中金点睛"本周精选"栏目将带您回顾本周深受读者欢迎的研究报告。 01 宏观 Macroeconomy 特朗普的两个目标均难实现 >>点击图片查看全文<< 特朗普政府试图通过加征关税促使美国贸易逆差收窄，制造业回流，我们认为这两个目标难以通过关税实现。首先，关税难以使得美国贸易逆差收 窄。从理论来看，提升关税并不一定能够缩减逆差（扩大顺差）。根据勒纳对称定理，对进口征税等同于对本国的出口征税。关税难以促使制造业回 流美国。全球供应链对中国的依赖度比较高，而且无论是从劳动者数量、质量，还是就业意愿来看，美国制造业回流都将面临着劳动力短缺的问题。 美国制造业成本高，也是其制造业回流的挑战。特朗普关税或对美国产生滞胀式影响，美国衰退风险加大。除了"滞胀"风险，特朗普的减税、削减支 出和关税组合或将损害美国大多数家庭，对低收入人群损害更大，加剧美国内部不平衡。实际上，从经济视角来看，美国没有非常突出的外部失衡问 题，但内部分配问题很严重。 资料来源：US Census Bureau，中金公司研究部 >>点击图片跳转报告原文<< 2025.04.23 | 张文朗 黄亚东等 02 宏观 Macroeconomy 从汇率、利 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The average tariff imposed by the US has surged from 3% to over 20%, marking the highest level in nearly a century, which has led to significant declines in stock and commodity prices, reminiscent of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of the 1930s [1][2] - High tariffs disrupt global supply chains, forcing companies to adjust production layouts, which reduces global production efficiency and raises the US policy uncertainty index to its second-highest level in decades [1][5] - The imposition of tariffs is expected to push inflation higher, slow down economic growth in exporting countries, and suppress overall production, leading to a lasting negative impact on the macroeconomy [1][6] - The report predicts a potential recession or stagflation in the US economy, with GDP expected to drop sharply and both consumption and investment slowing down, contrasting with the prevailing belief in the resilience of the US economy [1][8] - Economic data in the US shows significant divergence, with soft data (like consumer confidence) not aligning with hard data (like sales figures), necessitating careful differentiation between core and auxiliary data to avoid reliance on distorted information [1][12] Summary by Sections Tariff Impact - The US government has announced a significant increase in tariffs, raising basic tariffs by 10% and imposing tariffs of 30% to 50% on countries with large trade deficits with the US, resulting in an average tariff increase to over 20% [2][3] - This tariff increase has led to a notable decline in US stock markets and commodity prices, indicating a substantial negative impact on the economy [4][5] Economic Outlook - The report suggests that the US economy may face a challenging future, with a high likelihood of recession or stagflation due to the adverse effects of tariffs and other policies [7][8] - The analysis indicates that the most resilient sectors, such as consumption and investment, are also showing signs of slowing down, confirming the overall downward trend in the economy [17][18] Global Economic Context - China's economy showed a GDP growth of 5.4% in the first quarter, but is expected to face challenges in the second and third quarters due to tariff impacts, with potential government measures to stabilize recovery [19][20] - The report emphasizes the importance of considering the contrasting policy environments between the US and China, with China having more room for counter-cyclical stimulus due to lower inflation [20][21] Asset Allocation Recommendations - In the current environment, the report recommends allocating to safe assets like gold and Chinese bonds, while advising caution regarding traditional safe assets like US dollars and bonds due to their diminished safety and resilience [44][38] - The report suggests that investors should maintain a cautious stance towards US equities, given the potential for recession or stagflation, and consider structural adjustments in their portfolios [39][42]

作者： 赵 伟 申万宏源证券首席经济学家 屠 强 资深高级宏观分析师 联系人： 屠强、耿佩璇、浦聚颖 摘要 高频跟踪：工业生产小幅走弱，建筑业开工边际改善，货运量有所回升。 【工业生产】工业生产小幅走弱。 本周，高炉开工小幅回落，同比-0.2pct至4.7%。化工链中PTA和涤纶 长丝开工均有下行，同比分别-0.2、-1.2pct至5%、3.6%。汽车半钢胎开工连续两周回落，同比-2.8pct 至-2.1%。 【建筑业开工】建筑业开工边际改善。 本周，全国粉磨开工率、水泥出货率边际改善，同比分别+1.1pct 至0.8%、+0.8pct至-2%。沥青开工率同比也有上行，较前周+2.3pct至-1.2%。 【下游需求】全国新房成交降幅较大，货物运输强度有所回升。 本周，全国新房成交同比-24.2pct 至-22%；其中一线、二线、三线城市成交均有走弱。物流表现有所好转，公路货车通行量同比+3.2pct至 2.6%；与出口相关的港口货物吞吐量、集装箱吞吐量同比分别+8.7pct至5.1%、+9.2pct至10.3%。人流强 度也有回升，迁徙指数同比+6pct至-5.2%。 【物价】农产品、工业品价格均有分化。 本 ...

消费者行为亦出现扭曲：关税生效前的"抢购潮"推高了汽车等耐用品需求，但非耐用品消费整体下滑，反映出家庭对未来物价持续上 涨的担忧。更严峻的是，亚特兰大、圣路易斯等地区企业因政策不确定性暂停资本开支，军事装备制造商直言"环境过于混乱"而冻结 投资，建筑业则预计需求将因成本激增"断崖式下跌"。 4月24日，美联储发布的最新一期《褐皮书》以107次"关税"和89次"不确定性"的高频词汇，勾勒出美国经济在贸易政策剧震下的复杂图 景。 贸易政策冲击波：从价格传导到投资冻结 关税政策对实体经济的渗透远超市场预期。 报告显示，钢铁、铝材、汽车零部件等关键行业首当其冲，企业被迫通过缩短定价周期、增设关税附加费甚至每日调价来转嫁成本压 力。例如，芝加哥联储辖区的机械制造商因原材料关税导致成本飙升，被迫每日调整产品价格；里奇蒙联储的咖啡烘焙商则遭遇"历史 性成本上涨"，而金属板材制造商因订单骤减陷入生存危机。 滞胀阴云初现：工资与物价的螺旋困境 尽管美联储强调通胀压力"暂时性"，但褐皮书揭示的微观动态已显露滞胀苗头。 多数地区报告工资增长加速，旧金山联储甚至观察到"工资与物价齐涨"的现象，这与企业裁员迹象并存形成矛盾：一方面，医 ...

股市潜在风险提示： 截至2025年4月20日，中泰资管风险系统对各大资本市场的系统评分情况如下： 沪深300指数的中泰资管风险系统评分为45.53，较上月47.51略有下降，市场情绪出现一定波动，整体风险 评分仍处于中等偏低风险区间。 沪深300估值较上月有所下降（本月38.93，上月45.01），显示出市场整体估值水平有所回落。从行业分布 来看，部分前期估值较高的行业如电子、计算机等，估值有所调整，而部分防御性板块或低估值板块的估 值相对稳定。 行业间估值分化有所减小。 目前，28个申万一级行业中钢铁、房地产、国防军工、计算机 的行业估值高于历史60%分位数；农林牧渔、纺织服装、公共事业、非银金融等行业的估值低于历史10% 分位数。 市场整体估值的调整，有超预期的关税冲击的影响，也反映了市场对经济复苏节奏和企业盈利 预期的重新评估。 市场预期分数较上月有所下降（本月48.00，上月56.00）。分析师认为，政策层面持续发力，财政政策和 货币政策协同配合，为经济复苏提供了有力支持。财政方面，当月地方基建支出有所改善，土地市场的恢 复虽不均衡，但政府债发行提速，继续支撑政府性基金支出。预计二季度财政仍将保持积极 ...

截至2025年4月20日，中泰资管风险系统对各大资本市场的系统评分情况如下： 沪深300指数的中泰资管风险系统评分为45.53，较上月47.51略有下降，市场情绪出现一定波动，整体风险 评分仍处于中等偏低风险区间。 沪深300估值较上月有所下降（本月38.93，上月45.01），显示出市场整体估值水平有所回落。从行业分布 来看，部分前期估值较高的行业如电子、计算机等，估值有所调整，而部分防御性板块或低估值板块的估 值相对稳定。 行业间估值分化有所减小。 目前，28个申万一级行业中钢铁、房地产、国防军工、计算机 的行业估值高于历史60%分位数；农林牧渔、纺织服装、公共事业、非银金融等行业的估值低于历史10% 分位数。 市场整体估值的调整，有超预期的关税冲击的影响，也反映了市场对经济复苏节奏和企业盈利 预期的重新评估。 市场预期分数较上月有所下降（本月48.00，上月56.00）。分析师认为，政策层面持续发力，财政政策和 货币政策协同配合，为经济复苏提供了有力支持。财政方面，当月地方基建支出有所改善，土地市场的恢 复虽不均衡，但政府债发行提速，继续支撑政府性基金支出。预计二季度财政仍将保持积极。但全球经济 复苏的 ...

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the impact of tariff risks on China's major foreign trade provinces and their strategies to cope with the challenges posed by "Trade Conflict 2.0" [1][3][5] Group 1: Export Performance and Economic Impact - The five major foreign trade provinces (Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Shanghai) account for nearly 70% of China's total export value, making their export performance a key indicator of national trade dynamics [3] - Since 2024, the export growth rate of these provinces has been significantly higher than that of other provinces, but the gap is narrowing, indicating a weakening "export grabbing" momentum [5] - Guangdong has experienced the slowest overall export growth among the five provinces, which correlates with its underwhelming economic performance in the first quarter [5] Group 2: Resilience Against External Shocks - The article evaluates the resilience of the five provinces against upcoming foreign trade shocks based on three factors: export product diversification, reliance on U.S. exports, and internal demand strength [8] - Shandong and Zhejiang are identified as having higher export product diversification, which may help them mitigate export downturn pressures in the second quarter [8] - The reliance on U.S. exports has decreased across all provinces since the first trade conflict in 2018, with Shandong having the lowest dependency, thus facing less export downturn pressure [11][12] Group 3: Internal Demand and Policy Responses - The provinces with higher export ratios have increasingly relied on domestic consumption to support economic growth, especially in light of reduced export contributions [12] - Recent consumer spending growth rates show that Jiangsu and Shandong outperformed the national average, indicating stronger internal demand resilience [12] - The effectiveness of upcoming consumption-boosting policies in provinces like Guangdong and Shanghai will be crucial in countering the economic downturn caused by export challenges [14]

Core Insights - The report highlights that major foreign trade provinces in China are actively responding to tariff risks and are attempting to navigate through challenges posed by "Trade Conflict 2.0" [3][4] - It emphasizes the uneven development of foreign trade across regions, with Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Shanghai accounting for nearly 70% of the national export volume, indicating that the impact of trade conflicts varies significantly across provinces [4][7][8] Summary by Sections Export Dynamics - The negative impact of exports on the economy is becoming increasingly evident in major foreign trade provinces, with export growth rates in these provinces starting to converge with those of other regions, indicating a weakening "export rush" [4][6] - Among the five major provinces, Guangdong has experienced the slowest overall export growth, which correlates with its underwhelming economic performance in the first quarter [4][12] Resilience Against Trade Shocks - The report assesses resilience against future trade shocks through three perspectives: product diversification, reliance on exports to the U.S., and internal demand strength [4][5] - In terms of product diversification, Shandong and Zhejiang rank highest, suggesting they face relatively lower export downward pressure in the second quarter [4][5][15] - Regarding reliance on U.S. exports, Shandong has the lowest dependency, which may mitigate its export decline compared to other provinces [5][17][18] Internal Demand and Consumption - The report notes that provinces with high export ratios have increasingly relied on domestic consumption to support economic growth, especially following the first trade conflict in 2018 [6][21] - Recent data shows that Jiangsu and Shandong have outperformed the national average in retail sales growth, indicating stronger internal demand [6][20] - The effectiveness of upcoming consumption-boosting policies will be crucial, particularly for provinces like Guangdong and Shanghai, which are currently lagging [6][20][24]

Summary of Conference Call Records Industry Overview - The records discuss the impact of the Trump administration's tariff increases on the Chinese economy and the subsequent policy responses from the Chinese government. The focus is on the economic challenges faced by China, including the effects of tariffs, the state of the real estate market, and the overall economic recovery trajectory. Key Points and Arguments Economic Impact of Tariffs - The new round of tariffs implemented on April 1, 2025, exceeded market expectations, prompting the Chinese government to consider additional fiscal measures such as special bonds and stimulus policies for consumption, infrastructure investment, and real estate [1][2][21] - China's GDP growth for Q1 2025 was reported at 5.4%, with a rebound in domestic demand and a 6.9% increase in exports, although there are concerns about potential downward pressure on exports in Q2 [1][11] - The fiscal budget deficit rate has been increased to prepare for declining external demand, with broader government financing also rising by 1.5 percentage points [1][12] Macroeconomic Policy Responses - The Chinese government is expected to adopt a cautious approach to macroeconomic policy, implementing measures gradually rather than launching a comprehensive stimulus package due to uncertainties regarding the impact of tariffs on trade and the economy [2][4][21] - Monetary policy may become more flexible, with potential interest rate cuts depending on actual economic data, particularly if export performance declines significantly [1][13][14] Long-term Economic Outlook - The Chinese economy is currently in a phase of "restorative growth," which is characterized by slower recovery rather than a rapid rebound. This is attributed to the damage to balance sheets across households, businesses, and local governments due to the pandemic and real estate market adjustments [3][5][8][22] - The expectation is that the economic recovery will take time, and there should be no over-optimism regarding a quick return to traditional growth rates [5][22][23] Real Estate Market Dynamics - The real estate market in Shaanxi province is highlighted as experiencing a delayed adjustment, with prices peaking in June 2024 before beginning to decline. This indicates that the impact of real estate market corrections is still unfolding in central and western regions of China [6] U.S.-China Economic Competition - The intensifying economic competition between the U.S. and China, particularly since Trump's first term, has created significant uncertainty for China's export-oriented sectors, complicating investment decisions [7][8] Gold Market Insights - Recent increases in gold prices are attributed to a weaker dollar and adjustments in market confidence towards the dollar. However, potential short-term risks for gold prices include geopolitical risk premium adjustments and profit-taking [15][19][20] Other Important Considerations - The records emphasize the limited effectiveness of macroeconomic policies in the short term, suggesting that while policies can stabilize the economy, they are unlikely to lead to a traditional recovery [10][23] - The records also note that the U.S. Federal Reserve's actions are influenced by various factors, including retail sales data and unemployment trends, which may affect global economic conditions and, consequently, China's economic outlook [16][17]

以下文章来源于申万宏源宏观 ，作者赵伟 屠强等 申万宏源宏观 . 申万宏源证券研究所 | 宏观研究部 作者： 赵 伟 申万宏源证券首席经济学家 屠 强 资深高级宏观分析师 联系人： 屠强、耿佩璇、浦聚颖 摘要 一问：制造业链条的含"美"量？消费电子、文教体娱的直接依赖高，纺织、电气机械偏间接依赖。 出口与营收视角下，考虑直接与间接出口（上下游），消费品行业含"美"量较高，结构上文教体娱、消 费电子以直接依赖为主，而纺织业、电气机械多为间接依赖。 制造业营收对美出口依赖度有所回落，结 构上文教体娱、家具、纺织等依赖度仍高。其中文教体娱、计算机通信以直接依赖为主，分别是6.6%、 6%；纺织业、电气机械等行业考虑间接投入后整体依赖度居前列，分别9.5%、5.5%。 投资视角下，含"美"量较高的行业在制造业投资占比也较高，譬如消费电子、机械设备等行业。 2024年 含"美"量较高的行业投资占制造业投资比重为31.4%。结构上计算机通信(10.9%)、电气机械(9%)等行业 投资占比较高，且近年大幅提升。相比之下，文教体娱、家具、纺织服装等行业投资水平偏低，占制造 业投资比重的降幅也较大，期间分别回落1.3、1.1、 ...