAN and other regions may sustain some export momentum[5] Risks and Policy Responses - The government is likely to implement policies aimed at mitigating employment risks due to external shocks, focusing on high-tech manufacturing sectors with significant export exposure to the U.S.[7] - If tariffs are enforced as planned, the direct impact on foreign trade revenues could exceed 1.2 trillion yuan for affected industries[7]

作者：张云杰 陶川 如我们在前期报告《 关税下出口：已知压力和未知风险 》中所指出的， 3 月还观察不到出口的下行压力，"早春"、低基数等因素将推高 当月出口同比。 但在关税升级后，后续出口将进入"新范式"。 如何看待出口的已知变化和未知风险？我们围绕以下四个问题展开回答： Q ： 3 月出口大超预期，源自哪些因素？ A ："季节性"脉冲是核心原因。 基于历史经验，春节时点靠前往往会压低 1-2 月出口、抬高 3 月出口表现（可参照 2006 、 2014 、 2017 年等春节时点与今年相近的年份， 3 月出口环比均为历史较高水平）。 今年不仅是"早春"，而且和去年形成"错位"（ 2024 年恰好是"晚 春"， 3 月出口环比较低），这些因素共同放大了 3 月出口同比读数。 从实际数据看， 3 月出口环比略高于"季节性"水平。 其次，"对等关税"落地前夕，出现了一部分"抢出口"需求。 这一因素可能解释了 3 月出口好于"季节性"的这部分。 一方面， 3 月外需是边际回落的，全球制造业 PMI 较上月下滑 0.3 个百分点至 50.3% 。 另一方面， 从国别上看，主要是对一些"转口"贸易区域的出口增速大幅反 ...

Economic Recovery - In January-February, the revenue of industrial enterprises increased by 2.8% year-on-year, up by 0.7 percentage points compared to the entire year of 2024[4] - The profits of industrial enterprises decreased by 0.3% year-on-year, but this is an improvement of 3 percentage points compared to the entire year of 2024[4] - The manufacturing PMI for March was 50.5, a rise of 0.3 percentage points from the previous month, marking a nearly one-year high[6] Trade and Tariff Impact - The ongoing increase in U.S. tariffs has extended the "export rush" effect, supporting inventory replenishment and order increases for enterprises[2] - The upcoming U.S. tariff investigation results are expected to significantly impact global trade order and suppress market risk appetite[11] - The U.S. economy continues to weaken, with the Markit manufacturing PMI dropping to 49.8 in March, indicating a contraction[18] Market Trends - The equity market has seen a shift in style, with technology stocks experiencing notable adjustments and a reduction in trading volume, indicating a convergence of market divergence[2] - Risk appetite in the market is declining, with gold prices expected to remain high due to geopolitical uncertainties and economic cooling in the U.S.[22] - The performance of dividend and consumer sectors has been relatively strong as investors seek opportunities outside of technology stocks[11]

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the current state of China's export market, particularly focusing on the "rush to export" phenomenon and its potential continuation or conclusion in light of recent trade dynamics and economic conditions [2][3][4]. Export Performance - In January-February, China's dollar-denominated exports grew by 2.3% year-on-year, a decline from 9.9% in the previous quarter, primarily due to temporary factors such as fewer working days and the early timing of the Spring Festival [2][3]. - Exports to Russia, South Korea, and Africa decreased by 10.9%, 2.6%, and 0.2% respectively, while exports to the U.S. and transshipment trade remained relatively strong [3]. "Rush to Export" Analysis - The article questions whether the "rush to export" has ended and explores its potential duration. Historical context from 2018-2019 indicates that the onset of trade tensions led to significant export activity as U.S. companies sought to stockpile goods [6][11]. - The current "rush to export" is expected to be shorter and less intense than in previous trade conflicts, with an estimated duration of around 6 months due to higher initial inventory levels and rapid implementation of tariffs [11][12]. Inventory Dynamics - The article highlights that the passive inventory replenishment observed in U.S. manufacturers and wholesalers is influenced by the current economic climate, with certain sectors like electrical and electronic products showing significant room for inventory buildup [12][13]. - The inventory-to-sales ratios for various durable goods indicate that while some sectors are experiencing high sales growth, their inventory levels are relatively low, suggesting ongoing demand for exports from China [13]. Future Outlook - The article anticipates that China's export growth may rebound after temporary factors subside, with expectations of sustained resilience in export performance through the first half of the year [4][10]. - However, potential risks such as further tariff increases or unexpected downturns in the U.S. economy could impact future export trends [11].

核 心 内 容 月度商品价格预测： 黄金升、铜涨、原油震荡。 内需： 节后服务消费持续降温；商品消费分化，地产新房升，二手落；乘用车走弱。 ①地产销量增速分化。剔除春节效应，42城新房销量增速回升，一二线是主要动力；19城二手房销量增 速所有线级均有回落。 ②节后服务消费热度下降，乐园客流和酒店营收呈现磨底态势，随着天气升温，踏春潮有望带动休闲娱 乐需求回升。 外需： 2月主要经济体制造业PMI多数上升，义乌小商品出口价格抬升，考虑到抢出口和去年基数走低 等因素助力，出口或将回升。本周，特朗普对我国额外再加征10%关税。 生产： 挖机销量大幅上行，行业整体开工率不及去年。 ①用工市场供需逐渐平衡。本周制造业用工量价双双下行，全市场新增招聘帖数有所下降。 ②多数行业开工率仍不及去年。本周样本钢厂产量下行，PTA产业链负荷率下降，不过，水泥价格有所 回升，"抢出口"效应下，三大货运量增速多数上行。 ③二手挖掘机海外出口量增长，带来国内新机替代率大幅提升，1-2月挖掘机销量增速显著回升。 物价： 本周国际金、铜价格回升，原油下降。国内钢铁、煤炭价格回落，水泥续升。 ①本周美联储降息预期抬升，美元走弱共同利好大宗商品 ...

文 ： 华创证券研究所副所长 、首席宏观分析师 张瑜（执业证号：S0360518090001） 联系人：夏雪 （微信SuperSummerSnow） 事项 以美元计价， 1-2 月出口同比 2.3% ，低于彭博一致预期 5.9% ，去年 12 月同比 10.7% 。 1-2 月进口同比 -8.4% ，大幅低于彭博一致预期 1% ，去年 12 月进口同 比 1.0% 。 核心观点 5、进口同比偏低，一方面或反映内需偏弱，但另一方面从环比来看，1-2月平均环比较历史同期均值低约2.5%-2.9%，考虑到去年12月进口环比高出历史同期 3.1%-4.5%，可能一定程度上反映"抢进口"效应的消退。 1 、今年前两个月出口同比读数的大幅下滑，受基数影响或较大（去年 1-2 月环比较历史同期高出约 10% ），环比表现不弱， 比历史同期均值还高出 1.7%-3.3% ，特别是考虑到去年 12 月环比已经较历史同期"超涨" 1.7% 。从这个角度出发，今年 1-2 月或仍有"抢出口"的支撑。 2 、 拆分重点区域环比表现来看， 最近三个月（ 2024 年 12 月 - 今年 2 月），"抢出口"效应或额外拉动月均出口 0. ...